1. The status of Liu Ci
Liu Yong was the first professional poet in the Song Dynasty and the founder of the prosperity of Song Ci. The poets Zhang Xian and Yan Shu in the early Song Dynasty had hundreds of volumes of poetry and essays that have not been handed down. Ouyang Xiu was famous for his poetry, prose, and lyrics. Today, there are 103 volumes of poetry and essays that have been handed down. They are not professional poets. Only Liu Yong did not write a single article, and his only poems were "Song of Boiled Sea" and fragments of chapters and sentences scattered in local chronicles. The title of his collection of lyrics is "Collection of Musical Movements", with more than 200 poems handed down to this day, which shows that he concentrated on his lyrics throughout his life. Volume 33 of Volume 33 of Hu Zai's "Tiaoxi Yuyincong Hua" in the Song Dynasty quotes Li Qingzhao's "Ci Lun" as saying: "When we arrived in this dynasty, we had great preparations for rituals, music, culture and martial arts, and after more than a hundred years of cultivation, there was a man named Liu Tun Tian Yong. The old sounds were remade into new sounds, and the "Collection of Music" was published, which made it famous in the world. Although the music was harmonious, the words were still in the dust. There were also brothers Zhang Ziye and Song Zijing, and Shen Tang, Yuan Jiang, and Chao Ci came out in succession, although they appeared from time to time. Wise words, but broken, what is the name of a famous artist? "From this, it can be seen that Liu's Ci is the first, and Zhang's Ci is the successor; Liu is the first, Zhang is the second; Liu is the main one, and Zhang is the auxiliary.
The origin of Erliu's poetry
On the one hand, Liu Yong inherited the popular and simple style of folk poetry in the Tang Dynasty, and on the other hand, he absorbed the fine traditions of the poetry of previous dynasties, thus changing old songs and creating new ones. Sound and development of slow words. We didn’t know about the folk poetry of the Tang Dynasty before. Since the discovery of Dunhuang materials, we have learned that there are more than 160 folk lyrics in the Tang Dynasty, and among them, "Qingbei Yue" and "Neijia Jiao" have more than 100 words. It can be seen that folk music and folk lyrics at that time Popular pageantry. Song Taizong destroyed the Northern Han Dynasty and the whole country was completely unified. He himself knew the rules and made music. "History of the Song Dynasty·Le Zhi" 142 says: "Taizong knew the music well, and he personally composed the big and small pieces of music and created new sounds based on the old music, totaling 390." Liu Yong used his profound literary literacy , was accustomed to Tang music and poetry, as well as new music and new lyrics of this dynasty. He often wandered in the streets and alleys, interacted with musicians and singers, and created a large number of slow lyrics, which was in the style of the Song Dynasty.
The spread of Sanliu Ci
Volume 3 of Song Ye Mengde's "Records on Summer Vacation" says: "Yu Shidan, a scholar who returned to the imperial court from the Western Xia Dynasty, tasted the words 'Fan' If there is a place to drink from a well, you can sing "Liu Ci", which is said to have spread widely. When he died, he was buried in the Runzhou Monastery. Wang Hefu was punctual and asked for help, so he paid for his burial. "This shows the wide spread of Liu Yong's poems, and also shows the depression after Liu Yong's death. There is also Liu Ci in the "History of Goryeo·Le Zhi" by Zheng Linzhi of the Ming Dynasty. This is Song music given to Goryeo by Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty. It can be seen that Liu's verse was also spread to Goryeo. Liu Ci spread from the northwest to Xixia and from the northeast to Goryeo, making it even more popular among the people in the Central Plains. Chen Shidao of the Song Dynasty said in "Houshan Poems" that his poems "are chanted all over the world". Wu Zeng said in Volume 16 of "Neng Gaizhai Man Lu" that his poems "spread all over the world", which also proves that Liu's poems are universal. Circulation situation. Song Xudu's "Quesao Bian" also records this story: During the Xuanhe period, Liu Jigao, the minister, tried to slander Liu Ci. Suddenly an old eunuch took out a pen and paper, knelt in front of Jigao, and asked him to compose a poem too. Ji Gao was speechless, which also shows that Liu Ci, which is universally loved by the people, cannot be denied.
