Me, me, my ghost 2014/2113: 29: 32 collection
Share >
1722
Russia and Mongolia: The Influence of the Mongolian Empire on Russia in the Middle Ages
Charles J. Khalperin
Translation: Masayoshi Nakamura
In the past, Russian historians usually referred to the more than two centuries of Mongolian rule as "Tatar shackles", but their views on this period were different. Some of them hold a completely negative attitude towards Mongolian rule. They believe that "the rule of Mongolia is the most tragic page in Russian history, which has separated Russia from the European family." However, many people hold different views. For example, karamzin, a historian of18-19th century, thought that "the strength of Moscow should be attributed to Mongolia". Among the contemporary scholars represented by ancient Milev, the so-called "Tartar shackles" do not exist. On the contrary, "the combination of Russia and Mongolia makes Russia invincible in the struggle with the West".
Before the Mongols came to Russia, the center of Russia was Kiev (now the capital of Ukraine). After the Mongols came to Russia, they destroyed Kiev and helped Moscow to become the political, military and economic center of Russia. Now Russia is an extension of Moscow. The formation of Russia, the largest country in the world today, has obvious Mongolian factors. 1920s, Russia Eurasia said, "Russia has nothing to do with the West or Slavic." Klyuchevski and his students believe that at least half of Russia's reunification is due to Mongolia. Trubetskoi, another Eurasian philosopher, pointed out in his classic book On Turan Elements in Russian Culture, "Moscow should thank the Mongols for their rule, and the Russian government system is also Mongolian. In essence, Russia is an orthodox Mongolian country. The daily life of Russians is deeply influenced by Mongolia. A large number of Mongolian loanwords, postal services, taxes and costumes are also influenced by Mongolia, and the military law system is also learned from Mongolia. "
Mongolian nobles of Kazan khanate, Astra khanate, Siberia khanate, Crimea khanate, Nogai khanate, Blue-tent khanate and White-tent khanate all worked in the Russian Principality and became the source of surnames of many big princes and nobles. Russia used to have 92 grand princes, 50 kings, 13 princes and more than 300 noble surnames of Mongolian descent. Russia's political centralization, economic serfdom, military expansion and belligerence, religion obeying secularism, etc. all inherited Mongolian orthodoxy. These things still play a role in Russia today.
Francis Fukuyama, a famous Japanese-American political, historical and economist, said: "The Russian government structure is based on the traditional Mongolian plunder method. Russia has never been democratic. Stalin adopted the same ruling principles as the Mongols. Putin is a Mongolian in 2 1 century, and nothing else. Now, because Russia is still a rich country, the leading Mongolians realize that in order to gain legitimacy and national love, he must distribute some wealth. This is the reason for the low tax burden and low debt. For the above reasons, the current Russian protests that we must appreciate and encourage cannot defeat this Mongolian system. "
JunkoS, an authoritative expert on Mongolian Manchu studies in the world;
The name Tatar comes from the 6th century and refers to many Mongolian-speaking tribes in central Mongolia. After the word entered Russian, it was used as the plural form татары. In China's official history "Biography of Foreign Countries in the Ming Dynasty", the history of the Tatars was described, starting with the fact that they were Mongols and descendants of the Yuan Dynasty. The Manchu Dynasty, which wrote the history of the Ming Dynasty, inherited orthodoxy from the Mongols, descendants of the Yuan Dynasty, so there was no need to change the Mongols into Tatars like the Ming Dynasty, and we had a fairly correct understanding of them.
Since the18th century, the history of Russia has been completely rewritten by patriotic nationalist historians like Karamkin. In the history of Russia, which is generally said now, the influence of nomadic people headed by Mongolia on Russia has been greatly weakened. In fact, Russia developed into a country under the rule of Mongolia.
Ross, the etymology of the name Russia, originally refers to a word of Scandinavian Norman. In the 9th century, three Ryurik brothers of Ross were invited to rule Novgorod and Kiev, which was the origin of Ross.
When the Mongolian army invaded, the vassals of the Russian Ryurik family resisted many times and formed antagonistic relations with some cities ruled by Mongolia. Russian archduke and city, and then Russian Orthodox Church was completely ruled by Mongols. Since then, for hundreds of years, the rule of Mongols has been called the shackles of Tatars, and everyone has suffered under the oppression of the barbarians in the East. Until the19th century in romanov's Russian era.
