The collapse of the six countries in the original "On the Six Countries" is not bad for soldiers, but bad for war. If you are guilty of Qin, you will lose your vitality, and you will be defeated. Or: the six countries mourn each other and lead the way to Qin? People who don't take bribes will lose their lives, and they will lose their strong support, so they can't do it alone. Therefore, the disadvantage lies in the bribery of Qin.
In addition to capturing Qin, the small ones captured the city and the big ones captured the city. Compared with the income of the Qin dynasty, it is actually one hundred times more than the people who won the battle; In fact, the death of princes is a hundred times that of the defeated. Then the great desire of the Qin dynasty, the great misfortune of the princes, is not in war. Think of my grandfather, dew cream dew, cut thorns to make room. Children and grandchildren don't cherish it very much, and giving it to others is like throwing away dirt. Cut five cities today, ten cities tomorrow, and then sleep for one night.
Looking around, the pool is coming again. However, the vassal's land is limited, and the desire to storm Qin is insatiable. The more complicated it is, the more urgent it is. Therefore, the victory or defeat of the enemy without fighting has already decided the outcome. As for subversion, what is reasonable is reasonable. The ancients said: "Serving Qin with the earth is more like carrying firewood to put out the fire. The salary is endless and the fire will not go out." This statement is correct.
Qi people didn't blame Qin, and finally the five countries moved out. What a pity! And won without helping the five countries. Since the five countries fell, they must be together. The prince, from the beginning, was far away, but he could keep his land and was not loyal to Qin. Therefore, although Yan was a small country and then died, it was also effective to use troops. For Dan, with Jing Qing as the plan, the disaster started soon. Zhao tasted five battles in Qin, two defeats and three wins.
After the Qin Dynasty, Zhao was attacked again, but Li Mulian did it. Mu Mu was slandered and punished, Handan was the county, but there was no end to fighting, which was regrettable. When Zhao Yan's Qin Dynasty was completely destroyed, it could be said that it was a desperate situation, and it was a last resort to die in defeat. In order to make the Three Kingdoms love their places, Qi people should not be attached to Qin, assassins should not, and good generals should still be there, so the number of victories and defeats and the principle of survival are not easy to measure compared with Qin.
Oh! To bribe the land of Qin, seal the world's advisers, serve the heart of Qin, treat the world's wizards, and strive to go west, then I am afraid that the Qin people will not be able to swallow their meals. Sad husband! With this trend, it was robbed by the power accumulated by the Qin people, and the moon was lacking day by day, in order to tend to extinction. People who serve the country are robbed by accumulated power!
Husband and Qin were vassals, weaker than Qin, but there was still a tendency to win without taking bribes. The story of the world falling from the six countries is that it is under the six countries again.
The Six Nations perished not because their weapons were not sharp and the battles were not well fought, but because they ceded territory and bought off the State of Qin. Cut land and bribe Qin, and you will lose. This is the reason for your demise. Some people say, "Did the six countries perish one after another because of bribing Qin?" The answer is: "Countries that don't cede land to bribe Qin will perish because they cede land to bribe Qin. Because they have lost powerful foreign aid, they can't be saved by themselves. Therefore, it is said:' The disadvantage lies in cutting land and bribing Qin'! "
In addition to the land acquired through the offensive (and the land was bought by the princes), the small ones won the towns and the big ones won the cities. Comparing the land obtained by bribing Qin with the land obtained by victory, it is actually a hundred times, and comparing the land lost by bribing Qin with the land lost by defeat, it is actually a hundred times. Then, of course, the greatest desire of the Qin state and the greatest disaster of the vassals are not war.
Looking back on their ancestors, they braved the frost and dew and cut through thorns to get a little land. But children and grandchildren don't cherish it very much. Giving it away is like abandoning grass. Cut off five cities today, ten cities tomorrow, and then you can have a good sleep. When I got up and looked around the border, Qin's army came again.
Then, the vassal's land was limited, and the desire to storm Qin was not satisfied; Whoever gives more land, the greater the urgency of its invasion. So there is no need to fight, who is strong and who is weak, and who wins and loses is clear. The six countries have fallen to the point of extinction, which should be the case. The ancients said, "Taking Qin with the ground is like holding firewood to put out a fire. When the firewood is burned out, the fire will be extinguished. " That makes sense!
Qi never ceded territory to bribe Qin, and finally died with the five countries. Why? This is because it made friends with the State of Qin instead of helping the five countries. After the demise of the Five Kingdoms, Qi was not spared. At first, the monarchs of Yan and Zhao both had great strategies, and they were able to hold their land, uphold justice and not bribe Qin. Therefore, although Yan is a small country, it is dying behind, which is the effect of the war of resistance.
It's just that Yan Taizi Dan sent Jing Ke to assassinate the king of Qin as a strategy to deal with the state of Qin, which led to disaster. Zhao has fought against Qin many times, and all of them were defeated with little success. Later, the State of Qin attacked the State of Zhao twice, and Li Mu turned back one after another. When Li Mu was killed by Wang Zhao for slander, the capital Handan became a county of Qin. Unfortunately, it fought back, but it failed to persist.
