China is the only country that has no dating, that is to say, the history of China is continuous, recorded and not cut off. China's internationally recognized history began in Shang Dynasty (there was no evidence of historical books and archaeological discoveries before), and we think that the history is the Yellow Emperor (30th century AD), which is 5000 years.
According to conservative estimates, Egypt has a history of nearly 7000 years. According to the ancient Egyptian historian Manetto, ancient Egypt experienced 3 1 dynasties before being conquered by Alexander. The history of the first and second generations is called the pre-kingdom era (about 3 100-2686 BC).
Greek civilization began in 2000- 1500 BC, which is more than 4000 years.
American civilization began in19th century. Of course, if you add local civilization, it has a history of thousands of years, but generally no one counts it this way.
As there was no writing in the early days, the earliest Japanese written records came from China. Emperor Jimmu, the first Japanese emperor, was founded in 660 BC with a history of about 3,000 years.
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China has a long history. Since Liang Qichao put forward the "four ancient civilizations", at the beginning of the founding of the Republic of China, Dr. Sun Yat-sen declared that "4609 was the first year of the Republic of China". Since then, there has been a saying that China lived for five thousand years, which has been passed down to this day.
However, it is worth noting that this algorithm is somewhat reluctant. Even with the ancient imperial period when myths and legends are difficult to verify, this 5000 years is beautification after rounding. Therefore, in fact, the 5,000-year history of civilization is actually unreasonable and quite reluctant.
China has a history of about 4,000 years from the Xia Dynasty and about 3,600 years from the Shang Dynasty. However, for the Xia Dynasty, historians have always been skeptical. Due to the lack of actual written records, many foreign regions refused to recognize the Xia Dynasty, and often only recognized the 3600-year history of civilization. At home, they invested heavily in the "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties Dating Project".
After five years, the modern technology carbon-14 was used to detect a large number of cultural relics and check ancient books, and the "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dating Project" finally achieved initial results. It is inferred that the Xia Dynasty began about 2070 years ago, the boundary between Xia and Shang Dynasties was about 1600 BC, and the boundary between Shang and Zhou Dynasties (the year of cutting Zhou Dynasty) was set at 1046 years ago, thus establishing the chronology of Shang Ding and the chronology of kings of Western Zhou Dynasty.
If the result of this project is true, then the origin and development of ancient civilization in China can give an accurate time scale, but the final report of this project has not been completely passed today, and the bronze inscriptions excavated in this period have been beaten up again, overturning the previous calculation of the time points of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the first year. Therefore, after spending a huge sum of money, the historical time of China civilization is still chaotic and still in the dark groping stage.
Sima Qian, a historian of the Western Han Dynasty, also mentioned the time of the beginning and continuation of civilization in Historical Records. He said that he had read many documents about the period after the Yellow Emperor, although there were records of the years, but these years were inconsistent, vague and incoherent, so Sima Qian gave up them and only recorded the lineage of the kings of Xia, Shang and Wednesday, without a specific year of reign. So * * * and the first year are recognized, but if converted into specific time points, no statement is authoritatively recognized.
In the history of China, the replacement of dynasties conforms to the "Heaven", but the change of country names is a necessary thing. However, throughout history, even those familiar dynasties have their own stories. Such as the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty.
Most of these dynasties, divided by regions, experienced the evolution from extinction to resurrection. Although later generations still use the signboard of the previous generation, the regime changes and the country changes hands. Therefore, in order not to be confused, most descendants added a geographical position word to the position of the capital to show the difference.
Especially in the film and television drama Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Liu Bei's regime actually made a big mistake under the banner of "Shu Han", which was also a prefix added by later generations to distinguish dynasties. In real history, both Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang always use the name of "Han" and the banner of "Shu Han", which can only show the director's ignorance.
1, Xia dynasty (about 2 1 century to about16th century)
As for the origin of "Xia", at present, the mainstream thinks that "Xia" comes from hieroglyphics of national totems. Headed by "Xia Hou", the tribe was named the country name after the establishment of Xia Dynasty.
2. Shang Dynasty (about17th century to 1 1 century)
"Historical Records Yin Benji" records: "The deed is sealed in the business". It can be seen that "Shang" is the ancestral contract of the Shang family. Because it helped Yu to control water, he divined in the Shang land, so the land was the country name.
3. Zhou Dynasty (65438 BC+0046 BC ~ 255 BC)
The ancestors of the Zhou tribe once moved to Qishan, Shaanxi Province, and the place name "Zhou" was also used as the name of the dynasty after the destruction of Yin by the King of Wu. In history, the warlords fought bonfires as the node, and the Zhou regime was overthrown. The warlord established the former abandoned Prince Yijiu as the king, known as Zhou Pingwang in history, and moved eastward to Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan). Because it is located in the east of the former capital, later generations called it "Eastern Zhou" and "Western Zhou" respectively.
4. Qin dynasty (22 1 year to 207 years ago)
Fei Zi, its leader, was given the surname of "Won" and the land of Qin State for promoting Zhou grazing, hence the name of Qin State. After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, Qin was called by the vassal States and became the name of the dynasty.