Khan of the Golden Account Khanate conducted the first household registration survey in Russian history. An official named Daruhuachi was stationed in various places on behalf of Khan, collecting tribute taxes and supervising the troops stationed at the post station. In this way, Russia began to form a unified region.
The grand duke of Liurik family competed with the princess of Genghis Khan family to form a marriage relationship, and as Khan's son-in-law, he enjoyed privileges. Whenever there is a dispute between princesses or between different parts of Russia, the parties will take a lot of tributes to Khan's Waldo to get the verdict of Khan.
1237, when Moscow was invaded by Mongolian troops, Moscow was still an unknown small stockade. But later, it undertook the tax affairs of the golden account Khan, which developed. 1328, Ivan I, Duke of Moscow, was awarded the title of Grand Duke by Bekhan. 1399, Moscow became a grand duchy with 17 households.
On the other hand, in the ruling layer of the Golden Horde, the struggle for Khan's status began in the second half of the14th century. Ma Mai, who is not considered to be a descendant of Genghis Khan, mastered the real power of the Golden Account khanate and then boarded the khanate himself. However, Toja Timur, who belongs to the left wing of the Shu Chi family and is known as the son of Shu Chi, got lost, attacked Mamai from the east, defeated Mamai by the Galga River, and became the golden tent khanate.
The Russians took this opportunity to rebel against Mongolia. The famous battle of kulikov in Russian history was a great victory of Dmitry Donsko, the Grand Duke of Moscow, who defeated Mamai in 1380. However, shortly after 1382, Tuotuo lost and occupied Moscow, and Archduke Dmitry fled Moscow. The Battle of kulikov is only recorded in the annals written by the Archbishop of Russian Orthodox Church, but it is not mentioned at all in the diplomatic documents of contemporary international exchanges.
In the15th century, outside the Daur nationality in the Golden Horde, descendants of Shu Chi living in Crimea, Kazan and astrakhan fought endlessly for suzerainty. During this period, because the descendants of Shu Chi attacked Moscow and Lithuanians, the Grand Duke of Moscow formed an alliance with Waldo, who was hostile to the descendants of Shu Chi.
In the final conclusion of Russian history, the Golden Horde was destroyed by the so-called Li Ming Clay of Crimean Tatars in 1502. But in fact, at this time, the sweat of the big tent was transferred from the Namahan family to the Kunchuk family. Ivan IV, grandson of Russian Ivan III of Russia, took advantage of the infighting of Kazan Khan family in the middle reaches of Volga River in 1552 to settle in Kazan city for a long time. Then in 1556, the Astra Khan in the lower reaches of the Volga River was destroyed. But Moscow's purpose was to obtain astrakhan town as a trading stronghold, so it moved Khan's home to Boisson. On the other hand, in 157 1 year, the Jinji, which moved its capital to Crimea, attacked Moscow and levied tribute tax. From then on, until the end of 17, when Peter the Great was alive, Moscow paid tribute to the Crimean khanate.
1575, Ivan iv welcomed Simon Buick Bratovic to Moscow and handed him the post of czar, while he himself was a minister. The following year, he accepted his abdication again and became a czar. This Simon Buick Bratovic, formerly known as Saint Blatter, is the great-grandson of Khan, the last Namahan family to gain territory in kasimov. Through this procedure, the Grand Duke of Moscow became one of the Mongolian heirs and won the support of Shu Chi's descendants. As far as Ivan IV himself is concerned, his father is the direct grandson of Dmitry Donsko, and on his mother's side, he is a descendant of the Mongolian Mamai people. Mamai's name is white sweat The Tsar of Moscow also claimed to be White Khan, which originated from Chagan Khan in Fangmeng. Therefore, the Russian Empire is also the successor of Mongolia.
Shortly after Ivan IV's death, the lineage of the glazed tile family was cut off. Boris Getunov, a Mongolian-born aristocrat, became czar. 1605 After Boris Getunov died, 16 13, Mikhail romanov was elected czar, and romanov was born in Russia. By the time of Peter I, the grandson of Mikhail romanov, the foundation connecting the present Russian empire was gradually established.
