The mainstream of traditional folk houses in China Han nationality area is regular folk houses, with Beijing quadrangle as a typical representative and symmetrical layout. Beijing quadrangles are divided into front and rear rooms, and the main house system in the middle is the most respected. It is a place to hold family etiquette and receive distinguished guests. Each house faces the courtyard and is connected by a balcony. Although Beijing Siheyuan is a concrete embodiment of patriarchal clan system in feudal society of China, it is an ideal outdoor living space with wide courtyard, appropriate scale, quiet and friendly, and orderly flowers and trees. Most houses in the northeast of North China are such spacious quadrangles.
Houses in the south of China are compact in structure, mostly multi-storey, and their typical houses are halls with rectangular patios as the center. This kind of folk house is square, simple in structure and widely distributed in southern provinces.
Hakka people in southern Fujian, northern Guangdong and northern Guangxi often live in large-scale group houses, which are round and square in plan and consist of a single-storey building in the center and four or five-storey buildings around. This kind of building is very defensive, represented by Hakka tulou in Yongding County, Fujian Province. Among the traditional houses in China, the Hakka earth building in Yongding is unique. There are more than 8,000 earth buildings such as square, round, octagonal and oval, which are large in scale, beautiful in shape, scientific and practical, and have their own characteristics, forming a wonderful living world.
Fujian Tulou uses local raw soil, gravel and sawdust to build single houses, and then connect them into big houses, and then build thick and closed "defensive" castle-style building houses-Tulou. Tulou has firmness, safety, closeness and strong clan characteristics. There are wells and granaries in the building. In case of war and bandits, once the city gate is closed, it will die. If besieged, food and water will last for months. Coupled with the characteristics of warm winter and cool summer, earthquake-resistant and wind-resistant, Tulou has become the residence of Hakka people for generations. Cave dwellings and ancient city dwellings
China has a vast territory and many nationalities, and the forms, structures, decorative arts and colors of local houses have their own characteristics. This paper mainly introduces the distinctive caves in the north and the folk houses in the ancient city.
There are many caves in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River in northern China. In Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan, Shanxi and other loess areas, local residents dig horizontal holes in natural earth walls, often connecting several holes, adding bricks and stones in the holes to build caves. Cave dwellings are fire-proof, noise-proof, warm in winter and cool in summer, land-saving, economical and labor-saving, and organically combine nature and life scenes. It is a perfect architectural form adapted to local conditions, which permeates people's love and attachment to the yellow land.
In addition, there are well-preserved ancient cities in China, where there are a large number of ancient houses. Among them, Pingyao Ancient City in Shanxi and Old Town of Lijiang in Yunnan were both listed on the World Heritage List at 1998.
Pingyao Ancient City is the most complete existing ancient county town in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it is a typical representative of the ancient county town of Han nationality in Central Plains of China. So far, the city walls, streets, houses, shops, temples and other buildings are still basically intact, and its architectural pattern and characteristics remain basically unchanged. Pingyao is a living specimen of China's political, economic, cultural, military, architectural and artistic development.
Old Town of Lijiang, which was founded in the Southern Song Dynasty, is the only town that combines Naxi traditional architecture with foreign architectural features. Old Town of Lijiang is not affected by the architectural etiquette of the Central Plains, and the road network in the city is irregular and there is no strict wall. Black Dragon Pool is the main water source of the ancient city. The pool water flows into the walls and around the residents, forming a water network. Rivers, canals and weeping willows can be seen everywhere in the ancient city. Southern Freestyle House
Freestyle residence refers to a residence that does not adopt courtyard form, but has a very free overall composition and a single shape. Mainly distributed in rural areas and small towns in the south, mostly used by the middle and lower classes.
Freestyle houses are mostly small in scale, paying special attention to the rational use of space and not paying special attention to etiquette system. The distinction that other houses pay special attention to is not paid much attention here, and the design idea is close to functionalism. But they still pursue the perfection of modeling, because they get rid of the shackles of etiquette, emancipate their minds and combine flexibly, so they are more diverse. The modeling features of freestyle houses are: 1. Most of them use various methods to create a rich space that can be accessed up, down, left and right on a building connected with a roof, while the extroversion is open and exposed, without a courtyard wall, and is integrated with nature; 2, free form, not seeking regular symmetry. Or the slope of the roof is small first and then large, or the building is adjacent to the bungalow, or the roof part is higher than the attic, or the hanging part is somewhere on the outer wall and covered with eaves; The plane has zigzag, curved ruler shape or various indescribable shapes. Indoor space is full of changes, and attics are often laid under the roof. The attic is either on the front slope, on the back slope or in the middle. The ground changes with the elevation of the base. Different rooms may be high or low, and the same room may not be on the same plane, or the floor on one side of the house is different from that on the other. In short, compared with a regular house, the treatment is completely based on the site conditions, which is extremely wonderful; 3. Most of these changes are completed by using a portable framework called "bucket rack", which can be skillfully changed into many ends with only some simple processing, showing great flexibility; 4. The materials used are the most accessible and economical products, with small green tiles or thatch as the roof and small green bricks, woven baskets plastered, boards, rocks, stones or mud as the walls. Wood is not colored, but the wall is only used as appropriate, forming a natural contrast of color, texture and texture. The wooden structure is naturally exposed on the wall, showing the aesthetic feeling of its structure interspersed, and there is another innocent interest. China's garden architecture has a long history and enjoys a high reputation in the world garden history. In the Zhou Dynasty more than 3,000 years ago, China had the earliest palace gardens. Since then, all the capital cities and local famous cities in China have built gardens, and the urban gardens in China are rich and colorful, occupying a glorious position among the three major garden systems in the world.
