1. Raising the question
This question has already been raised by Duan Yucai: "Shuowen Jiezi Annotation", (really) the immortal deformed and ascended to heaven. This is the true meaning. The classics only talk about "honesty" but not "truth".
Hundreds of schools of thought have the word "er", but the word "er" is ancient. Ancient literature, could it be that there was a real person before Cangjie? Extended to true sincerity. Later it was extended to "real", which is opposite to false and false.
Duan Yucai’s question about the ancient text Zhen is: the word “zhen” existed in Confucius’ time. So: why did Confucius use "zhen" instead of "zhen"?
2. Comparison between Zhen and Zhen
1. Zhen
"Shuowen Jiezi Annotation", "Question". big?. Great chastity in every country. Da Zhengyun. Zhen, Wen also. The state is in serious doubt. Asked the turtle. Later Zheng Yun. Zhenzhi is a question. Ask the right person. It must be corrected first. So I asked Yan. It is auspicious for Master Yi to be his father-in-law. From? Bei. Understand. ?For Zhi. It means Congbei. One is called Ding Sheng Sheng.
Oracle bone inscription: Zhen, Bronze inscription: Zhen, Said text: Zhen
Understanding. From divination, from shell, the oracle bone inscription is "ding", and the later province is changed to "shell". The tripod is originally a food vessel, but here it represents a fire vessel, that is, a fire vessel is used for divination. Original meaning: divination.
"Zhao" means observation, and "divination" means burning the turtle shell with fire. It is believed that the shape of the cracks that appear can predict good and bad luck. It judges unknown things or predicts the future by studying the incomplete basis obtained by observing various signs.
Divination is to inquire about the things you want to know from non-human spirits based on the movements and changes in external things. The difference between it and prophecy is that there are usually ambiguous answers, leaving the fortune teller to find a reasonable explanation.
"The Book of Changes" was first written by Fuxi. At that time, there were only images and no words. King Wen of Zhou Dynasty evolved it into sixty-four hexagrams, and added words to them, which is called "Yun Ci". Zhou Gong assigned Yao Xiang and each wrote "Yao Ci". Finally, Confucius wrote "Ten Wings". This sutra was so brilliantly prepared that it was known as the "Four Saints of the Book of Changes" in history.
"Book of Changes. Collection of Ci" says: "There are four ways of a sage in the Book of Changes: those who use words should pay attention to their words, those who use movement should pay attention to their transformations, those who make utensils should pay attention to their images, and those who use divination should pay attention to their images. It's up to him to take possession of it." The Chinese divination culture relies on the Book of Changes as its authority.
Ji Dong, Chen Yu, use chastity to bring evil in the coming year. ——"Zhou Li·Chun Guan·Tianfu". Zheng Xuan's note: "The correct way to ask questions is to be chaste."
If a country has great chastity, it is necessary to predict the establishment of the king and to predict the great seal. ——"Zhou Rites"
Under the guise of "zheng" and "ding". Uprightness
Yuan, Heng, Li and Zhen. ——"Yi Qian"
To sum up, Zhen and divination have three characteristics: A. Concentrate on seeking solutions and sincerely hope to know the results; B. The matter sought for verification is a major event related to the country; C. Observation Various signs are interpreted and concluded by the fortune teller himself.
Therefore, the interpretation and conclusion of divination is not the "sign" itself, but the interpretation of the "sign", which depends on the "heart" of the diviner. Therefore, it can only be subjective "sincerity", not objective "truth".
2. Zhen
"Kangxi Dictionary" says that "zhen" is a common word. The ancients said, "Indecent words and customs".
------- -------
Bronze inscriptions: Zhen Shuowen: Zhen Qin style bamboo slips: Zhen
"Shuowen Jiezi", , the immortal deformed and ascended to heaven. Cong Congmu Cong; sound hidden. Eight, the carriage. True, later, later extended to "truth". Opposite of false and false. "Fake gold should be plated with real gold." (Li Shen's "Answer to Filial Piety")
"Zhuangzi·Tian Zifang": "He is also true."
Confucius does not use "true" and can be understood from two aspects: A From the original meaning of true, Confucius did not believe in the so-called "people flying to the sky", which belonged to the category of "weird gods" that he did not mention; B Even if it was later extended to "real", Confucius would not use it because Confucius did not Believe that there is something called "reality".
