& ltbr & gt The ancients in China began to make wooden birds very early, in order to entrust human beings with their dream of flying in the air. From many works of the ancients, we will find many records of making flying wooden birds. In ancient books, wooden birds were called wooden kites, magpies and mandarin ducks. "Han Feizi's theory of foreign storage" records that Mozi's three-year wooden kite broke down after flying for one day; His students comforted him that the teacher was skilled. Although the wooden kite was broken, it finally succeeded. In Mozi Lu Wen, there is also a description that a flying magpie made of bamboo and wood can fly for three days. Mozi was a philosopher and scientist in Lu, and Gongxue was a legendary craftsman Lu Ban. The history of their making wooden birds took place between 500 and 400 BC. In addition to these two companies, there are also wooden bird manufacturers such as Zhang Heng, Han and Gao Pian. Among them, Zhang Heng of Han Dynasty is the most famous, because he is not only an astronomer, but also the inventor of the armillary sphere and seismograph. There is a record of Zhang Heng making wooden birds in the biography of Taiping Yulan Twain. Existing historical data show conclusively that in 400 BC, people in China were already trying to make primitive flying tools out of bamboo and wood. This has been unanimously recognized by the world scientific community.
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& ltbr & gt■ A pioneer who fell to the ground and died.
& ltbr & gt In the 9th century BC, King Brad of ancient England made flying wings and tried to set off from Apollo Palace in London. When he flew out of the city, he fell to the ground and died. This may be one of the earliest records about human imitating bird flight. 1503, Italian Danti also used homemade wings to fly. Although it survived, it is also a lifelong disability. 1507, Damian of England jumped from Sterling Castle in Scotland and tried to fly to France. As a result, he broke his thigh under the castle. Damian didn't give up. He blamed the failure on the use of chicken feathers.
& ltbr & gt■ Kites originated in ancient China and spread to Europe around14th century.
The origin of & ltbr & gt kites may be related to wooden birds, and it also originated in China. Kites are also called paper kites, wind kites, paper kites or kites. There are more historical materials about kites in China ancient books than wooden birds. According to Ji Yuan Shi in the Tang Dynasty, Han Xin was the inventor of kites in the early Han Dynasty. The account of the Tang Dynasty is that the overlord of Chu was trapped, and Han Xin made a kite for Sean to ride, flew into the sky and sang Chu songs, which broke the morale of Chu camp. The legend of Song Dynasty is that Liu Bang conquered Chen Xi, and Han Xin intended to cooperate with the outside world, so he used a kite to measure the distance and wanted to dig a tunnel into Weiyang Palace.
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& ltbr & gt Tale and New Tang Book respectively recorded anecdotes about using kites to ask for help. In 549 AD, Xiao Yan, Liang Wudi was besieged by Hou Jingbing in Nanjing. Yang Kan, the general of Liang Wudi, wrote a letter for help with a kite. Unexpectedly, Hou Jun mistakenly thought that the kite was witchcraft and shot it down, so his help was fruitless.
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& ltbr & gt The more bizarre kite rumor can be found in the original manuscript of Baishi Reef: In 559 AD, Yuan Shao, the grandson of Yuan, was imprisoned in a dungeon during the Northern Qi Dynasty. Yuan Shao's cousin made a kite for Yuan Shao, and the two of them fled from the Golden Wind Tower by kite. These legends reflect the whimsy of ancient people in China about flying. It still looks very interesting today.
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& ltbr & gt■ It is said that Daidarosi invented the "human wing" flying out of Crete.
& ltbr & gt The cultural backgrounds of the East and the West are different, but there are striking similarities in their desire to fly.