China gardens, which are dominated by mountains and rivers, have unique style and flexible layout, and combine artificial beauty with natural beauty to form wonderful effects. These garden buildings originated from nature and are higher than nature, hidden in mountains and rivers, and promoted the beauty of nature to a higher level.
China's garden architecture includes magnificent royal gardens and exquisite private gardens. These buildings are exquisitely decorated with landscapes, flowers, trees, courtyards, covered bridges and couplets, which make the mountains and rivers full of emotions and endless artistic conception. The realm of China gardens can be divided into three categories: the realm of governing the world, the realm of immortals and the realm of nature.
China's thought is pragmatic, has a high sense of social responsibility, attaches great importance to moral and ethical values and political significance, and is reflected in landscape design, which is the realm of managing the world. This realm is common in royal gardens, and about half of the scenic spots in Yuanmingyuan, a famous royal garden, reflect this realm.
Immortal realm refers to taking romanticism as the aesthetic standard when gardening, and paying attention to the content of China's Taoist thought that emphasizes natural tranquility and self-cultivation. This realm is reflected in both royal gardens and temple gardens, such as Pengdao Yaotai in Yuanmingyuan, the ancient road view of Qingcheng Mountain in Sichuan, and Nanyan Palace in Wudang Mountain in Hubei.
The natural realm is mainly freehand brushwork, focusing on expressing the feelings of the garden owner. This realm is mostly reflected in literati gardens, such as Canglang Pavilion in Su Shunqin in the Song Dynasty and Du Yuefu by Sima Guang.
The differences between Chinese and western gardens are as follows: western gardens emphasize geometric and mathematical principles and focus on architecture; China gardens pay attention to the natural landscape and the beautiful feelings of tourists, and pay more attention to the harmony between man and nature.
The Classical Gardens of Suzhou
Suzhou classical gardens were listed in the World Heritage List from 65438 to 0997, which reflected the artistic features of China garden architecture. Suzhou gardens have a history of more than two thousand years, and there are more than ten famous gardens. Most of Suzhou gardens cover a small area and adopt endless and eclectic artistic techniques. With the interest of China landscape flowers and birds and the artistic conception of Tang poetry and Song poetry, rockery trees are decorated and pavilions and ponds are arranged in a limited space to create an artistic effect of seeing the big from the small. Among them, the famous garden buildings are Canglang Pavilion, Lion Forest, Humble Administrator's Garden and Lingering Garden.
Old Summer Palace
The most famous imperial garden in China, the Yuanmingyuan Garden, is known as the "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens", which combines different styles of garden art from all over China and draws lessons from some western architectural styles. The buildings in the park are exquisite, although they are different in shape and interesting. The magnificent Yuanmingyuan was burned by the British and French allied forces invading China in 1860. People can only imagine the magnificence of this famous garden on the rubble.
Yuanmingyuan is located in the northwest suburb of Beijing. Generally speaking, Yuanmingyuan also includes its two affiliated gardens, Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden (Wanchun Garden), so it is also called "Yuanming Three Gardens". It is the largest of the five detached palaces in the northwest suburb of Beijing in Qing Dynasty, namely "Three Mountains and Five Gardens" (Fragrant Hills Jingyi Garden, Yuquan Mountain Jingming Garden, Wanshou Mountain Qingyi Garden, Yuanmingyuan Garden and Changchun Garden), with an area of 347 hectares.
Yuanmingyuan was not only the most outstanding palace garden in China at that time, but also famous in Europe through the introduction of missionaries' letters and reports, which had a certain influence on the development of European natural landscape gardens in the18th century. Palace building, also known as palace building, is a huge and magnificent building built by the emperor to consolidate his rule, show the majesty of imperial power and satisfy the enjoyment of spiritual and material life. Most of these buildings are magnificent.
