What are the characteristics of China's archives management system different from those of other countries?

1.( 1) The completeness and authority of the establishment of archives management institutions, the high concentration of archives management (in terms of the whole country) and its own system. (2) The hierarchy, specialty and complexity of archival institutions are integrated. (3) unified leadership of the party and government archives work. (4) The scope, emphasis and methods of archives management are quite distinctive. As far as the scope is concerned, China involves all regions and systems, and the scope is very wide. Other countries are relatively limited, and the decentralized management system is even more limited. As far as the focus is concerned, China focuses on the archives institutions of government agencies and units, while other countries focus on various archives; As far as ways and means are concerned, China mainly focuses on business guidance, while foreign countries mainly focus on supervision. 2. Briefly describe the advantages of centralized file management system. The main performance: (1) is conducive to the unified planning and orderly management of national archives work. For example, the implementation of archives laws and regulations, the implementation of archives administrative management functions, and the rational layout of archives institutions can all be realized within the country, which is difficult to achieve under the decentralized system. (2) It is beneficial to establish and coordinate the relationship between various archival institutions. Through the establishment and authority setting of archives bureau, the vertical subordinate relationship or horizontal business relationship of various archives institutions can be clarified, which is helpful for archives institutions to realize clear responsibilities, optimize the construction of archives collection and avoid repeated construction. (3) It is conducive to the standardization, standardization and modernization of archival work. The organization and orderliness of centralized system make it easier to popularize and implement the systems and standards established in all aspects of archival work, which is more conducive to the modernization of archival work. 3. Briefly describe the different provisions of different countries on the closure period of archives. The duration of file closing is different. According to the regulations of the International Archives Council, the closure period of archives is usually 30 years. Most countries abide by this rule, China is 30 years. Some countries are shorter than 30 years, for example, Spain is 25 years, Hungary is 20 years, and the United States is also 30 years, but it is required to open as much as possible after 20 years. If it can't be opened, it will be automatically decrypted after 30 years and must be opened; Some countries have more than 30 years, such as Switzerland 35 years, Italy 40 years, Denmark and the Netherlands 50 years. The longest closed period in the world is the Vatican, a country within a country, which lasts for 80 years. In some countries, according to the different contents of archives, the closure period of archives is also different. For example, in France, the closure periods of documents concerning national security, justice, personnel and medical care are 60, 100, 120 and 150 respectively. 4. Try to compare Chinese and foreign archives appraisal systems. The system of archives appraisal is actually about the ownership and organization management of the right to examine and approve archives disposal. 1. From the ownership of the right to dispose of archives. The ownership of archival appraisal in China is relatively scattered. All kinds of archives departments at all levels in China are under the dual leadership of administrative departments and corresponding archives professional departments, that is, the combination of compartmentalization and multi-head management. The ownership of foreign archives appraisal is mostly centralized. No matter what type of archives management system is, as long as it is within its jurisdiction, the appraisal of archives is centralized and unified. 2. Organization and management of archival appraisal. There is neither a full-time leading body nor a fixed professional in China's archives appraisal work. The appraisal of archives shall be organized by an appraisal team or committee composed of temporarily transferred personnel. After the appraisal work is completed, it will be dissolved naturally. Reorganize the personnel when the appraisal is needed again. Many countries in the world have set up specialized institutions and personnel to engage in archives appraisal. Such as Russia, the United States, Italy and South Korea. As can be seen from the above, China's archives appraisal is carried out in their respective departments, and the starting point and emphasis of archives appraisal standards in different departments are bound to be different. For foreign countries, the centralization of the power of examination and approval and disposal of archives appraisal is conducive to ensuring the comprehensiveness and professionalism of document value appraisal, especially the establishment of specialized appraisal institutions and personnel, and is also conducive to the macro-control of archives appraisal work. 5. Analyze the main reasons that lead to the differences between Chinese and foreign archives. The main reasons for the differences between China and foreign countries in the open use of archives are: 1. Social concepts have different foundations. Specifically, social archives consciousness-the public's different understanding of the role of archives. In China, the public's awareness of social archives is still quite weak. Archivists have little influence on public archives consciousness. In Europe and America, the public has a strong sense of social archives. The strong social consciousness of western archivists is not only manifested through service, but also the archives and social departments spare no effort to publicize archives and archival work. 2. The orientation of archival work is different. China's archival work has always been attached to state institutions, focusing on serving the ruling class, focusing on confidentiality, rather than using it. European and American countries believe that the utilization rate is the first, with market awareness as the leading factor and utilization rate as the center. 3. The power used is different. The power of utilization can also be called the purpose of utilization or the trigger of utilization. China citizens' use of archives mainly focuses on two aspects: one is to solve problems in practical work, and the other is to go to court. In addition to the actual use of archives in western countries, citizens of all countries also regard archives as cultural leisure places, which has its profound social and cultural roots. 