The influence of Si Liu Ci
Famous poet writers in the Northern Song Dynasty, such as Zhang Xian, Yan Shu, Ouyang Xiu and Yan Jidao, all followed the style of Western Shu and Southern Tang and devoted themselves to writing lyrics. Although there are slow words in Yu Xiaoling and Zhang Xian's "Ziye Ci" and Ouyang Xiu's "Six Words", they are not too many. Only Liu Yong created the most slow poetry, and thus influenced writers such as Su Shi, Qin Guan, He Zhu, and Zhou Bangyan who were good at both slowness and slowness. In particular, their slow poetry has absorbed the strengths of many and benefited from many teachers. Each has its own characteristics and shines, forming an unprecedented grand event in the study of poetry. For example, Xin Qiji's "Shuilongyin" of the Southern Song Dynasty begins with "The sky is thousands of miles away and the autumn is endless, and the water goes with the sky and the autumn is boundless." Wu Wenying's "Eight Sounds of Ganzhou" begins with "The sky is misty and smoke is far away. What year is it? Stars are falling from the blue sky." , and it is not similar to the open atmosphere at the beginning of Liu's poem "Eight Sounds of Ganzhou" "The rain sprinkles the river sky at dusk, washing the autumn." In addition, based on the love of the citizen class, it also influenced the rise of novels and dramas in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. "Records of Flower Qu" written by an unknown person from the Song Dynasty in "Talks of a Drunkard" and "Xie Tianxiang" by the famous dramatist Guan Hanqing of the Yuan Dynasty are also Liu Yong's stories.
5. The ideological content of Liu Ci
1. Reflecting the prosperity of the city
Bianjing (now Kaifeng) was the imperial capital of the Northern Song Dynasty. After the Song Dynasty unified the world, Bianjing became more prosperous after a long period of recuperation. The development of commerce, the density of people, the magnificence of buildings, the beauty of flowers and trees, the abundance of materials, and the prevalence of singing and dancing all reflected the scenery of a peaceful and prosperous age. This There are specific descriptions in Liu's poems "Qingbei Music" and "Through the Blue Sky". Volume 10 of Song Zhumu's "Fangyu Shenglan" quotes Fan Zhen as saying: "In the 42nd year of Renzong's reign, the town was in Hanyuan for more than ten years. It was not possible to sing a single song, but it was found in Qi Qing's poems." This pair of Liu Ci poems. It's high praise. In addition, Hangzhou is a famous capital of wealth in the southeast and a nationally famous lake and mountain resort. Liu Yong's poem "Looking at the Sea Tide" also fully describes the luxury and beauty of Hangzhou. The words "three autumns of osmanthus and ten miles of lotus flowers" even aroused the Jin people's ambition to invade.
2. Describing the life in a brothel
Under the rule of Song Renzong who "worked towards Taoism", Liu Yong wandered around the streets and alleys, interacted with musicians and singers, and created new Ci was naturally reprimanded by the rulers. He wrote in the lyrics of "Crane Soaring to the Sky": "I tolerated the false reputation and sang in a low voice instead of a shallow drink." This shows his extreme dissatisfaction with the social reality at that time. He added: "I wrote the lyrics according to the imperial decree.
