2. Poems: Song of Going to Lu, Song of Perrin, Cao Gui Mountain, Caopan, Huolin.
3. Most of these poems are contained in Yuefu Poetry Collection, and their credibility is not high: Confucius (September 28th, 55 BC1year-April 479 BC 1 1 year), son surnamed Kong, born in Zhong Ni, was born in Lu Yi (now Qufu, Shandong Province) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period.
4. Confucius was a famous thinker and educator in ancient China. He initiated the atmosphere of private lectures, advocated benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith, and was the founder of Confucianism.
5. Moral Thought Confucius constructed a complete ideological system of "virtue and virtue": he advocated the virtue and virtue of "benevolence and courtesy" at the individual level.
6.[30]? The ideological system of virtue and Taoism is based on the theory of goodness of human nature ("one yin and one yang refers to the Tao, and those who follow it are also good, and those who succeed are also people"), aiming at establishing the human pole ("three-pole Tao"), and connecting with human nature, heaven and tunnel, and the golden mean will become a complete methodological ideological system in due course.
7. Confucius' theory of benevolence embodies the spirit of human nature, and Confucius' theory of propriety embodies the spirit of propriety, that is, order and system in the modern sense.
8. Humanism is the eternal theme of mankind, which is applicable to any society, any era and any government, and order and institutional society are the basic requirements for building a civilized human society.
9. This spirit of humanism and order of Confucius is the essence of China's ancient social and political thought.
10. The highest ideal of Confucius in his later years was "Great Harmony". In the Datong world, people all over the world love not only their families, but also their parents and children, but also each other and all the people in the world.
1 1. Let the elderly feel healthy and useful, children can get warmth and care, lonely people and disabled people can rely on them, men have their own things, and women have a satisfactory home.
12. There are no frauds, no thieves, no roads left behind, and no doors closed at night. Everyone is sincere, talents are selected, and the trip to the Avenue is also a public matter.
13. Political Thought The core content of Confucius' political thought is "courtesy" and "benevolence". In the general plan of governing the country, he advocated "governing the country by virtue", which is the noblest way to govern the country.
14. This strategy of governing the country is also called "rule by virtue" or "rule by courtesy".
15. this strategy implements morality and etiquette for the people, strictly implements the hierarchical system, and completely divides nobles and civilians into ruled and ruled.
16. Breaking the original important boundary between nobles and civilians.
17. Confucius lived in Shandong with a deep patriarchal tradition in the Western Zhou Dynasty. At this time, the ruling power of the Zhou Dynasty had existed in name only, and there were constant struggles among governors, resulting in the social reality of "losing the king, abolishing etiquette and righteousness, losing political power, and being at home in the world". "No monarch, no minister, no father and no son" became the characteristic of that era.
18. The intensification of social contradictions has hindered the development of productive forces, and people's spirits and beliefs have also been devastated as never before.
19. These isomorphisms constitute the historical origin and social conditions of Confucius' political thought, and "benevolence" and "courtesy" are the basic spirits of his political thought.
20. Confucius' highest political ideal is to build a "world for the public" Datong society.
2 1. The basic characteristics of "Datong" society are: the road is smooth, and the world is public, so we can "choose talents, stress faithfulness, and repair relationships". "People are not only close, but also have only children and daughters, so that they can be supported in the old age, be useful to the young, and be supported by the orphans and the disabled", which is a conspiracy.
22. "Well-off society" is a low political goal advocated by Confucius.
23. The basic characteristics of a "well-off" society are: the avenue is hidden, "the world is home", and "every family, every son is their own, and all goods are their own". In line with this inequality between the rich and the poor, a series of laws, regulations, ethics and morals have emerged, such as "taking the monarch and his subjects as positive, taking the father and son as positive, taking the brothers as positive and taking the couple as positive".
24. This kind of society is obviously not as perfect as the "Great Harmony" world, but it has normal order, courtesy, benevolence, faith and righteousness, so it is called a well-off society.
25. This kind of cooperative? In fact, it describes the "prosperous time" of class society after the emergence of "private ownership".
26. Confucius' ideals of "Great Harmony" and "Well-off Society" had a far-reaching impact on China's later generations.
27. Later, thinkers in different historical periods and stages put forward different visions and goals, which also inspired progressive thinkers and reformers. Hong Xiuquan, Kang Youwei, Tan Sitong and Sun Yat-sen were all influenced by them.
28. Historical position In the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, natural disasters occurred frequently and the society was in turmoil.
29. Confucian scholar Mei Fu believes that this is because there is no proper arrangement for offering sacrifices to Confucius, so God is angry.
30. At that time, the state power accepted Mei Fu's proposal and named Confucius as the descendant of Shang Tang, inheriting the sacrifice of the former king.
3 1. It was not until the Eastern Han Dynasty that Confucius was officially regarded as the public god of the country, and his status was equal to that of the national god.
32. During the Tang Dynasty, every county was ordered to build temples to worship Confucius.
33. There are two big sacrifices in spring and autumn every year, and two small sacrifices on the first and fifteenth day of each month.
34. At first, the big festival was presided over by academic officials, and later by local officials.
35. Since the Tang Dynasty, the status of Confucius has been constantly improved, and the titles of Confucius have also been increasing.
36. In the Qing Dynasty, Confucius' sacrifice once became a "great sacrifice" at the same level as God and the national ancestor God.
37. Apart from Laozi, this honor only belongs to Confucius.
38. After Confucius became a national god, the religious status of Confucianism also improved accordingly.
39. In the Tang Dynasty, Confucius was endowed with the system of "worshiping and worshiping", that is, accompanying him to enjoy sacrifices (such as four Taoist figures).
40.22 Confucians who made great contributions to the interpretation of Confucian classics were first selected to accompany Confucius, and later extended to all disciples of Confucius and famous Confucians in past dynasties.
4 1. By the Song Dynasty, the sacrificial system was gradually improved.
42. There are four top experts, called "four pairs". They are Yan Hui, Zeng Shen, Zi Si and Monk.
43. The second is the "Ten Philosophers", the ten outstanding disciples of Confucius.
44. "De: Yan Yuan, Min Zikai, Ran Boniu, Zhong Gong.
45. Word: Kill me, Zi Gong.
46. Politics: You Ran, Lu Ji.
47. Literature: Freedom in Xia Zi.
48. "Once again, it is a" sage ",offering sacrifices to those disciples who have personally accepted the teachings of Confucius.
49. The third is "pre-Confucianism", which sacrifices the best Confucian scholars in the past dynasties after Confucius' disciples.
50. Later Confucian scholars also regarded it as the highest honor to enter the Confucius Temple and become the first Confucian after death.