4. The modernization level of archives management is different. Archives work is a comprehensive and highly technical management work. In addition to ideas and attitudes, the economic strength, scientific and technological level and file management level of different countries also determine the level of file utilization. For example, there is a gap between China and foreign countries in terms of retrieval tools, utilization means and network services. 6. Briefly describe the main new problems brought by the appearance of electronic documents to file appraisal. The emergence of 1. electronic documents has brought new challenges to the Administration. For example, the four stages of document life cycle theory are no longer applicable, and electronic documents consist of three stages: design, formation and maintenance. 2. The correlation and dynamic nature of electronic documents in the database make the identification of such electronic documents complicated and technical. 3. Electronic archives are highly dependent on computer software and hardware, which leads to the continuous migration from one format to another and from one carrier to another, thus leading to the expansion of the identification field and the increase of technology. 4. The pre-control of electronic document management means that the assessment has pre-control. Therefore, how to "batch" identify electronic documents is a new topic. 5. In the identification process of electronic documents, there will be some contradictions and problems that are difficult to solve. For example, the media of documents are different, which makes it difficult to maintain the most basic historical relationship between documents; How to keep the authenticity of electronic documents; How to solve the problem that the double standards of electronic documents, that is, content analysis and technical analysis, lead to increased costs? The second assignment: (This assignment only requires students with junior titles to answer, but students with senior titles don't answer) 1. Briefly describe the characteristics of centralized and decentralized file management systems. The characteristics of centralized archives management system: refers to the unified leadership or supervision of the national archives administration organs, and the local archives institutions accept the leadership of the central archives institutions. The institution that undertakes this management function is either a specialized archives management institution or a central-level archives. As the command center of the national archival undertaking, the archival administrative organ manages, guides and supervises the national archival undertaking system according to the legal power, thus making the whole management structure organized and orderly. Characteristics of decentralized management system: refers to the principle that the state does not set up an archives management agency to take charge of the national archives work in a unified way, and the central and local archives work implements decentralized management and respective responsibilities. In other words, the central archival institutions have no right to ask about local archival affairs, and local archival institutions are not subject to the central leadership. 2. Briefly describe the significance and influence of file opening. First, with the change of the nature and rights of utilization, archives have changed from closed to open, and the utilization of archives has changed from the privilege of a few people to the rights of the public; Second, it enriches the purpose of utilization, broadens the scope of utilization and increases the types of utilization; Third, the nature of archivists, archives and archival work has changed fundamentally. Archivists have changed from privileged protectors to public-oriented waiters, archives have changed from the "arsenal" of political power to the "granary" of scientific research, and archival work has changed from an accessory tool of the ruling class to a national independent scientific and cultural undertaking. 3. Analyze the reasons for the differences between Chinese and foreign archival appraisal practices. 1. Because of the different understanding and positioning of archival appraisal, European and American countries give archival appraisal a very practical significance, and think that archival appraisal is the most challenging field of archival science. Before China's reform and opening up, file appraisal was usually only regarded as one of the business links of file management, and its special position and role in file work was not highlighted. 2. The development level of archival appraisal theory and standard is different, and the theory and practice of archival appraisal in China are static, passive and sluggish. The theory of archival appraisal in European and American countries presents a dynamic, active and developing trend. The innovation of existing theories and the emergence of new theories make it form a systematic archival appraisal system in the exploration of archival appraisal theories and standards, which is more scientific and practical. 3. The organization and management of appraisal work are different. European and American countries set up specialized agencies and personnel to organize, manage and supervise the archival appraisal work in an orderly manner; China has neither specialized agencies nor professionals to effectively manage and supervise the appraisal of archives. China's archival appraisal has not been standardized and institutionalized. 4. The criteria for dividing the boundaries between documents and archives are different. Most countries in Europe and America think that document entry is a sign of document transformation into archives, while China regards document filing as a sign of its own transformation. 5. The proportion of specific archiving and warehousing is different. There is no specific ratio of filing and warehousing in China. European and American countries have stipulated and strictly controlled the specific proportion of document filing and archives entering the library. 4. Analysis of the subjective factors that affect the identification of electronic documents. 1. The appraiser's organization is chaotic and the appraiser's quality is low, which affects the appraisal work for a long time. It can be said that this is an obstacle that affects traditional archives and document identification and then affects electronic document identification. 2. Insufficient support of regulations and standards. The lack of legal and standard support is mainly manifested in two aspects: first, the lack of management rules for electronic documents. Secondly, there is a lack of special operating standards for authenticating electronic documents. At present, the identification of electronic documents in China can only continue to follow the traditional standards for the identification of documents and archives, and there is no special standard. 3. Insufficient theoretical research. Not only for the identification of electronic documents, but also for the identification of traditional documents and archives, there are many defects in theoretical research, which are more prominent: first, there are many studies and more basic research; Second, the combination with practice is not enough.