The Pu (sound bò) gu who moved to the capital of Qi Hu Gong was also called Bo gu and Bo gu. There is no doubt that she has a prosperous history in Shandong. Pu Gu's name was first seen in ancient books in "Zuo Zhuan, the Ninth Year of Zhaogong": "When King Wu conquered Shang, Pu Gu and Shang Yan were also in our eastern land." The "Bamboo Book" discovered in the fifth year of Xianning in Jin Dynasty (279) "Annals" has the record of "Taiwu, fifty-eighth year, Cheng Pugu". Pugu, "Ci Yuan" explains: "Place name, there is Pugu City in the northeast of Boxing County, Shandong today." "Cihai" explains: "In the southeast of Boxing County, Shandong." "Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Chinese Place Names" explains: " In the northeast of Boxing County, Shandong Province, "Chinese Historical Dictionary" explains: "Pugu City is located in the southeast of present-day Boxing." The reason why there are different opinions is that the historical data are different, and the second is that there are indeed two cities. One is located near Xiancheng, 6 kilometers northeast of present-day Boxing City. The site area is 1 million square meters. "Kuo Di Zhi" says: "Pugu City is sixty miles northeast of Bochang County, Qingzhou." The "sixty miles" is wrong. , as Yao Nai, a great scholar of the Qing Dynasty, said when commenting on the errors of the world's geographical annals: "I have always suffered from the fallacy of the world's geographical annals, and I am not specifically quoting ancient records. Up to the present, the mountains, rivers, roads, distances, and directions have been wrong. It's outrageous!" After research by later generations, it should be a mistake of "Sixteen Miles". The old "Boxing County Chronicle" records: "Tongzhi" of Yancheng is located ten miles northeast. "Book Preface" states that King Cheng attacked Huaiyi in the east, and then Jianyan moved his king and Pugu to this place. The common name is Suancheng, today it is "Xiancheng" is located in the north of Zhaibian Village, nearly 8 kilometers southeast of present-day Boxing City. The site area is 200,000 square meters. "Continued Shandong Archaeological Records" records: "Pugu Guocheng is fifteen miles southeast of present-day Liuqiao." , "The Duke of Zhou and Qi moved his capital here." After two explorations by the Shandong Provincial Institute of Archeology in the 1980s, it was announced as a provincial key cultural relic protection unit in 1993. Another exploration was conducted in the early 21st century, and based on documentary records and scientific investigations, it was determined that this place was the Yin Dynasty. The ancient city of Pugu Kingdom during the Shang Dynasty. Therefore, it seems that what "Cihai" and others said is correct.
The earliest record of Pu Gu's delivery in history can be found in "Zuo Zhuan·The 20th Year of Zhaogong". In 522 BC, Yan Ying, an official of the Qi State, said to Qi Jinggong: "In the past, the Jiu family of Shuang Dynasty first lived here, and Jizhi followed it, Pang Boling came to it, Pu Gu came to it, and then Taigong came to it." This is about Qi State. The most systematic written record of the historical evolution of all or most of the territory before the Zhou Dynasty. After that, all such narratives in historical records and local chronicles originated from this.
The time when Duke Hu of Qi moved the capital to Pugu was during the reign of King Yi of Zhou. There are different opinions as to what year it was. According to the national "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Project", King Zhou Yi was in power from 885 to 878 BC. During this period, Duke Hu of Qi moved the capital to Pugu. There is no clear record of the reason for moving the capital. Later, it was mostly inferred that it was the threat of the country that avoided Ji. This is just one thing to say. The author once thought in the article "Pu Gu was the capital of Qi" published in "Huimin Dazhong" newspaper in early 1990: "In the early Zhou Dynasty, although the nobles surnamed Jiang settled in the East and established feudal states, they still never forgot their hometown in the West. This is also the case. Because of this, Jiang Taigong did not build his capital in the original capital of Pugu, but made Yingqiu his capital. At this time, Duke Hu of Qi felt that there was no hope of returning to the west and continued to face the threat of Ji State, so he transferred the capital to Yingqiu. Qiu moved to Pugu's old capital."