It is precisely because of its mongolization that Russia has long been regarded as a compatriot by Turks, which is also reflected in Oguz Khan Biography, and Mamluk Turks also regard Russians as compatriots.
In eastern Europe and Asia, Lidan Khan, the leader of Chahar Department, was a direct descendant of Khan the Wild Goose./Kloc-0 died of illness in Dacaotan (now Wuwei Grassland in Gansu Province) on the way to Tibet in Qinghai on June 634. His son, Ezhe, and his mother, Empress Tai Su, took refuge in the Later Jin Dynasty and were placed in Shenyang's Huang Taiji in 1635. At this time, Tai Su, the Empress Dowager, and Hubei gave the imperial seal of the Yuan Dynasty to Khan Huang Taiji. Huang taiji interpreted this move as the fate of Genghis Khan transferred to himself. 1636, Kuliltai Conference was held in Shenyang. At the conference, the representatives of Manchu and Mongolia elected Huang Taiji as the leader, and in order to inherit the reunification of Dayuan, they established the Manchu-Mongolian * * country, and decided that the new country name was "Qing". These events, which took place when People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, decided the nature of the Qing Dynasty, which lasted for about 270 years until its demise in 19 12.
Ezhe, a direct descendant of Genghis Khan, married Huang Taiji's second daughter and was named Prince. The five Empresses of Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty were all Mongols. In this way, the Manchu-Mongolian marriage continued until the end of the Qing Dynasty, and more than 100 Manchu people were married to Mongolian grasslands throughout the Qing Dynasty. 1643, Taizong Huang taiji died, and Shunzhi, born to the Mongolian queen of Horqin, became his stepfather. The Ming Dynasty perished on 1644, and the Qing Dynasty moved from Shenyang to Beijing to rule China. The emperor shunzhi 166 1 died of smallpox at the age of 24, and his third son Kangxi succeeded him at the age of 8. Kangxi grew up at the knees of the Mongolian empress dowager, who was born in Horqin Department. Kangxi has a good impression on Mongolia, and his Mongolian is also quite good.
Mongolia is the first nation in history to promote spies to the height of national interests. Before each war, they will send spies to collect as much information as possible about the enemy's roads, rivers, fortifications, political and economic conditions. They also sent spies to spread rumors about Mongolia's powerful strength and the futility of any resistance, which hit the morale of the enemy. /kloc-Mongolians in the 0/3rd century were invincible because spies made great contributions. During the reign of Mongolia. Russia completely inherited the Mongolian spy system and regarded spies as a tool to serve the monarch. In the later period of Ivan IV's rule, he once practiced spy terror rule. He set up a "special force" with a population of 65,438+0,000, and went to Peter I to set up a "secret office" to arrest and examine political prisoners. The "secret office" is in the same strain as the former Mongolian spy and the "KGB" in the post-Soviet period. The Mongolian Empire sent the great scholar Huachi (the guarding officer) to various places, which was the predecessor of the later Soviet Party Secretary.
The Mongols practiced the unity of politics and religion, built large-scale Orthodox churches in Russia, and skillfully gave orders to all parts of Russia through the churches. The orthodox church is also responsible for praying for the golden account Khan and getting tax exemption. Before the Mongols came to Russia, there were less than 65,438+000 Russian Orthodox churches, which increased to more than 300 during the Mongolian rule. Moscow and Orthodox Church are two major forces when Mongolian forces extended to the northwest of Russia. 1327, Ivan I's opponent Alexander was hunted down for betraying the Mongols and fled to Pskov. Pskov fought to protect Alexander, but when the war broke out, the Orthodox Church announced its support for the pagan Mongols and expelled Alexander and Pskov from the church.