Besides, Zhao Yan was at a time when other countries were wiped out. It can be said that the wisdom is exhausted, the strength is weak, and the defeat and national subjugation are really helpless. If Han, Wei and Chu all cherish their land, Qi does not depend on Qin, Yan's assassin does not go to Qin, and Zhao's elite soldier Li Mu is still alive, then if we compete with Qin, the fate of the outcome may not be easy to measure.
Alas! If the six countries give the land that bribed the Qin State to the counselors in the world, treat the strange people in the world with the intention of serving the Qin State, and the Qi State joins hands with the Qin State in the west, then I am afraid that the Qin people can't even swallow their throats. Pathetic! There was such a situation, but it was threatened by the Qin state for a long time, and it cut land every day and every month, so that it went to extinction. People who govern the country must not let themselves be intimidated by the long-term strength of the enemy!
The six countries and Qin are vassals, and their strength is weaker than that of Qin, but there are still cases where Qin can be defeated without bribery. If you are a big country that dominates the world, but you try your best to repeat the mistakes of the six countries, it will be under the six countries again!
Notes of Six Kingdoms 1, Soldiers: Weapons
2. Good: Good.
3. The disadvantage lies in bribing Qin: The disadvantage lies in bribing Qin. Bribery, bribery makes Qin cede territory and make peace.
4. Tao: Why
5. or: some people say. This is a rhetorical question. The "Yue" in the next sentence is the answer to the question.
6. Rate: Both, both.
7. cover: here is the reason, which means "because"
8. End: Safe.
9. Attack and capture: attack and capture.
10, small: adjectives as nouns, small places.
1 1, actually: its actual number.
12, the greatest desire: the most wanted (thing), the biggest, the most.
13, Jue Xian's grandfather: generally refers to their ancestors, but also refers to the predecessors of all ethnic groups. Jue, its. First of all, respect for the deceased elders. Grandfather, grandparents and father.
14. Contact with frost dew. It means braving the cold. And the following stab, with the size of the place, are describing the hardships of starting a business.
15, depending on: treat
16, give to others: give to others (land). Actually, it's for people. It's omitted and replaced with land.
17 However: In this case, then.
18, disgust: same as "shame", satisfaction.
19, the more complicated it is, the more aggressive it is: the more land (vassal) is given to Qin, the more aggressive it is (Qin). Offer, give away. "Mi" and "Yu" both mean "Duo". Numerous, many.
20. judgment: decision.
2 1, as for: so.
22. subversion: extinction.
23. Reason should be natural: (according to) the truth should be like this.
24. "Taking land for Qin's business ... the fire never goes out": See Historical Records Wei He Warring States Policy Wei Ce. Serve.
This statement is correct. Grab it, grab it. I mean the facts mentioned above.
26. finally: finally.
27. follow: follow.
28. Migration and extinction: extinction. The ancient country was destroyed, and the national treasure and heavy weapons were moved at the same time, so it was said that it was "moved out."
29, and won: pro-Qin attached. Attached to. Won, the surname of the Qin royal family, refers to the state of Qin.
30. since: conjunction, since
3 1, exempted: exempted.
32. From the beginning, there was a long-term strategy. The word "beginning" in this sentence echoes the words "reaching Dan", "grazing" and "fighting without ending".
33, meaning: nouns as verbs, adhere to justice.
34. Here you are.
35, start: only.
36. speed: incur.
37. Again: twice.
However, make ... retreat.
39. Ji: And so on.
40. To: Because
4 1, slander: bad words of villains.
42. Handan is a county: after Qin destroyed Zhao, Zhao was changed to Qin Handan County. Handan, the capital of Zhao.
43. At the time of Yanzhao, Qin was completely destroyed, and at the time of Yanzhao, Qin was about to destroy other countries. Leather, replacement, removal. Soon, soon, will.
44. Intelligence: ingenuity and strength (national strength).
45. Shi Xiang: In the past, if.
46. Number of winners and losers, principle of survival: fate. Count the days. Rational number, rational number. It all refers to fate.
47. When (t?ng): Same as "if", if.
48. Easy quantity: easy to judge.
49. use: use.
50. Politeness: Politeness. Masterpieces can move.
5 1, food can't be swallowed also: refers to anxiety, inner fear. Get down! Get down! Masterpieces can move. Swallow it, swallow it.
52. Potential: advantages.
53, and: but.
54. Cumulative power: Cumulative power.
55. Robbery: coercion and hijacking.
56. Day: Every day, day after day, a masterpiece. The following "month" is the same.
57. People who do nothing for the country are robbed by accumulated power: those who govern the country should not be intimidated by accumulated power!
58. Yes, you can rely on it.
59. If.
60. Next step: Take the next step. There is no "next" in a book.
6 1, from: attention.