" (See "Yiyuan Orpiment" cited in "Tiaoxi Yuyinconghua") It also shows his contempt for the dignitaries at that time. In terms of treating ***, Liu Yong also showed sincere emotions, such as "Die Lianhua" says: "The belt is getting wider and wider, but I don't regret it anymore. I feel haggard because of Yi's disappearance. "Liu Yong also sympathizes with ***'s misfortune, as "My Fairy Yin" says: "I will never give up my companion of fireworks. No need to teach others, I saw my concubine Chaoyun Muyu. "I just hope that they can get out of the pit of fire as soon as possible and gain freedom. However, what needs to be mentioned in particular is that in order to cater to the needs of the citizenry, Liu Yong also wrote a lot of vulgar rhetoric, but they are all dross and must be criticized and discarded.
3. Expression of travel and military service
Liu Yong was frustrated with his fame and wandered around. His nostalgia for his hometown, his people, and his imperial capital all came together for a while, and most of his poems were desolate and composed. Chen Zhensun of the Song Dynasty pointed out in "Zhizhai Shulu Jieti" that Liu's poems were "especially good at traveling in prison". Indeed, when Liu was traveling through the service areas, he not only described the moving scenery of mountain villages, water stations and prominent peaks, but also the beautiful scenery in the mountains. The light, water and shadow embodies his personal feelings of separation, sorrow and life experience. During his travels, Liu Yong wrote about the scenery of the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter. Among them, the word "Qi Shi" has the most autumn scenery and is the most desolate one. It is compared with Song Yu's and sings the sad voice of autumn. The second volume of Wang Zhuo's "Biji Manzhi" quotes the poem of the predecessor: "Li Sao." "After thousands of years of loneliness, "Qi Shi" ends sadly. "He believes that this Liu Ci is influenced by "Li Sao" and inherits the remaining threads of "Chu Ci". It uses Song Yu's sad autumn style to express the feeling of personal decline in the world.
The art of Liuliu Ci
1. Popular language
From the time of Chen Shidao, Hu Zai, Huang Sheng and Shen Bo in the Song Dynasty to the "Siku Synopsis" of the Qing Dynasty, Liu Ci was all based on the slang and customs of Liuliu Ci. I thought he was from Lower Liba. In fact, the popular language is the true nature of folk poetry in the Tang Dynasty, and it is also the true nature of Liu Yong's poetry. I like it. For example, "Midnight Music": "On the shore, there are two or three girls wandering around, avoiding travelers and talking to each other with shy smiles. "How clear the language is! How vivid the characters are depicted!
2. The syllables are loud
Today we don’t know the singing method of Liu’s poems, but we use the four tones of yin and yang and the elimination of tones in his poems. , Ru tone words, the combination of Qu and Shang, the use of rhymes in sentences, double tones, and overlapping rhymes, you can also feel that the syllables are extremely loud. For example, in the sentence "Sentiment has hurt parting since ancient times" in "Yulin Ling", the four tones of Ping, Shang, Qu, and Ru are used together. , and the interweaving use of yin and yang sounds is another example of "Midnight Music": "Because of this thought, the embroidered pavilion is lightly thrown, and the waves are difficult to stay." "What basis can I use to make an appointment with Ding Ning after sighing?" Every sentence has the word "Qu", and the last sentence uses four "Qi" characters out of the eight characters. The "Qi" character spreads far and wide, the loudest and most alarming. Liu's poems are not only the "leading" characters. It is often used in the middle and end of sentences. Another example is the double tone and repeated rhyme, which are also commonly used in Chinese poetry. For example, in the beginning of "Zhu Ma Zi": "The lonely tower is desolate, and the dangerous pavilion is far away." , quietly near Yanzhu. Among them, "desolation", "exploration", and "quietness" are all overlapping rhymes. Finally, "the sky is dim and the sky is dim, the crows are in disorder, and the city is desolate in the evening." Draw the corner of the south building, and send the setting sun away." Here, the four characters "Jimei" and "Feiwei" are