3. Confucius believed that there is "honesty", but there is no "truth"
The world and things are spoken by people. If he tells lies, ----- -If you are not sincere, then the so-called "objective" is not objective. He must be "sincere", that is, what he says is said with "heart". The so-called objectivity is a phenomenon of "honesty". Confucius believed that without human participation, the objective existence of things would not matter. Therefore, he required "sincerity" to be the "virtue" that people should follow.
So, why is "sincerity" a "virtue" that people should follow? This returns to the world model of "Heaven, Earth and Man" - people must obey the virtues of "Heaven, Earth". The movement of heaven and earth is the template of "sincerity".
Confucius said: "I want to be speechless." Zigong said: "If you don't speak, how can I explain it?" Confucius said: "What can Heaven say? How can the four seasons move and all things come into being? , what can God say?"
So, how to protect and test people's "sincerity"? This leads to the concept of "faith". ------"Sincerity" is expressed through language and is reflected in "faith". Authenticity can be judged through linguistic analysis, especially comparison with behavior.
4. Chastity but not forgiving
Confucius said: "A gentleman is chaste but not forgiving."
Chastity means righteousness. Upright, pure, fair.
"Yi Qian Gua" "Yuan, Heng, Li, Zhen", "Shu Taijia" "One person is good, and all nations use chastity", Zhen means justice.
Confucius emphasized great faith. He believed that great people should be sincere and outstanding. He was talking about great faith and should not be bound by small details; in fact, Confucius distinguished between "big faith" and "little faith" to reflect "Wisdom" in real life, if everything embodies "faith", then there will be no room for wisdom, especially in national affairs.
Zi Gong said: "Guan Zhong was not a benevolent man, and Duke Huan killed the young master to correct him. He could not die, but he was also a minister." Confucius said: "Guan Zhong was the prime minister of Duke Huan. Granted. Wei Guanzhong, I was sent to the left. How can I be forgiven by a man and a woman, and go through the ditch without knowing it?"
Zi Gong asked: "How can this be said? "Is he a scholar?" Confucius said, "You can be called a scholar if you act in a manner that does not disgrace the emperor's orders." He said, "What's the next step?" He said, "How can a clan be called a filial piety, and a village party should be called a brother?" He said: "Dare you ask what is the next best thing?" He said: "You must be true to your words, and your actions must be fruitful. You are a villain, so you can do the next best thing." He said, "What are the politicians today like?" Confucius said: "Hey! There is no point in fighting against people.”
Mencius inherited Confucius’s point of view. He said: "A great man does not have to keep his word and his deeds to be fruitful, but righteousness lies in it." ("Mencius Li Lou Xia") The righteousness is: those who do national affairs may not always keep their word when they say it, and they may not always implement every thing they do. , everything is measured only according to the standard of righteousness. This is the unity of principle and flexibility that we are talking about today.
Mr. Qian Mu's "New Interpretation of the Analects": "A gentleman only sticks to the right path and does not stick to small beliefs." "Chastity but not forgiveness" mainly emphasizes chastity, and also explains that when forgiveness and chastity conflict, we must Take chastity and forgive.
5. Phenomenological explanation
Therefore, Confucius does not use the word "zhen", but uses the word "zhen" - the world is something connected with the heart, only " "Sincerity"------what he said can be "real"------the "real thing itself" in phenomenology.
Husserl's phenomenology believes that , the world is a "phenomenon" constructed by the human mind and objects, and only through "reduction" can "real things" be presented. Confucius does not believe in the so-called "truth", because truth is talking about things without human subjective participation.
On the one hand, Confucius used social behavior to constrain people's "sincerity". If they are "dishonest", they will have no way to go in social life; on the other hand, Confucius used the moral character of benevolence to constrain people, so there is the saying "Both oneself". "If you make an appointment with me, please treat me with courtesy".
Later, Dong Zhongshu used laws to restrict it: making "sincerity" in the form of "faithfulness" become a commonplace------one of the five permanent members,- ----Then it is converted into a "contract of promise", thereby converting "faith" from a philosophical category into a legal category.