62. Story: Past events, precedents.
63. Below: After the six countries.
At the beginning of the appreciation of The Six Kingdoms, the reasons for the demise of the Six Kingdoms were first put forward. Really four words, "The six countries are destroyed, and the disadvantage is not the soldiers. If the war is not good, the disadvantage lies in Qin." Su Xun categorically concluded that the six countries were destroyed. Su Xun believed that the six countries perished not because their weapons were not sharp, nor because they fought badly, but because they used land as a bribe to make peace with Qin.
"Bribing Qin" means bribing Qin. This is actually weakening our own strength, encouraging the enemy's aggressive ambition and pushing ourselves to destruction. Therefore, the author went on to state: "If Qin is guilty, he will lose his vitality, and the way to ruin is also." But in fact, not all the six countries dedicated their land to Qin, and those countries that did not "pay tribute to Qin" were also shattered, or: "The six countries mourned each other, so they paid tribute to Qin". What is the reason? Su Xun asked this question on purpose, and then he replied, "Those who don't take bribes will die. Gai lost his strong support and could not do it alone. "
So in the final analysis, "bribing Qin" is a big fatal wound. The above is the basic argument of the whole article, highlighting that the collapse of the six countries is "harmful to Qin", which is from the perspective of the six countries.
The historical background of The Theory of Six Kingdoms should be viewed from two angles: first, the historical situation of the demise of the six countries discussed by Su Xun, so as to understand the basis of Su Xun's argument; Second, Su Xun's historical situation in the Northern Song Dynasty, so as to clarify the practical significance and writing characteristics of Su Xun's Theory of Six Kingdoms.
After the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, in view of the separatist regime in the buffer region at the end of the Tang Dynasty and the chaos in the Five Dynasties, centralization was implemented, the power of our time was lifted, and civil servants were sent to be local officials, and officials were sent to local governments to manage finances. The emperor directly controlled the imperial army, and local political power, financial power and military power were all returned to the central government. In order to prevent military commanders from being too powerful, it is forbidden to specialize in soldiers. Even if they go out to fight, they should act according to the array given by the emperor. Generals often rotate, and soldiers don't know generals or soldiers, which leads to the lack of combat effectiveness of the army.
Although these measures ended the warlord's rebellion, they also led to military decline. During the 100 years after the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Northern Song army fought against the Liao and Xixia armies for more than 60 times, with many defeats and few victories. The measures to strengthen centralization in the Northern Song Dynasty led to the expansion of bureaucracy and the continuous expansion of the army. By the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, officials' salaries and military expenditures were huge, and the government's finances could not make ends meet. The Northern Song government did not restrict the merger policy, and the phenomenon of land concentration was serious, and the nobles occupied a lot of land, and the social contradictions were sharp.
Political autocracy and corruption, military arrogance and incompetence have brought extreme weakness in diplomacy. When I lived in Su Xun, the Northern Song Dynasty paid a large amount of silver and commodities to Liao and Xixia every year. As a result of this bribe, it encouraged the arrogance of Liao and Xixia, increased the burden on the people, greatly damaged the national strength and brought endless disasters. In other words, at that time, the Northern Song Dynasty was surrounded by peace in policy, poor and weak, and Su Xun wrote Six Kingdoms to address this reality.
The author of Six Kingdoms introduces Su Xun, a famous essayist in the Northern Song Dynasty, whose real name is Lao Quan, a native of Meishan, Meizhou (now meishan county, Sichuan). According to legend, when I was twenty-seven, I made a determined effort to study, and I failed the exams of Jinshi and maocai. So he set himself on fire in a rage, wrote articles on weekdays and studied behind closed doors again. Finally, he learned about the works of six hundred artists and wrote thousands of words. Jiayou was praised by Ouyang Xiu, a famous academician at that time, and his articles became famous all over the world. He used to be the secretary of the provincial school and the main book of Wen' an County, Bazhou.
Later, fellow initiates with Yao Bi wrote a 100-volume dharma book, Tai Chang Yin Ge Li, and died soon after writing it. He advocated resisting Liao's attack and plunder and was dissatisfied with the land annexation and political privileges of the big landlords. Wei Wen is good at strategizing, his language is clear and fluent, his brushwork is vigorous, he is fierce and sharp, and he is very interesting in the Warring States period. Together with his sons Shi and Zhe, they are called "Three Soviets", and they are all included in the "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties". There is a collection of Jiayou.
References:
1, Language Lab of People's Education Press. Full-time senior high school standard test textbook (compulsory) Chinese Volume III: People's Education Press.
2. Wu. Dictionary of ancient Chinese appreciation: Jiangsu Literature and Art Publishing House.
Third, Han Lihua. Su Xun Volume: Liaoning People's Publishing House.
4. Lu Qingfei. Dictionary of Prose Appreciation of Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties: China Women's Publishing House.
5. Chen and Zhang. A Dictionary of Ancient Chinese Appreciation: Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House