Since the Qin dynasty, the "palace" has become the place where the emperor and the royal family lived, and the palace has also become the place where the emperor handled state affairs. In the next few years, the scale of China Palace building has been expanding. Its typical features are huge arches, covered with golden glazed tiles, colorful paintings, finely carved ceiling caissons, white marble abutments, railings, beams and columns, and sketches of surrounding buildings. The Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City in Beijing is a typical palace building.
In order to reflect the supremacy of imperial power and the hierarchical concept with imperial power as the core, the ancient palace buildings in China adopted a strict symmetrical layout of the central axis: the buildings on the central axis are tall and gorgeous, and the buildings on both sides of the central axis are relatively low, small and simple. Because China's etiquette thought contains the contents of offering sacrifices to ancestors, advocating filial piety, attaching importance to food and offering sacrifices to land gods, China Palace usually has an ancestral temple (also called ancestral temple) in the left front for the emperor to offer sacrifices to ancestors, and a national altar in the right front for the emperor to offer sacrifices to land gods and grain gods (the country is the land and millet is the food). This mode is called "left group and right house". The ancient palace building itself is also divided into two parts, that is, "the former is the place where the emperor ruled the government and held ceremonies, and the latter is the place where the emperor and his concubines lived and lived."
The Forbidden City is divided into two parts. The former part is the place where the emperor held important ceremonies and issued orders. The main buildings are Taihe Hall, Zhonghe Hall and Baohe Hall. These buildings are all built on 8-meter-high platforms made of white marble, which look like the Fairy Que in Gong Qiong from a distance. The architectural image is serious, solemn, grand and majestic, and the interior of the three halls is magnificent. The second half of the Forbidden City, the "Inner Palace", is the place where the emperor handles government affairs and concubines live. Gan Qing Palace, Kunning Palace, Royal Garden and other major buildings are full of rich flavor of life. Most buildings include gardens, study rooms, pavilions and rocks, all of which form their own courtyards.
Due to the alternation of dynasties and wars, there were not many ancient palace buildings in China. In addition to the Forbidden City in Beijing, there is also the Forbidden City in Shenyang. In addition, there are several sites of Han and Tang palaces in Xi 'an. Temple is one of the Buddhist buildings in China. Temple architecture originated in India and flourished in China since the Northern Wei Dynasty. These buildings have recorded the development of feudal society and culture and the rise and fall of religion in China, and are of great historical and artistic value.
The ancient people in China had a profound view on the world of Yin and Yang, and had an aesthetic psychology of advocating symmetry, order and stability. Therefore, China Buddhist Temple, which combines China's unique function of offering sacrifices to ancestors and heaven and earth, is still a square building complex with a stable, symmetrical, rigorous and orderly layout of the north-south central axis. In addition, Buddhist temples with garden-like architecture are also common in China. These two artistic modes make China Temple not only have elegant and solemn temple atmosphere, but also full of natural interest and profound artistic conception.
Luoyang Baima Temple
Baima Temple in Luoyang, Henan Province was founded in Han Dynasty, and it is the earliest official Buddhist temple in China. The temple is rectangular and covers an area of about 40,000 square meters. The construction of White Horse Temple has effectively promoted the development of Buddhism in China, East Asia and Southeast Asia. Therefore, the White Horse Temple is still a holy place for Buddhists in many countries to worship.
Yuanjiashan: Also known as Xiao Penglai and Lv Zu Temple, it is a rare Ming Dynasty boat-shaped building complex in Sui County, Henan Province. It is a key cultural relic protection unit in Henan Province. It was built by Yuan Keli, a senior minister of the Ministry of War in the Ming Dynasty, and is a famous Taoist resort in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Buddhist architecture in Wutai Mountain
Wutai Mountain is a famous Buddhist shrine in China. There are as many as 58 ancient Buddhist buildings preserved on the mountain, among which the famous temple buildings are nanzenji and Beiju, which were built in the Tang Dynasty. Nanzenji is the earliest existing wooden temple building in China. North Temple is a collection of architectural forms in different periods in China. The buildings, statues, murals and ink paintings in the temple are called "four wonders".
