How to understand the inscriptions on porcelain? Identification and Evaluation of Porcelain in Ming Dynasty

Yongle porcelain is known as "Yongle year system". This is the first time in the history of ceramics to burn the imperial year number. The word "Yongle year system" is a seal script, which is printed, engraved or written in the heart of the device. Blue and white porcelain is written in blue and white; White glaze and blue and white glaze are mostly printed; Red glaze and blue glaze are mostly carved. Regardless of the engraving, printing and writing of Yongle Year, the four seal script fonts of Yongle Year are very small.

There was only one form of four-character seal script in Yongle period. Anyone who sees four characters of regular script, six characters of seal script or six characters of regular script is a false letter. Later, there was an imitation of the four-character seal script, but the strokes of the imitation were mostly stiff and angular, without the feeling of softness and roundness.

There are also many auspicious items on the folk kiln, such as blessing, luck, longevity, Chen and so on. In Hongwu period, the font was mainly cursive script, which developed into three writing items: official script, cursive script and running script. In addition, there are a few pictures in Yongle Dynasty.

Xuande's brushwork is not only in Yongle's heart, but written in any part. Formally, Xuande has both regular script and seal script, of which regular script accounts for the vast majority. From the word count, there are six characters and four characters, with six characters as the main character; There are double vertical lines, double circles and six characters, as well as a line of six characters (both horizontally and vertically), and a line of four characters written horizontally or with double vertical lines. Calligraphy is written and carved with a brush.

There are still some cursive or official script words in Xuande folk kiln, which are written in the heart of the kiln. There is also "Daming Xuande Year Made", which is very special.

In addition, from the perspective of patterns and characters, fake patterns and characters are generally not well thought out, and the lines and strokes of patterns and characters are incomplete or different in thickness. Some fake designs even appear stiff and inflexible, and you can see at a glance that they are copied works.

The year number of Chenghua official kiln is mainly "Daming Chenghua Year System" with six characters and double vertical lines in blue and white regular script, and the style is relatively unified, and the position of money is mostly at the bottom of the kiln. In addition to the six-character double-line regular script, there are a small number of "big next year system" four-character double-line regular script. However, there is no word "Chenghua Year" or "Chenghua Year" for Chenghua genuine products, whether it is official kiln or private kiln products.

Chenghua official kiln also has a kind of jar, which only has the word "heaven" and is called jar. This one-word official kiln is unique to Chenghua, and Tian Zi is also very distinctive. The font is extremely large. The porcelain style of Hongzhi official kiln is basically the same as Chenghua's, and it is still based on the blue-and-white regular script "Da Ming Hongzhi Year System", and the bottom is written. There are a small number of four-character double-line prints that say "Hongzhi Year System", mostly located in the heart of the device. There are also a few red regular script double-line "Hongzhi Year System" paragraphs and seal cutting.

There are many kinds of Hongzhi folk kiln wares, but they are simple, such as "Fu", "Zheng" and "Renzi Nianzao".

The year number of Zhengdeguan kiln is mainly based on the six-character double-line "Daming Zhengde Year Number System" and the four-character double-line "Zhengde Year Number System" in blue and white regular script, and the latter is mostly. The clear flowers in Chinese characters are thick and light, and the light ones look gloomy. There is also a two-line "Zheng De Nian System" written in red italics. The dark color is black and red, and the light color is gorgeous. At this time, flowerpots, stoves, floor washing and other colored porcelain are mostly carved in regular script, located below the mouth of the vessel, and also engraved on the bottom of the vessel.

Last year's titles of folk kilns were "Made in Zheng De's Year" and "Made Next Year", and auspicious patterns such as "Peace in the World", "Longevity and Prosperity".

The year numbers of Jiajing Imperial Kiln are all in regular script, with four-character double lines and six-character double lines, and the six-character double line "Daming Jiajing Year System" is the main one. There are six characters in a line, six characters in a circle and four characters in a Qian Wen cross. The inscription is mainly located at the bottom of the utensil, also written at the lower edge of the mouth of the utensil, and also written on the shoulder of the utensil. In addition to writing money, there is also a small amount of engraved money.

The eulogy and auspicious items on folk kiln products are more prosperous than the previous generation, and famous products such as Zishutang, Baisong Caotang and Guorentang have appeared.

Wanli calligraphy is mainly based on the six-character double-line "Daming Wanli System", and there are also six-character single-line or three-line calligraphy, as well as four-character double-line, four-character circle and four-character Qian Wen Cross. The writing position of paragraphs is also very unstable, mostly at the bottom of the device, but also at the heart, shoulders and mouth of the device.

Various types of folk kilns in Wanli have greatly increased, such as "Xuan Yin Hall" and "Zhilanzhai". Lucky models such as "Wanfu Youtong", "Dehua Changchun" and "Fushou Kangning"; Praise auspicious items such as "Jade Hall Exquisite", "Tianlu Exquisite", "Tianlu Exquisite" and "Top Grade Exquisite".

During the reign of Apocalypse and Chongzhen in the late Ming Dynasty, there were few official kiln wares of the current year, while there were many official kiln wares of the previous year. Most of these porcelains with the year numbers of the previous dynasties are shoddy in folk kilns, and the fonts are very scrawled and arranged in disorder.

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