How many years has Pugu been the capital of Qi? Assuming that Duke Hu of Qi moved his capital to Pugu in the last few years of King Zhou Yi's reign, then King Zhou Yi was in power from 885 to 878 BC, and the year of Qi Xian AD was 859 BC, which means that Pugu was the capital of Qi for about 20 years. .
According to "Historical Records: Qi Taigong Family": "Ai Gong's younger half-brother Shan resented Hu Gong, so he and his party led the Yingqiu people to attack and kill Hu Gong and establish themselves as Xian Gong. In the first year of Emperor Xian's reign, Mr. Hu was expelled. Because he moved to Pugu, the capital was in Linzi. "From this historical record, it can be seen that Jiang Shan is the half-brother of Ai Gong, and he is not the same mother as Hu Gong Jiang Jing, and Jiang Jing is not a direct descendant. Otherwise, Jiang Shan is not a direct descendant. Just write "Jingdi Shan resents Hu Gong". Although the inheritance system should be based on the eldest son, the king of Zhou Yi killed Duke Ai and did not establish Jiang Shan, the legitimate son of Qi Guigong, who was young at the time, but instead established Jiang Jing, his concubine, which laid the root of "resentment". After Duke Hu of Qi moved to the capital, he lost control of the hostile forces and allowed him to become powerful in Yingqiu. Twenty years later, he was eventually killed. According to the "Historical Records Suoyin" written by Sima Zhen of the Tang Dynasty: "(Jiang Shan) and his party Zhou Maxi people killed Duke Hu in Beishui", and Jiang Shan established himself as Duke Xian. As Ouyang Xiu of the Song Dynasty said in "Spring and Autumn Annals": "Since the decline of Zhou Dynasty, ministers have killed kings, sons have killed fathers, and princes and states have slaughtered each other to become kings. This is the case all over the world." At this time, King Li of Zhou was in power. (877-841 BC), "tyrannical and extravagant", everyone rebelled against their relatives, "the princes did not go to court", "the princes acted as they pleased", King Zhou Li had too much time to take care of himself, and was really beyond his reach to deal with the rebellion that happened in Qi State. Just let it become a fact. Although Duke Xiang of Qi accepted Hu Gong's lesson, he failed to eradicate the problem. After taking the throne, he immediately expelled all Hu Gong's sons from Qi and moved the capital to Linzi. As a result, Pugu's history as the capital of Qi ended, and Linzi became the capital of Qi.
Yingqiu was the capital city in the early days of Qi’s founding. Where is its location? There are roughly four theories: Shouguang theory, Boxing theory, Changle theory and Linzi theory. Various theories are based on scriptures, but none of them seems to be able to "prove" the other side. Until there are no unearthed cultural relics for verification, most of them will be based on Linzi for the time being. Sima Qian, the author of "Historical Records", once visited the hometown of Qi State in person, "I live in Qi, from Langyao, which belongs to the Qin Mountains, and is surrounded by the sea in the north, with fertile soil thousands of miles away." He should have a corresponding understanding of the land of Qi. But it only said that Qi Xiangong "moved to Pugu and governed Linzi." He did not say that the capital was restored to Yingqiu and its name was changed to Linzi.
Although this is due to Sima Qian's "the meaning of the Spring and Autumn Period, letters are faxed and doubts are conveyed doubts", it has also left an eternal mystery that future generations are still unable to obtain a definite solution to.