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& ltbr & gt It is said that Daidarosi in Athens is good at carving, and the statues are lifelike; But he is more keen on engineering technology, especially architecture. Talos was Daidarosi's nephew, but he was jealous and killed talos who learned from him. Daidarosi was sentenced to exile in Artec and soon fled to Crete. Daidarosi was honored as a distinguished guest by Minos, the king of Crete, and asked him to build an inescapable palace for Minotaur. With his genius, Daedalus built a maze that was tortuous and dazzling. Later, Daidarosi arranged the birds' feathers in length and glued them together with beeswax to make a pair of artificial bird wings. After the successful test flight, he made a pair of little wings for his son Icarus and taught him flying skills. Before taking off, he warned his son: "if you fly too low, the sea will soak your wings;" Fly too high, and the sun will burn its feathers. You must remember that you can only fly between the sun and the sea forever. "Daidarosi and his son soar with their wings, fly out of Crete and cross Samos. Icarus tasted the sweetness of flying and began to fly out of the route led by his father. The strong sunlight melted the beeswax, and the decomposed wings were separated from the shoulders. Icarus tried to fly by swinging his arms, but to no avail. The rough sea soon swallowed up his body. The story of Daidarosi's flight reflects the ancient people's exploration and yearning for flight.
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& ltbr & gt■ roger bacon described the idea of flapping-wing aircraft in 1250, and Leonardo da Vinci made a specific design in15th century, but it has not been successful.
& ltbr & gt In the early days of trying to fly, human beings have always imitated birds intuitively, made wings from various bird feathers or other artifacts, and "installed" them on people. After many failures, mankind gradually realized that it is impossible to fly simply with feather wings. So I started looking for a mechanical way. The flapping wing machine is the product of this stage. The earliest flapping wing machine may be described in the article "The Mysteries of Technology and Nature" published by roger bacon, a British monk, in 1250: "A machine for flying, in which a person sits and drives an instrument to make artificial wings flap the air up and down, imitating the movements of birds as much as possible." /kloc-At the beginning of the 5th century, Leonardo da Vinci of Italy was a great master of literature, art and science in the European Renaissance. He is keen on flying and is also a famous figure in the study of flapping-wing aircraft. His concrete idea is that people lie prone in the middle of the flapping wing machine, step on the rear roof, manually pull the pestle with bird feathers in front, and fan the air like paddling to promote flight. This project was conceived by Leonardo da Vinci by studying the wings of birds and applying the knowledge of physics and anatomy. Compared with winged trapeze, flapping-wing aircraft is an improvement, but it still imitates human flight of birds in essence. This influence continued until the eve of the invention of the airplane.
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& ltbr & gt After leonardo da vinci, a Turk wore a wide cloak with a frame and flew by flapping wing principle. Unexpectedly, the frame could not bear the air resistance and broke, and the Turks were unfortunately killed. 1678, a French locksmith named Bainier also made a flapping wing machine. He has two poles on his shoulders and a pair of hinged rectangular wings at each end. The rod end swings upward, the wing closes, swings downward, and the wing unfolds. After many experiments, Beniel never succeeded. 1742, 62-year-old Ba Querville tied his limbs with four wing-shaped mechanical devices and jumped off the roof of a Paris hotel in an attempt to fly over the Seine. But in the middle of the flight, he fell into the river and broke his leg.
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& ltbr & gt■ 173 1 year, a civilian in Ryazan, Russia discovered the flight principle of hot air balloons, and since then, many hot air balloons have appeared over Europe.
& ltbr & gt There is a man named Krakutno in Ryazan, Russia. His occupation is just an ordinary shop assistant. The sight of smoke rising from the roof made him daydream, and he repeatedly imagined whether he could use flying smoke to go to heaven. 173 1, he was excited by his own ideas, so he made a fat pocket and sat in the collar under it. When the pocket is full of hot smoke, it will really rise slowly. When he was about ten meters in the air, a gust of wind blew him to the bell tower, and he grabbed the rope of the bell tower to avoid being killed. This is probably the earliest balloon flight experimenter.
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The & ltbr & gt balloon is an aircraft that has no propulsion device and flies entirely by wind. It consists of an airbag and a hanging basket. The airbag is made of rubber cloth, plastic film or nylon cloth, and it is filled with gas lighter than air. The hanging basket is located under the airbag and contains various instruments, equipment and oxygen devices. Balloons can be divided into hot air balloons, hydrogen balloons and helium balloons. A hot air balloon uses a heater located at the opening below the airbag to heat the air and reduce the air density in the airbag, thus generating static buoyancy. Hydrogen and helium are less dense and lighter than air, so the hydrogen balloon and helium balloon are enclosed under the airbag and do not need to be heated. Hydrogen is flammable and helium is safer. Airplane makes balloon flight ignored, but it is still one of human planes.
