Tao Yuanming's "Peach Blossom Garden" is a typical work in ancient Chinese, and it has been selected as a Chinese textbook for middle schools. The article has a description of the scene of Peach Blossom Garden:
The land is flat and spacious, so is the house. There are fertile fields, beautiful ponds and mulberry trees here. The traffic in the building is so busy that chickens and dogs hear each other. Some men and women dressed like strangers. The yellow hair hangs low and enjoys itself.
There are different views on how to understand "knowing that you are an outsider" in the article. According to Shen Hengzhong's Notes on Students with Learning Difficulties-Preparing Lessons in Classical Chinese in Middle Schools (Shanghai Education Press 1999), there are mainly the following four statements:
First, it has been 600 years since the Qin Dynasty to the Eastern Jin Dynasty. People in Taoyuan don't dress like outsiders. Perhaps the original text is wrong. "Knowing as an outsider" means "knowing as an outsider" or "having an outsider".
Second, "knowing as an outsider" means "being like a person from another world".
Third, "outsiders" refer to Qin people outside Taoyuan.
Fourth, "outsiders" are people outside Taoyuan.
The current middle school textbooks adopt the fourth statement, and understand "outsiders" as "outsiders". Some teachers think this understanding is unreasonable. The reason is the same as the first statement above, that is, people in Taohuayuan have been isolated from the outside world for nearly 600 years from "ancestors avoided the chaos of Qin Dynasty and led their wives to this desperate situation". Their farming methods and dressing styles can't be the same as those of foreigners, but they should be very different. Therefore, the "outsider" in "knowing as an outsider" cannot be understood as "outsider", but should be understood as "foreigner".
This can be counted as the fifth statement.
This statement is not only found among teachers, but also seen from time to time in some modern translations and notes. For example, Xin Zheng's Selected Works of Ancient Masters (Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House, 2000) notes: "Outsiders: Outsiders, foreigners."
We believe that "outsiders" in "knowing as outsiders" can only be interpreted as "outsiders", referring to people outside the Peach Blossom Garden, and other explanations are incorrect. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty where Tao Yuanming lived, "outsiders" were only interpreted as "outsiders" and not as "foreigners". The third meaning of "outsider" in Chinese dictionary is "outsider". The second meaning is: "ancient refers to people outside the vassal state ... modern refers to foreigners." It can be regarded as the solution of "foreigners" and post-uprising. It is a taboo to explain ancient words with the meaning of future generations.
In The Peach Blossom Garden, "outsiders" appeared three times. There is no doubt that the other two "outsiders" have been interpreted as "outsiders", and the "outsiders" in this sentence is no exception. The "among them" in this sentence refers to the Peach Blossom Spring, so the corresponding "outsiders" can only refer to people outside the Peach Blossom Spring.
People have doubts about this and think that this understanding is unreasonable, but they understand "outsiders" as "foreigners", "people from another world" or "Qin people outside Taoyuan", and even suspect that the original text of this sentence is wrong. Its root lies in the lack of correct understanding of syntactic structure and the usage of the word "informed".
Let's talk about structure first. The subject of this sentence is "planting in it, men and women wear clothes", and "knowing as an outsider" is the predicate. The Collection of Tao Yuanming published by Yili People's Publishing House translates this sentence into "Men and women who come and go to farm wear shoes like outsiders", which means that the syntactic structure of this sentence is wrong-they regard "coming and going to farm" as the attributive of "men and women" and "men and women's clothes" as the single subject of "being known as outsiders". The first and third statements quoted above only take "men's and women's clothes" as the subject.
Let's start with the word "notice". "Xi", like the word "leisure" in this article "leisure to ask", is an all-encompassing adverb of scope, which is equivalent to "all" or "all". Practical dictionary of Zhonghua Book Company: "If you know it, you will be fine." In the sentence "Some of them grow crops and men and women dress like strangers", what does the word "informed" cover-that is, its semantic orientation is "growing crops" and "clothes worn by men and women". "Knowing as an outsider" means "everyone is like an outsider". This means that "farming" and "men's and women's clothes" are similar to those of foreigners.
China Youth Publishing House and Tianjin People's Publishing House jointly published * * * "A Fine Interpretation of Classical Chinese in Junior High School" (joint edition), which translated this sentence into: "People there come and go to farm and work, and men and women wear the same clothes as people outside." Such a translation obviously does not accord with the author's original intention. This sentence has two meanings: one meaning "people coming and going are like outsiders" and the other meaning "men and women dressed like outsiders"-this is the author's original intention. To express these two meanings in one sentence becomes "First, men and women dress like strangers." It can be seen that the word "informed" is only useful when two things are put together. Its function is only to express comprehensiveness, which can only be understood as "all" and cannot be understood as "integrity". "Knowing as an outsider" can't be understood as "exactly the same as people outside". It is precisely because people understand this sentence as "exactly the same as people outside" that they doubt the rationality of this sentence; The reason why people think that "outsiders" should not be interpreted as "outsiders" but should be interpreted by others is also based on this understanding.
According to the structure of this sentence and the usage of the word "Xi", we think this sentence can be translated as follows: "Here, (people) come and go to farm, and (and) men and women dress like people outside."
It should be noted that we believe that the "men's and women's clothing" in the original text is from the aspect of clothing system, not specific clothing. If you refer to the specific dress, it is not only different from people outside, but also different from people in Taoyuan. The author said in the poem of Peach Blossom Spring: "Cowpea is ancient, but clothes are not new." "system" and "law" are synonyms, and "clothes are not new" is equivalent to "clothes are still ancient" "clothes" refers to coats; "dress" refers to the bottom dress, that is, the lower skirt. The dress under the coat is one of the main symbols of ancient clothing. In ancient times, men and women put on their clothes and put them on. The so-called "clothes are not new" means that people in the Peach Blossom Garden have never changed their clothes. This has important enlightenment for us to understand the sentence "men and women dress".
The reason why the author wants to say "among them, men and women dress like strangers" has its profound meaning.
Yuan Hongdao, a famous literary critic in Ming Dynasty, said when commenting on The Peach Blossom Garden:
"Cheerful" (meaning from "suddenly enlightened" to "enjoying myself") refers to the cold weather in the wild, that is, on the earth, so I say "I am like an outsider". (For details, see Liu Shi in Ming Dynasty? Peach Blossom Garden in Ancient and Modern Literatures, Jiangsu Guangling Ancient Books Printing Press 199 1 year)
It can be seen that "understanding as an outsider" is the finishing touch of the author. The author takes this opportunity to point out that the Peach Blossom Garden is not a fairyland, but a human world. Only when the Peach Blossom Garden is located in the world can the two societies be compared, and the theme that works hate troubled times and yearn for a happy society can be reflected. The so-called "human world" does not refer to "a foreign country" or "another world", but to the real society outside the Peach Blossom Garden.
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