5. Han Dynasty (202-220 BC)
After the death of Qin, Liu Bang was named Hanwang by Xiang Yu, and later defeated Xiang Yu in the hegemony. When he acceded to the throne, he still took "Han" as the country name. In 8 AD, at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang abolished the emperor and made Chang 'an his capital, which was called the New Dynasty in history and the Western Han Dynasty perished. Because follwed is usurping power; In addition, the regime was short, so this dynasty was not recognized in history. In AD 25, Liu Xiu proclaimed himself emperor. Because the capital is located in Luoyang, Chang 'an and Luoyang are called the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty respectively, in order to distinguish the early period.
6. Wei (220 ~ 266)
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xian Di named Cao Wei. In 220 AD, Cao Pi forced Emperor Xiandi of Han Dynasty to abdicate, taking the title of Wang Wei as the title of the country, which was called Cao Wei in history.
7. Shu Han (22 1 year ~ 263 years)
Liu Bei claimed to be Wang Jing of Zhongshan in the Han Dynasty and established the "Han" regime, because the main sphere of influence was in Sichuan, which was called "Shu Han" in history.
8. Wu Dong (222 ~ 280)
Cao Cao named Sun Quan the "King of Wu". After Sun's rise, Wu became the country name, which was also called "Wu Dong" because of its location in the southeast.
9. Jin Dynasty (265 ~ 420)
After Si Mazhao destroyed Shu, he was named King of Jin. Forced Wei Emperor to abdicate, and the title was "Jin". After the Eight Kings Rebellion, the Jin Dynasty was destroyed by northern barbarians in 3 16, and the remaining Jin Dynasty crossed south in 3 17, and established the Eastern Jin Dynasty headed by Si Marui in Jianye. Luoyang was the capital of the former Western Jin Dynasty, and Jiankang was the capital of the later Dynasty, which was divided into the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
10, Sui Dynasty (58 1 year ~ 6 19 years)
Yang Zhong, the father of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, was named "Duke of Sui" by the Northern Zhou Dynasty. He wants to be named "Sui" according to the previous customary title, but he thinks that the word "Sui" has the meaning of instability. So I used the new word "Sui" as the name of the dynasty. But obviously not out of short-lived fate.
1 1, Tang dynasty (6 18 ~ 907)
Li Hu, the grandfather of Tang Gaozu, Tang Gaozu, was named Duke of Tang in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. After Tang Gaozu proclaimed himself emperor, he took "Tang" as his title.
12, Liao (9 16 ~ 1 125)
The dynasty established by the northern Khitans was originally called "Khitan" and later renamed "Da Liao". "Liao" is the name of Liaoshui, the birthplace of the Khitan people, to show that they never forget their roots.
13, Song Dynasty (960 ~ 1279)
Zhao Kuangyin was the emissary of the German army sent by us at the end of the Five Dynasties, and was stationed in Songzhou. After the mutiny in Chen Qiao, it was named "Song" and honored as "Da Song". After the shame of Jingkang, the royal family moved south, so it was divided into Northern Song Dynasty and Southern Song Dynasty. It is the only dynasty in China with a history commensurate with that of the North and the South, and there is no political fault.
14, Xixia (1038 ~ 1227)
Established by the Tangut. Tuoba Sigong occupied Zhou Xia (now Hengshan County, Shaanxi Province). When People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, Zhou Xia was named after this country. Because in the west, Song people called it "Xixia". But like the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, it is also called Xixia, and the actual name of the country is "Xia".
15, gold (1115 ~1234)
The dynasty established by the Ligustrum lucidum family in Northeast China. When it is said that taking gold is not a country name, it is said that it rose in Jinshui and got this country name.
16, Yuan Dynasty (127 1 year ~ 1368)
Founded by Mongols, it was the first unified dynasty in China history to add the word "Da" to its official title. The name of the dynasty comes from the Book of Changes, Gangua, which says, "Gan Yuan is a great place, and it began with all kinds of materials to unify the sky".
17, Ming dynasty (1368 ~ 1644)
The official title is "Daming", which is the second unified dynasty after the Yuan Dynasty to add Chinese characters to the official title. The mainstream thinks it is related to Zoroastrianism. It also said that it inherited the name of Han Liner in Wang Xiaoming and took Daming as its country name to show its orthodox status. There is also a saying that fire is a simile, which means that the Ming Dynasty replaced the Yuan Dynasty with fire.
18, Qing dynasty (1644 ~ 19 12)
Founded by Manchu, as the last feudal dynasty, it inherited the blood of Jurchen nationality and first established Li Jinguo (known as Houjin in history) in Northeast China. After that, he broke off the vassal relationship with the Ming Dynasty. Change the country name to "Daqing". It was the third and last dynasty with the title of "Da". Its national title is Shang Qing in the Qing Dynasty, and the other is a metaphor of water in the Qing Dynasty, which means to replace the Ming Dynasty and use water to overcome fire.
References:
Chinese historical dynasties _ Baidu Encyclopedia