The capital city is the center of political rule, as well as the center of economy and culture. The city site selection should have: vast plains, convenient land and water transportation, abundant water sources, moderate terrain, mild climate, and rich products. "Guanzi·Chengma" once said: "Whenever the capital is established, it must not be under the mountains, but must be above Guangchuan. The height is not close to drought but there is enough water; the bottom is not close to water and ditches are protected; because of genius, the location is favorable." Then. The migration of the capital was either due to improper selection of the original location; expansion of territory; continued development in order to obtain more favorable geographical conditions; or political, military, economic, and cultural needs. Capital moves were common in history. In the early Shang Dynasty, "from Qi to Tang Dynasty, there were eight moves." In other words, in the 14 generations of the Shang Dynasty, the capital was moved eight times. Tang moved from Shangqiu to Bo (Cao County, Shandong Province) in order to destroy Summer preparations. From Tang to Pangeng, the capital was moved five times. According to "Historical Records: The Benji of Yin" records: "At the time of Pangeng, Yin had already made its capital in Hebei, and returned to Cheng Tang's former residence, but the five moves had no fixed location." (Collected Notes: Kong Anguo said: "From Tang Dynasty to Pangeng Dynasty, the capital was moved five times"). The people of the Yin Dynasty all complained about Xu and did not want to move. Pan Geng then told the princes and ministers: "In the past, when you were high, you became a soup. With your ancestors, the world was determined. The rules can be repaired, but if you give them up, you can't avoid them. How can you become virtuous?" ’ Then he crossed into Henan and governed Bo. If the government of Tang is carried out, the people will be at peace, the Yin Dao will be revived, and the princes will come to court, and they will follow the virtues of Tang. " From the above, we can know that Pan Geng moved because of political needs. The Zhou Dynasty also moved its capital several times. Sima Qian wrote at the end of "Historical Records·Zhou Benji": Tai Shigong said: "Scholars all call Zhou punishing Zhou , living in Luoyi. To sum up, it is not the case. King Wu camped there, and the envoy Zhao Gong Bu lived in the Jiuding Yan. And Zhou Fudu was Feng and Hao. When the Quan Rong defeated King You, Zhou Nai moved eastward to Luoyi." In the last year of the Western Zhou Dynasty, because the Quan Rong killed King You, King Ping of Zhou moved his capital to Luoyi to avoid strong enemies. Qin also moved its capital 9 times, and finally settled in Xianyang. "Historical Records of the Qin Dynasty" "" It is recorded that "(Qin Xiaogong's twelfth year, 350 BC), as Xianyang, Ji Que was built, and Qin moved its capital there. "Qin moved its capital from Liyang to Xianyang in order to facilitate Qin's eastward departure from Hangu Pass to compete with the Six Kingdoms. From the comparison of the background historical materials of the above period, we can see the reason why Qi moved its capital from Yingqiu to Pugu and then moved to Linzi. The first move was to avoid strong enemies, and the second move was to fight for power and resentment among the people. Judging from Sima Qian's writing style, the Yin Dynasty "returned to the former residence of Chengtang", and the Zhou Dynasty "restored the capitals of Feng and Hao". Ruoyingqiu is located in Linzi, or in front of it. As mentioned, it is enough to simply write "recovering the capital of Yingqiu" instead of writing "because of the move to Pugu, the capital was governed by Linzi". This subject is still necessary to continue to explore.
In the history of Chinese academic culture, the Qing Dynasty was an extremely important historical period. Qianjia scholars conducted a large-scale review and summary of all academic culture in China's history. Zhang Zhao (1691-1745), under the order of Emperor Qianlong to "research and reprint the previous history to benefit later scholars", organized and textual researched the "Historical Records" and submitted it to the imperial reviewer. According to "The Family of Taigong of Qi": "In the first year of Xian AD, all the princes were expelled. Because they moved to Pugu, the capital was governed in Linzi. " Zhang Zhao's textual research is as follows:
According to "Mao Shishu": "In ancient times, when the princes lived in narrow passes, the kings would move to their towns and settle down there. At that time, Qi lived in the pass, so the king sent Zhong Shanfu to the city to make a decision. "Having said that, I don't know where it is? Therefore, "Mao Zhuan" says: "Gai left Pugu and moved to Linzi. "There were still many books in Mao's time, and he was not far away from being a saint. Although the words are doubtful, they should be stated according to the agreement. "Historical Records" says: "Xian Gong moved to Pugu, the capital, and governed Linzi. "When Ji Xiangong was the king of Yi, this is inconsistent with this legend. Before Mao Gong moved to Mao, his words should be accurate.