Hengshan Kong Xuan Temple
In addition, it is worth mentioning that the Hanging Temple of Hengshan Mountain in Beiyue, Shanxi Province is a temple erected in the air, with a unique shape, with dangerous rocks above and deep valleys below. This is an extremely rare building. Hangkong Temple is located on the mountainside of the cliff on the west side of Jinlong Canyon, 3.5 kilometers south of Hunyuan. It is the only existing wooden structure building built on a cliff in China. Founded in the Northern Wei Dynasty, it was renovated in the Tang, Jin, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The whole building faces Hengshan Mountain, with a green screen on the back, stepless wall rocks and towering tall buildings, which is the first wonder of Hengshan Mountain in Beiyue.
the Potala Palace
Lamaism is a school of Buddhism in China. Temple buildings in Lamaism are characterized by giant Buddhist temples, high halls and buildings built on mountains. Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet is a typical Buddhist temple building. The Potala Palace, built in the Tang Dynasty, has undergone continuous renovation and expansion, forming a huge building complex. The whole palace building is stacked on the mountain, magnificent, with a construction area of more than 20 thousand square meters and more than 20 halls. The main hall is dedicated to the precious 12-year-old gilded bronze statue of Sakyamuni. Potala Palace has a typical architectural style of the Tang Dynasty, and it also absorbs the architectural artistic features of Nepal and India.
In addition, the "Waiba Temple" in Chengde and the Lama Temple in Beijing are also famous buildings of Lamaism. Mausoleum architecture is an important part of ancient architecture in China. Based on the idea that the soul can't die, ancient people in China generally attached importance to funeral. Therefore, no matter what class, they carefully build graves. In the long historical process, China's mausoleum architecture has made great progress, resulting in rare and huge tombs of ancient emperors and empresses; And in the process of historical evolution, mausoleum architecture gradually merged with painting, calligraphy, sculpture and other artistic schools, and became a comprehensive body reflecting various artistic achievements.
Located at the northern foot of Mount Li in Xi, Shaanxi Province, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Dynasty is the most famous mausoleum in China, which was built more than 2,000 years ago. Known as the "eighth wonder of the world", the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang are the "troops" guarding this mausoleum. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the First Qin Dynasty were listed on the World Heritage List in 1987 for their majestic momentum, superb carving and craftsmanship. The World Heritage Committee once commented that the famous Terracotta Warriors and Horses around the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, together with their horses, chariots and weapons, are perfect masterpieces of realism, while retaining high historical value.
There are many tombs of Emperor China near Xi, Shaanxi Province. In addition to the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, there are the Western Han Dynasty 1 1 Imperial Mausoleum and the Tang Dynasty 18 Imperial Mausoleum. Liu Che Mausoleum of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is the largest mausoleum in the Western Han Dynasty, and it also contains the most treasures. Zhaoling is the mausoleum of Emperor Taizong Li Shimin. The cemetery has a huge area, and there are 17 tombs of heroes and nobles buried in the park. Zhaoling is a precious cultural relic on the ground and underground, the most famous of which is the exquisite sculpture of Six Horses in the Tang Dynasty.
Ming and Qing tombs
The Ming and Qing emperors' tombs are the best preserved in China.
The Ming Emperor's Mausoleum is mainly located in Changping, Beijing, that is, the Ming Tombs. It is the mausoleum of 13 emperors whose capital was Beijing in the Ming Dynasty. They are located in a small basin under Tianshou Mountain in the north of Changping County, Beijing, surrounded by mountains on three sides and open to the south. The tombs of these emperors are scattered on the hillside in a small basin, covering an area of 40 square kilometers. There are 13 emperors, 23 queens and many concubines, princes, princesses and buried ladies in the mausoleum.
The Ming Tombs are magnificent in scale, beautiful in scenery and magnificent in momentum. They are the most concentrated and complete cemetery buildings in China. Among them, Changling (Judy of Ming Dynasty) and Dingling (Zhu Yijun of Ming Shenzong) are the most spectacular. After excavation, it was found that the stone arch structure of Dingling underground palace was solid, the surrounding drainage facilities were good, there was little water accumulation, and no stone arch collapsed, which fully demonstrated the superb technology of ancient Chinese people in building underground buildings.
Among the existing mausoleum buildings in China, the Qing Dongling Mausoleum, the largest royal mausoleum with the most complete architectural system, covers an area of 78 square kilometers, including five emperors of the Qing Dynasty, 14 empresses and 100 concubines. The main tombs in the Qing tombs are beautifully built.
The significance of the existence of the mausoleum
The 5,000-year history of civilization of the Chinese nation has left a considerable number of ancient relics, relics and ancient books for modern times. Mausoleum is a kind of rich and well-preserved ancient architectural heritage in China, which contains a large number of ancient art treasures. At the same time, the mausoleum building itself is also a comprehensive embodiment of ancient art and technology. An outstanding feature of ancient tombs in China is the deliberate pursuit of the perfection of natural scenery of mountains and rivers. Carefully explore the organic combination of natural landscape beauty and human landscape beauty. The formation of this feature has strong cultural roots, which fully embodies the ideological and cultural framework of ancient China and comprehensively reflects the ancient people's views on environment, architecture, aesthetics and ethics.