Hugh Cole, a famous military historian: "In the Carpathian Battle of 19 14, the tactics adopted by Russia were modeled after those of the Mongolian army. Today, we can still feel that Mongolians have had a far-reaching influence on our military today. Taking the Mongolian army as an example, liddell hart persuaded people to apply cavalry combat methods to tanks. Adhering to the essence of Mongolian tactics, the Soviet Red Army took high-speed maneuvers as its main tactics and large-scale plains as its main battlefield. Mongolian knights travel 80 kilometers a day, but under the post system, they can walk 500 kilometers a day. The advancing speed of Mongols in the battle is also amazing. It took two months and five days to capture North Russia, with an average of 85 to 90 kilometers per day. It took two months 10 days to capture south Russia, with an average of 55 to 60 kilometers per day; It took three months to capture Hungary and Poland, 58 to 62 kilometers a day. In contrast, the Soviet Red Army, which marched fastest during World War II, went straight from the Polish vivas River to the German Oder River without any resistance. Only 500 kilometers have been advanced in 20 days, with an average of only 25 to 30 kilometers per day. This battle is considered to be the fastest advancing battle in modern warfare. "
Baduhan, the founder of Mongolian Golden Account Khanate, was called "Tsar" by Russians and "Sa Khan" by Mongols because of his leniency to his subordinates. 1237- 125 1 year, Batou led the army westward, breaking through 600,000 allies of Germany, Poland, Bohemia and Hungary, and sweeping across Eastern and Central Europe. 1242, Batu made its capital in Sarai, Qincha grassland in the lower reaches of Volga River, and brought the whole of Russia under the jurisdiction of Mongolia.
After Wokuotai's death, Toregene, the queen of Wokuotai, was the Regent and held a big party to elect the next Khan. Among the descendants of Genghis Khan, the most powerful Badou is unwilling to recommend Toregene's son Gui You as the next Genghis Khan. Because Badou Army's Western Expedition was decided at a big party held in Wokuotai Khan, after Wokuotai Khan's death, Badou returned to his base on the Volga River and refused to attend the big party on the grounds of foot disease.
By 1246, Daji, without Ba Dou, reluctantly elected Gui You, the son of Wokuotai, as the new Khan, and Gui You died two years after he ascended the throne. Therefore, Wu Lihai, Queen of Gui You, lost power. She decided to support Wokuotai's favorite grandson, Gui You's nephew Liemen, but Badou called a big party alone and proposed that Tuo Lei's eldest son, Mungo, should inherit Khan's post. Only the kings of Shu Chi and Tuo Lei attended the big gathering called by Badou, while the kings of Chagatai and Wokuotai refused to attend. As a result, Badou, with its powerful military strength, forced Mongo (brother of Kublai Khan) in Tuo Lei to become Khan. Then, Mungo completely suppressed the opposition. Wu Wulihai, the widow of Gui You, was sentenced to death, and the kings of Wokuotai were deprived of their territory and army. The successor of Chagatai was also killed soon, and his territory was also given to his nephew, He Zilie.
Alexander nevsky, Duke of Novgorod, appeared in front of Batou Khan. Alexander nevsky refused to accept the Pope's suicide order to fight the Mongols to the end, and chose to be attached to the Mongols, which is usually regarded as a turning point for Russia to leave Europe and invest in Asia. Alexander nevsky was regarded as his own son by Badou Khan. 1246, Jin named him the Grand Duke of Kiev. The combination of Russia and Mongolia made Russia invincible in Europe. In 2008, Russian national television held the "greatest Russian in history" selection activity, and Nevsky ranked first. Alexander nevsky and Khan Sartak, the second generation of the Golden Account Khanate, are sworn brothers.
At the end of A.D. 12, the earliest records of the Tatar Department appeared on the Kuite Secret Service Monument in the Turkic period, which were called Otuzi Tatar Botton (Thirteen Tatars) and Tokuz Tatar (Nine Tatars), located in central Mongolia, generally referring to speaking Mongolian. Tatars are an important part of Mongolians today and the main part of Russian Tatars today, and they have a large-scale mixed race with Russians. This is also the main connection between Russians and Mongolians today.
"Ура! (Ulla! ) "is a Russian modal particle expressing cheers, which is used in extremely radical situations. In some films of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union, when the battle was won or Stalin appeared, the soldiers made an earth-shattering "Ula" sound, which came from Mongolian. Vasily Young, a Soviet scholar, said in his description of the series of Mongolian works that the pronunciation of the marching slogan of the Mongolian army in Genghis Khan's era was the source of Russian "Wula" in later generations. Professor Jack Weatherford, a famous American national historian, pointed out that the word "Wula" was a declaration that Mongolian troops spread to many places in Europe and Asia in the 3rd century.
Documentary "Great Mongolia, Road to Civilization"