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& ltbr & gt ■1August 783, the first hydrogen balloon was launched in France, and the same year1October 165438+ hot air balloon was manned for the first time, sailing for 9000m.
& ltbr & gt1783165438+1October 2 1 day, French people Roger and Dahllund took a test flight in a new hot air balloon made in montague. This balloon is more than 20 meters high and about 15 meters in diameter. It rose to the height of 1000 meters, floated over Paris for 25 minutes, and finally landed safely at a distance of about 9000 meters. This is the first successful flight of mankind.
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& ltbr & gt1On August 26th, 783, the first hydrogen balloon rose into the sky. This was done by French physicist Charles. It is 4 meters in diameter and made of silk and rubber. 1 783 65438+February1,Charles took off from Paris in a hydrogen balloon with a diameter of 8.6 meters and flew 45 kilometers in two hours, realizing the first manned flight of the hydrogen balloon.
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The & ltbr & gt hydrogen balloon has excellent lift-off performance, but there are frequent accidents due to high altitude hypoxia. 1862, two Englishmen were killed at 8800 meters, and two Frenchmen were also killed at the same height. Balloon flight is the beginning of realizing the dream of aviation, which brings new hope to people.
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& ltbr & gt ■ A famous record of human balloon flight after the 20th century.
& ltbr & gt 1927, American ash took off in a balloon, setting a record height of12,900 meters, but died due to lack of oxygen. In view of the lack of oxygen at high altitude, Swiss piccard developed a special oxygen-filled sealed cabin for balloons at 193 1, which ensured the continuous innovation of balloon height. 1933 balloon Soviet union 1 rose to19000m; In the same year, the Soviet Union set a new record of 22,000 meters. 1957 On August19, Major Simmons of the US Air Force set a world record of 30,942 meters for manned balloons.
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& ltbr & gt Before 1978, humans made 17 balloon flights trying to cross the Atlantic Ocean, and seven people were killed but failed. Due to the revival of hot air balloon, on August 1978 and August1kloc-0/,three Americans set off from Haiyan, Maine, USA, on the helium balloon "Shuang Ying 2" and started the transatlantic 18 balloon flight. "Shuang Ying 2" is a helium balloon with a diameter of 20 meters, filled with 5000 cubic meters of helium, made of nylon silk and coated with artificial rubber. The balloon pod can accommodate 3 passengers, daily necessities, equipment and 2000 kilograms of ballast. Balloons fly at an altitude of 4000 to 7000 meters. After 137 hours and 03 minutes, it flew more than 5,000 kilometers. On the evening of August 65, 438+07, it landed safely in the town of Miceli, northwest of Paris. The success of crossing the Atlantic Ocean has created two world records, namely, the flight distance and the flying time of manned balloons, which has drawn a satisfactory conclusion for the historical achievements of human balloon flight. The three crew members of this flight are: Bruzzo, Newman and Anderson.
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& ltbr & gt■ 1897 The mystery of the Swedish "Eagle" expedition.
& ltbr & gt 1896, Sweden set up the "Eagle" balloon arctic expedition, with Andre, Steinbeck and flink as members. They will take off from Spitsbergen Islands near the Arctic Ocean, cross the Arctic and reach America. However, due to the bad weather, it didn't really set sail until July 1897+0 1.
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& ltbr & gt The balloon for this voyage was made by the most famous balloon workshop in Paris, and the best scientific instruments and navigation instruments at that time were prepared in the hanging basket. After rising to a height of 800 meters, the balloon drifted to the North Pole at a speed of 25 kilometers per hour. However, they are gone forever. After many years, Sweden sent a number of rescue teams to look for it in many ways, but no trace was found.