The "textual research" mentioned that leaving Pugu and moving to Linzi was Because "Qiju is forced to pass", the meaning of "forced pass" is narrow. It can be seen that the ancients in the early Western Han Dynasty had already discussed the reasons for moving the capital, and found out the reason from the perspective of urban geography. Gucheng, one is in the northeast of Boxing, with a ruins of 1 million square meters, and is the place where the emperor was moved, and the other is in the southeast of Boxing, with a ruins of 200,000 square meters. It is unlucky to move the city to the southeast, or it may have been abandoned; The city where Hu Gong lives is 400 meters long from north to south and 500 meters long from east to west. It is a temporary shelter to avoid strong enemies, but the long-term sustainable development is indeed caused by "forcing the pass", which is not what modern commentators say. Pay attention and record it, so I don’t worry about it. I copy it here for a little explanation. When talking about "Mao Shi Shu" in "Text Research", it said, "The king sent Zhongshan to the city to decide." This comes from "The Book of Songs·Daya". "Hao Min" is a poem written by Yin Jifu as a gift when King Xuan of Zhou sent his minister Zhongshanfu to build a city in Qi. Zhu Xi's "Collected Poems" also states that "King Xuan ordered Fan Hou Zhongshanfu to build a city in Qi." "The Song Dynasty writer Wang Zhi's "Poetry General News" is as follows: "According to "Historical Records: Qi Family": Qi Duke Li was violent, and the people of Qi killed 70 people including Duke Li and Hu Gong's disciples. It happened in the reign of King Xuan, and the order to build the city was doubtful at this time, which would lead to chaos in Qi. " Cheng Junying, a professor at East China Normal University, also believes that "this statement is close to the truth" in his "Book of Songs Translation and Annotation". It is believed that after moving the capital to Pugu, the capital of Qi was built in Linzi (Gong Zizhen of the Qing Dynasty had a saying that "Zhongshan was ordered by the king to build a city and build a hill"). Its origin should be closely related to Zhongshanfu's move to the capital. Su Shi, who was familiar with "Historical Records", also paid attention to it. Su Dongpo, who was praised as "Broad Classics and History" in "Song History", wrote "On" on moving the capital. In the article Zhou Dongqian", he believed that "Qi moved to Linzi, and Jin moved to Jiang and Xintian. They were all in their prime, so there is nothing to be afraid of.
The rest of them moved their capitals to avoid the invaders, but none of them perished; although they were not immediately destroyed, none of them were able to revive. He also gave examples: "King Hui of Wei was afraid of Qin and moved to Daliang; King Zhao of Chu was afraid of Wu and moved to the capital; King Qingxiang was afraid of Qin and moved to Chen; King Kaolie was afraid of Qin and moved to Shouchun. All of them failed to recover and were defeated. . At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dong Zhuo moved the emperor to Chang'an, and the Han Dynasty collapsed. In modern times, Li Jing moved to Yuzhang and died. "Su Dongpo's analysis has a certain truth and is enlightening for the interpretation of Qi's move to Linzi. Jiang Shan was able to lead the Yingqiu people to kill his brother and seize the throne. He was not afraid of the country and dared to move the capital to Linzi. If he was not strong, he would not be able to do it. Qi moved to Linzi to "restoration" ", which laid the foundation of Qi's hegemony. I believe readers will not think this is wrong. However, in the "textual research", "when Xian Gong was the king of Yi" is wrong. Zhang Zhao said "Hu Gong moved the capital to Pugu, and when Zhou Dynasty The time of King Yi. Ai Gong's half-brother complained about Hu Gong...it was to sacrifice for the Duke" in the sentence "when he was the king of Zhou Yi" should be read from top to bottom, and was mistakenly read as the time of the king of Zhou Yi. Throughout the full text of "Historical Records: Qi Taigong Family", From the clear chronology of Qi Wugong, Qi Xiangong should be the king of Zhou Li, that is, the year of Xiangong is 859 BC.