all overlapping rhymes. Below, "Lingchao", "Xiao Suo" and "Send Can" are all double sounds. It can be seen that there are two characters in each sentence. There are overlapping rhymes or double voices. In the three sentences "The frost and wind are getting colder, the river is cold, and the building is still shining" that Su Shi praised and reached the peak of the Tang Dynasty (see Zhao Lingji's "Hou Zelu"), each sentence also has double voices. "Yulin Ling" begins with the four characters "Han Chan Qie", "Han Cicada" is a double rhyme, and "Han Qie" is a double tone. Liu's poems often use double tone rhymes, which also shows the rhythm and sonorous "pair" in his new words. , "night", "shower", "tent drink", "teary eyes", "jing", "yu", "twilight haze", "since ancient times", "even if", "waiting" and other words are used together. , it’s not accidental. Another example is that the words “ke” and “ga” in the first part of “The Order of Picking the Lotus” and “色” and “pulse” in the second part are all used in the same voice. As for the words in “Magnolia”, it’s not accidental either. "Qingcheng", "Yingying" and "Huanqing" all have rhyme in the sentence. Wu Shidao of the Yuan Dynasty also believed that "the tone is correct" (see "Wu Libu Poetry Talk")
3. Majestic spirit
Poems in the early Song Dynasty that are famous for their majestic spirit include Fan Zhongyan's "Thousands of miles away, the long smoke sets and the sunset closes the lonely city" ("The Proud Fisherman") and "The pearl curtain rolls up the empty jade building, and the sky is pale and the Milky Way hangs down to the ground" ("Yu Jia Ao") "Jie Xing"). But they are all still Xiaoling. As for the slow poems written in the early Song Dynasty that seemed to be majestic and open, it has to be Liu Yong, such as: "Thousands of miles of mist, the dusk is sinking in the sky. wide. "("Yulin Bell") "With tearful eyes, the road to Shenjing is blurred, and the sound of broken bells reaches far into the dusk. "("Midnight Music") "Looking back, the important city has disappeared. Beyond the cold river, there are two or three smoky trees faintly visible. " ("Order of Picking Lotuses") are all excellent lyrics that are concentrated and penetrating the back of the paper. Song Yu Wenbao's "Blowing Sword Record" believes that Liu Ci is only suitable for girls in the 17th and 18th years to hold red teeth and sing his "Willow Bank, Dawn Wind Waning Moon" ("Yulin Ling") This is still a one-sided view of graceful poetry. It can be said that Liu's poetry has both graceful and bold qualities.
4. Complete structure
Wang Zhuo of the Song Dynasty. It is said that Liu's Ci "prefaces things leisurely, has a beginning and an end" ("Biji Manzhi"), which has shown that the structure of Liu's Ci is complete.
Zhou Ji of the Qing Dynasty's "Selected Poems of the Four Scholars of the Song Dynasty" discusses Liu's Ci: "Liu's Ci is always good at plain narration, either beginning, ending, or changing the beginning, and using one or two words to outline and mention, which has great power." Here is both It shows that the whole poem of Liu Ci is well-organized, and it also shows that the strength of Liu Ci is strong. Liu Yongman's poems have two paragraphs and some have three paragraphs. It is generally composed of two sections, the first section depicts the scenery, and the second section expresses emotions. The first two paragraphs of the three-part poem describe the scene and the last paragraph is lyrical. For example, the three-part poem "Midnight Music" is the most obvious example. The first paragraph describes the distant view of thousands of rocks and ravines, the second paragraph describes the close-up view of the boat on both sides of the river, and the last paragraph describes the feeling of being far away from home. The scenes blend together. Feng Xu of the Qing Dynasty commented on Liu Ci in "Sixty-One Ci Poems·Examples": "Qi Qing's poems can be straight in the bends, sparse in the dense parts, and flat in the adjacent parts. They can describe the scenery that is difficult to describe and the emotions that are difficult to reach. , and it comes from nature, which is the master of the Northern Song Dynasty." This is indeed a fair and precise comment.
(Selected from "Ci Xue Lun Cong" written by Tang Guizhang, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1986 first edition)