This system is the foundation of the feudal system and patriarchal clan system in China slave society, and it is integrated with the feudal system and patriarchal clan system. At the same time, the mining fields in the Western Zhou Dynasty had a complete irrigation system, complete ditches, ridges and more accurate mu system. According to Lao Guo, it takes 100 mu (30 mu today) as a unit of calculation and is called "one field". Nine fields connected vertically and horizontally are one well, ten wells are 10%, and hundreds of wells are together. However, due to different countries and regions, some take one field as the husband, ten husbands as the well, and then hundreds of husbands and thousands of husbands as the calculation unit; There are also "nine-well system" or "ten-well system", so the management of mine field is not limited to a certain format. The so-called "the king rules the world first, the material and soil are suitable, and the interests are distributed" means this. Also, in those remote mountainous areas, there is no mine field system at all. Agricultural slaves working in mines are called suburbs or Wei. The young leader who directly supervised the slave workers said, "Tian Jiunian's Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong said," Shu Ren is in agriculture "and The Book of Songs in July said," Three days are in the phase, and four days are toes; With a wife and son, I am suitable for planting south acres of land and fields. " This reflects this situation: Mencius said that "people in the Zhou Dynasty paid taxes on a hundred acres as a unit of calculation", indicating that the tribute system was a "thorough method" of "clearing fields for food". This, like Xia and Shang, is also a "tithe tax" of one tenth. In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Jing Tian system began to disintegrate. The primary factor leading to the collapse of well site system is the development of social productive forces.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, our people invented the technology of smelting iron, and agricultural labor began to use iron. There is a phrase "Kong Fu" in The Book of Songs Qin Monsoon. Iron is a word, and the use of iron to describe the black color of horses shows that Qin people had used iron and were familiar with it at that time. "Spring and Autumn Biography" contains: Wu "made three hundred boys drum charcoal gold and iron knives, and then turned them into swords", which shows that Remote Wu has mastered the art of blowing iron. By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, iron tools were popularized and the number of iron farm tools increased greatly. Qi, located in Shandong Peninsula, "every woman must have a needle and a knife" and "the tiller must have a mirror". The ironware unearthed from Chengqiao Tomb of Wu State in Liuhe, Jiangsu Province, the Chu Tomb of Dedeshan in Changde, Hunan Province, and Beixizhuang in Houma, Shanxi Province are all relics of the late Spring and Autumn Period. Documentary records and archaeological excavations confirm that iron farm tools were indeed used in a considerable range during the Spring and Autumn Period. At the same time, our people have also learned the technology of ploughing fields with cattle. "Guoyu Yujin" records: "Those who worship the ancestral temple are diligent in Putian", which shows that Niu Geng was well known at that time. The Analects of Confucius Yong Ye said that "the son of an ox plows his horn", and the combination of "plow" and "ox" further illustrates the fact that iron and Niu Geng technology have been mastered by people.
Iron farm tools and Niu Geng, as a new factor of productivity, have created conditions for developing mountains, expanding cultivated land, building water conservancy projects and improving productivity, made it possible to develop the production mode of individual small farmers with families as the unit, and facilitated the emergence of "private land" (that is, small land ownership). It is in this case that the mine field system has been shaken. Secondly, the fierce uprising and struggle of slaves against the slave owners' rule was the catalyst for the collapse of Jing Tian's system in the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the royal family declined and was replaced by a big struggle between princes. This hegemony war lasted for more than 200 years, which brought great disaster to slaves. The state of Jin is "the common people are tired, the palace is luxurious", the state of Chu is "the people are hungry, and the days are very long", and the state of Qi is "the people have three strong, the second is the public, and food and clothing are one. The public gathers rot, while the three old people are frozen. "
In this case, the slaves couldn't bear it, and took various forms to fight against the slave owners and nobles: in 644 BC, in 65438+February, Qi recruited common people from all over the country to build a city (now Shandong), and the common people were unwilling to endure inhuman treatment, shouting "Qi is in chaos" in the middle of the night and dispersed in a hubbub; In 64 1 year BC, Liang forced a large number of slaves to build trenches around the palace under the pretext that "Qin generals would attack me". As a result, the people are afraid of collapse, and Qin takes the beam "; In 550 BC, slaves rioted in Chenzhucheng, killing the big slave owner, Qing Hu and his brother. In 522 BC, a large number of slaves gathered in Zheng's "Zeze" (now Zhongmou, Henan) to carry out an uprising. In 506 BC, King Zhao of Chu was defeated by the State of Wu and fled to Yunmeng in the south of the Yangtze River, where he was attacked by uprising slaves. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a slave uprising in the north and a slave uprising led by Zhuang Ji in the south. In addition, slaves also struggled with slave owners by being lazy, escaping and destroying tools.
Due to "the people are living in poverty", after the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, the mine fields were paralyzed and overgrown with weeds everywhere, and there was a phenomenon of "the road was unknown, the fields were in the grass" or even "the fields were accumulated, but the fields were not finished" (the crops rotted in the fields were not harvested and piled in the fields were not crushed). It is increasingly unprofitable for slave owners to manage mineral fields, forcing them to drive slaves to engage in reclamation, which makes the number of private fields that dare not pay taxes increase sharply. In this way, the situation of controlling land and population in a week can not be maintained at all. In 7 12 BC (the eighth year of the week), the royal family took land from Zheng, which was useless, so they had to replace it with twelve towns planted by kings, indicating that the existing framework of land kings was no longer working. As for the phenomenon that vassal states and the Qing Dynasty seized their doctors' land, it is not uncommon, and the records of "combining their rooms and dividing their rooms" are endless. Because the rulers invaded the land and seized the soil, the oil seal in the mine field was repeatedly broken.
In addition, some serfs Yuan fled to the remote wilderness, got rid of the bondage of slave owners, reclaimed small plots of land, established their own families, and gained the status of free people. With the development of productive forces, the number of such farmers is increasing, thus promoting the development of fields. It is in this process of land privatization that the system of land consolidation gradually collapsed. With the disintegration of the well-field system and the emergence of private ownership of land, the hierarchical relationship has undergone major changes, and the feudal dependency relationship has begun to emerge and develop. Some landlords transformed from slaves seeking lords and nobles, landlords rewarded for military achievements and landlords promoted by civilians saw that it was unprofitable to exploit slaves, so they changed the way of cutting, divided the land into small pieces, recruited escaped slaves or bankrupt civilians to farm, and extracted land rent from them. From then on, two new class days, landlords and peasants, were formed. The emergence of land ownership and feudal relations of production led to changes in the tax system. In 685 BC (the 12th year of King Zhuang of Zhou Dynasty), the State of Qi first implemented the policy of "collecting taxes according to the amount of land": in 594 BC (the 13th year of King Ding of Zhou Dynasty), the State of Lu promulgated the decree of "beginning to collect taxes on mu", and all public and private land were taxed on mu; In 548 BC (twenty-five years of Duke Xiang of Lu), Chu was a "country of scholarly writing"; In 538 BC (the fourth year of Emperor Lu Zhao), Qiu Fu was published by Zheng, and in 348 BC, the backward State of Qin also began to implement Chu Fu to reform the tax system. In this way, it is a foregone conclusion that the tax mu system will gradually replace the past "borrowing method" well field system. The recognition of private ownership of land and the reform of tax system were major changes in the Spring and Autumn Period, which indicated that the economic base of the new feudal system broke through the night sky of slavery and appeared on the horizon of China. It was on this basis that in the Warring States period, after a series of political reforms, the Jing Tian system was completely abolished, and China finally transitioned from a slave society to a feudal society.