China is the first country to grow tea trees, which are mainly produced in the south of China. The wind of drinking tea is said to have originated in the Western Zhou Dynasty. However, before the Tang Dynasty, the word "tea" did not exist in China. In the pre-Qin ancient books such as The Book of Songs, The Book of Rites and Songs of the South, only "tea" was recorded. For example, the peak of the poem says, "Who says tea is bitter, like a cup of tea is sweet", and the Book of Rites and Music says, "The face is like a cup of tea, and the word" tea "is interpreted in orthography, which is elegant and elegant:" The word "tea" is ancient today. ..... It was not until Tang Lu Yu wrote The Classic of Tea that one painting' tea' was reduced. The Book of Tea states the ancient name of tea: "One day, tea, two days, three days, four days and five days".
However, before the Han Dynasty, people in China mainly discovered the medicinal function of tea roots. Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica in the Ming Dynasty described its efficacy in the most detailed way, saying, "It tastes dry and bitter, slightly cold and nontoxic, and is mainly used for treating fistula sores, facilitating urination, clearing heat and quenching thirst. It makes people sleep less powerfully, happily and soberly. " It was not until the Eastern Han Dynasty that people began to drink tea. In the Three Kingdoms period, Guangya, written by Zhang Ji, a native of Cao Wei, recorded the tea drinking method at that time for the first time. From the late Chen Dynasty to the early Sui Dynasty to the prosperous Tang Dynasty, drinking tea became a custom. Tea industry came into being and began to levy tea tax. With the rise of tea drinking, the consumption of tea has also increased greatly. Jingdezhen in Jiangxi and Huzhou in Zhejiang became famous tea distribution centers at that time. Bai Juyi's "Pipa Trip", "Businessmen value profit over parting, and sell tea on the floating beam a month ago", fully tells the sales situation of tea. Although drinking was prevalent in the Tang Dynasty, tea production and drinking methods were more particular. Add salt, onion, ginger, orange peel and mint when cooking tea. However, Lu Yu thought it was impossible to taste tea. He criticized this kind of tea soup as "abandoning water in the ditch". After the Song Dynasty, tea was not made until it was ripe. Roll dry tea leaves into fine foam, pour them into boiling water and gently stir them with a fine bamboo broom. This tea-making cleaner was brought back to Japan by Japanese Zen master Rong, and wrote "Drinking tea for health". Later, Master Minghui, Yi Sheng Zen Master and Daying Zen Master brought this popular custom of making tea and fighting tea back to Japan, and after evolution, it became the tea ceremony in Japan today.
Chinese tea culture
Tea has been closely related to the life and culture of China people since ancient times. Lu Yu's Tea Classic is the first monograph on tea, which discusses the nature, quality, origin, cooking methods and utensils of tea in detail, raising tea to a "classic" status, so Lu Yu is also honored as "Cha Sheng". After the Book of Tea, there are over 00 kinds of ancient tea books, including Cai Xiang's Tea Book and Xu Cishu's Tea Book. Tea banquets and tea parties dominated by tea were increasing in the Tang Dynasty, when drinking flourished. This kind of tea banquet with tea instead of wine is unfair, elegant and "not intoxicating, slightly clear". Lu Wen's Preface to the Tea Banquet on March 3rd said, "March 3rd is also the day of drinking. Philosophers suggested using tea instead. It's for arranging flowers and laying bricks, for the shade of the courtyard, for the breeze, for being happy every day, for lying down in the green haze ... for making fragrant foam, floating cups and setting amber color, which is not intoxicating and slightly clear. Although Yulu is immortal, there is no compound. " The ancients said that "one person gets the spirit, two people get the interest, and three people get the taste". Lu Tong, a good friend of Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi in the Tang Dynasty, won his admiration, and his Tea Song tasted a different realm: "A bowl of throat kisses is moist; Two bowls of broken loneliness; Three bowls of orange sausage, only five thousand volumes of text; Four bowls of light sweat, life is not smooth, all scattered in the hand hole; Five bowls of musculoskeletal light; Six bowls of psychic fairy; I can't eat seven bowls, but I feel the breeze blowing under my arm, Penglai fairy; Take this wind to clear the customs in He Yuchuanzi! " Lutong is hidden in Shaoshi Mountain, named Yuchuanzi. At present, the National Palace Museum in Taipei still keeps a picture of Lu Tong's Tea Making, which was painted by Qian Xuan in Song Dynasty. Jiao Ran, a good friend of Lu Yu, wrote the poem "Drinking Tea Songs Makes Cui Shi Make Your Prince", saying, "If you drink it, you will sleep soundly, and your feelings will be bright. Drink my god again, and suddenly it will be like rain and light dust. After three cups, you must spare no effort to break your troubles. " Celebrities in the Tang Dynasty explored another realm of Zen from drinking tea. Su Dongpo, who compared Jiaming to a beauty in the Song Dynasty, also had a famous tea-chanting masterpiece. His "Yoshioka Sword Tea Song" said that "living water still needs to be cooked with live fire, and fish is a stone with deep affection. The big ladle stores the moon as Gu Quan Weng, and the small ladle divides the river into night bottles. Snow milk has been turned over and fried at the foot, and the wind suddenly makes a diarrhea sound. It is not easy to ban three bowls of orange sausage, and it is longer to lie in the deserted city. "
Tea has been closely related to the life and culture of our office since the Song Dynasty. Seven things to open the door, rice, oil, salt, sauce and vinegar tea. With the rise of modern teahouse industry, drinking tea is more and more connected with culture, including storytelling teahouse, Peking Opera teahouse and Quyi teahouse. Lao She also used the feature that "a big teahouse is a small society" to create an immortal drama Teahouse, which revealed the life scene of China in the 20th century.