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& ltbr & gt33 years later, that is, 1930, Norwegian hunters accidentally discovered a photo base in a place called Isle of Wight in the Arctic Circle, and found the flight records and diaries of Andre and others. Finally, three explorers were found under a layer of snow. They are wearing clothes sewn with balloon fragments. The diary left by the "Eagle" expedition showed that they were preparing to return to land when the balloon fell and was destroyed. Because they got lost, they walked for more than two months and finally came to the desert corner of the Arctic-White Island. It is hard to understand that they died suddenly soon, and the time recorded on the last page is 65438+ 10/7. From the analysis of the scene, Stinbeck was the first to die, and his body was covered with some gravel. The other two are lying not far away. There is leftover food in the pot on the stove, and a large amount of bear meat is stored, which can completely rule out the possibility of starvation. Some people think that the biggest possibility is to freeze to death in a deep sleep, but others ask: Why didn't you die in a sleeping bag? A few years ago, Trevor, a Danish doctor, put forward an explanation that explorers were likely to eat bear meat infected with Trichinella spiralis and die of infection. To this end, Ted examined the remains of polar bears and detected pathogens.
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& ltbr & gt Up to now, people have not found a satisfactory explanation for this incident. Strangely, Tinback was the first person to die, but he recorded the last paragraph of his diary. Andre is a calm and cautious polar explorer, but in his diary, Tinback's death is not mentioned at all.
Great deeds of manned space flight in the modern world;
First, the Oriental 1 spacecraft sent humans into space for the first time.
1 961On April 8, the Soviet National Space Commission decided to launch the manned Oriental1spacecraft. 10 night, Gagarin was confirmed as the first astronaut in the sky, and Titov was the replacement astronaut. At 9: 07, the Oriental Rocket was launched with the spacecraft from the Oriental Rocket Launch Station at the Baikonur launch site.
Second, Apollo manned flight to the moon.
Apollo program is a large-scale space landing project organized and implemented by the United States from 1960s to early 1970s. 196 1 officially announced its implementation on May 25th, and 1969 launched the Apollo 10 spacecraft on May 8th. At 2: 39 on July 2 1 July, the door of the lunar module was opened, and Armstrong, with the help of Aldrin, drilled the door backwards.
Third, Apollo docked with Soyuz spacecraft.
After Soyuz 19 flew to lap 36 and Apollo flew to lap 29, that is, 49 minutes after Soyuz launched at 5 1 hour, the two ships docked. The docking was completed very smoothly, a few minutes ahead of schedule. Then astronauts exchange visits. After the pressure of Soyuz is balanced, open the inspection doors of docking ship and Soyuz.
35 years of China's space flight (1970-2005)
1 On April 24th, 970, China's first artificial earth satellite "Dongfanghong"1was successfully launched in Jiuquan, making China the fifth country in the world to launch satellites.
1975165438+1On October 26th, China launched its first recoverable artificial earth satellite with the Long March II carrier rocket. China became the third country in the world to master the technology of satellite return.
1981September 20th, China successfully launched three satellites with one launch vehicle for the first time, marking a new breakthrough in China's space technology.
1July 990 16, the Long March II bundled rocket was successfully launched for the first time in Xichang, with a low-orbit carrying capacity of 9.2 tons, which laid the foundation for launching a manned spacecraft.
1992, China manned spacecraft was officially included in the national plan, and this project was later named "Shenzhou" manned spaceflight project.
1999165438+1On October 20th, China Shenzhou-1 experimental spacecraft was successfully launched from Jiuquan Space Launch Base in Gansu Province. In order to launch a manned spacecraft, a manned launch tower with a height of 100 was built in the launch site.
At 20011010, China's self-developed "Shenzhou II" unmanned spacecraft was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, and successfully entered the scheduled orbit after10 minutes. After successfully completing the scheduled space science and technology test mission, the spacecraft returned to central Inner Mongolia on 10/6 19: 22 and landed successfully.
At 22: 00 15 on March 25th, 2002, Shenzhou III was launched by the Long March II F high-thrust carrier rocket at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. According to the predetermined orbit, the spacecraft circled the earth 108 times. After completing the space science and technology test mission, it landed accurately in the scheduled area in central Inner Mongolia at April 1 day 16: 00.
On June 30th, 2002, China's "Shenzhou IV" unmanned spacecraft was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. The orbital module runs normally in space 100 days, circling the earth 1700 times.
June 5438+1October 65438+May 2003, the Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft independently developed by China was successfully launched by the Long March II F carrier rocket at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, and astronaut Yang Liwei became the first person in China to fly into space.
The future space flight mainly includes: the human Mars plane, the construction of the lunar base and the construction of a large space city in space.