Tea is the national drink of our country, and it has become the traditional custom of the Chinese nation to respect guests with tea. For people, tea can make people sip chickpea and enjoy the delicious tea. Second, it can wake up and improve eyesight, which is good for health; Third, it can cultivate temperament and cultivate self-cultivation, and fourth, it can unite family ties and have the function of harmonious feelings. Tea culture has become an important part of China culture.
The Origin and Development of Japanese Tea Ceremony
Tea ceremony, as its name implies, is the way to taste tea. It is one of the unique cultures of the Japanese nation. According to the Japanese Upanishads, "In April of the first year of Tian Ping (729), hundreds of monks were summoned to the forbidden court to give tea." This is the earliest record of tea in Japanese literature. According to China's historical records, in 805 AD, Japanese air sea monks came to China to study, brought back tea seeds from China and planted them at the foot of Taiwan Province near Jiangguo (now Shiga), which was the beginning of Japanese tea planting. In 8 15 AD, Emperor Wei Xiao ordered the planting of tea in Jiji and its surrounding areas, which was offered every year. Since then, tea has really taken root in Japan. However, tea is only used as a medicine and a high-grade drink, which is only used between nobles and monks. The method of drinking tea is not the method of frying tea in Japan today, but the method of making tea in Tang Dynasty. During the Kamakura period in Japan, the custom of drinking tea in the south pillow spread to Japan with Zen Buddhism, and at the same time, it brought back new tea varieties from the Southern Song Dynasty, and imported the current matcha method for the first time, and wrote Tea for Health, which is similar to China Lu Yu's Tea Classic, and was dedicated to the shogunate general Shuibenye Sanzang. Therefore, the Zen master is honored as the ancestor of Japanese tea, and his "Eating Tea for Health" is also known as Japan's "Tea Classic".
Drinking tea as a way of friendship, in ancient Japan, there was a kind of tea party called "Tea Lou Ji", but it was only a place for Japanese upper rulers to communicate. At the same time, use this occasion to compare wealth, brag and gather people to gamble. Among ordinary people, there is a form called "sending tea together", where everyone gets together to drink tea and make friends. Among Japanese monks, they use tea parties to preach scriptures, enjoy elegant tea, and participate in meditation and enlightenment. At the beginning of15th century, Nara was known as a famous temple and a monk named Tian. At that time, the horse "counting tea to send" in the upper class combined with the more popular "sending tea" to create a "tea ceremony" with simple form, tea tasting and Syrian friendship. At this time, the tea used in the tea ceremony is Japanese matcha and strong tea, and the tea set used is not China enamel, but a ceramic tea set made by Japan itself.
There are many schools of tea ceremony, the most representative of which is the "Three Thousand" of Qian Mi Chuan. Mori no Rikyū is one of the businessmen with autonomy, and later devoted himself to the reform and popularization of tea ceremony. He advocated that "the true spirit of tea soup lies in the grass temple". Today's "three thousand" of Japanese tea ceremony means "one thousand tables", "a thousand miles" and "a thousand fighters take the right path". After Morinoriki's death, his son Shao An inherited his career, but he soon retired and was succeeded by Morinoriki's grandson Qian Zongdan. This family system, which was conceived by 3,000 people, as a feudal hereditary mentoring relationship, gathered tea people through the study of art and Taoism, and gradually evolved into a privileged gathering of talents who could be awarded tea ceremony positions. As a school, centering on these 3,000 schools, many schools have emerged, such as Yao Neijia, Yuan Zhou and Zong PianLiu. Among these schools, thousands of organizations held lantern festivals, which quickly pushed tea ceremony to the world after the war and played a great role in the internationalization of tea ceremony.
The rules of the tea ceremony are "four far rules and seven rules". The so-called "four rules" are harmony, respect, purity and silence, and the "seven rules" refer to the preparation work when receiving guests: "Tea should be prepared in advance; Charcoal should be put in advance; Teahouses should be warm in summer and cool in summer; Indoor flower arrangement should be as natural as wild flowers; Observe the prescribed time; Prepare rain gear even if it doesn't rain; Everything is for management. "
The Connotation and Spirit of Tea Ceremony
The main difference between Chinese and Japanese tea culture lies in "Tao". "Tao" contains many meanings in Japanese, such as art, etiquette, custom and taste. Harmony, respect, purity and silence are the essence of Japanese tea ceremony, which is closely related to Zen in China Buddhism. "Harmony": Drinking tea to narrate feelings makes interpersonal relationships more harmonious and friendly, and adjusts interpersonal relationships to develop in a benign direction. The ancients said: "Positive voice should be moved by qi, and it is pleasing to be imaged by qi." "Respect": take the customer as the respect, exchange friendship, and form spiritual civilization fashion. "Qing" ":clear eyes, clear heart, clear heart." Silence ":six kinds of quietness, which can adjust your mood and make you have a kind of self-restraint and get rid of the troubles of daily life. In Japan today, there are many high-rise buildings. The wave of modern industry is always hitting every corner and everyone's nerves. In order to seek spiritual stability, we need a quiet world. In the harmony, respect, purity and silence of the tea ceremony, you can find yourself and get the vitality of tomorrow. This is the connotation and spirit of Japanese tea ceremony.