Boyi was a famous figure in the Shunyu era more than 4000 years ago. According to ancient records, Boyi was a superb animal trainer, the earliest agricultural expert, an outstanding political consultant, a practical geographer, one of Dayu's two assistants in water control, and almost became Dayu's successor in the later period.
This paper intends to make the following textual research on the related issues of Boyi surname.
First, judging from the inheritance of surnames, Boyi is indeed a descendant of Shao Hao, the leader of Dongyi.
"Historical Records of Qin Benji" begins with a clear statement: "Before Qin Dynasty, Sun Yue, a descendant of Emperor Zhuan Xu, was educated by his daughter. Women weave, birds drop eggs, women swallow and have children. The son of Shaodian, the great cause, said that women are from China. Female Watson spends a lot of money, and the soil and water are flat ... for cypress trees. "
Sima Qian is a great historian, and his account is based on Qin's Historical Records. In the ancient legend era, China has not yet produced recordable characters, and the history of all ethnic groups can only be preserved by oral transmission from generation to generation. Qin's Shiji is no exception. Because of the age, dictation can not be accurate, so it is inevitable that there are mistakes reflected in historical books. For example, it took more than 900 years from Boyi's struggle to the death of Yin's descendants, while Historical Records of Qin Benji only recorded 1 1 generation. According to the generation of 30 years, about 20 generations are omitted. This is not Sima Qian's fault, but the lack of historical materials. Therefore, it is necessary to make a scientific analysis of the words in the legendary era, rather than picking words mechanically. We should also adopt this attitude towards Qin Benji's quotation. Through the phenomenon of myths and legends, we can see:
(1) Qin people's vague memory of early history obviously retains traces of matriarchal clan society. By the time of Emperor Zhuan Xu, China had entered the patriarchal society, and the Qin people (and earlier businessmen) would still have this kind of "ancestral" memory, which shows that social progress is different.
(2) Qin people, like businessmen, have the worship of mysterious birds, that is, swallows, which shows that they all come from ancient clans with mysterious birds as totems.
(3) It shows that the maternal line of Boyi in Fei Da is the descendant of Emperor Zhuan Xu.
So, who is Boyi's paternal ancestor? Although Sima Qian didn't say it clearly, his next writing, Shun Ci Shi Sheng, inadvertently revealed the clue.
In ancient times, surnames and surnames were different. The surname is the root and the surname is the branch; The surname is the source and the surname is the stream. The surname comes from the surname. Specific to Boyi's won surname, whose is it?
A family from Shao Hao. Xu Shen's "Shuo Wen Jie Zi Women's Department" in the Eastern Han Dynasty pointed out: "Won is the surname, when explaining one of the eight ancient surnames (Jiang, Ji, Yao, Yi, Gu, Tan, Yi and Yi)."
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, Zuo Qiuming, a historian of the State of Lu, mentioned that Zheng's great-grandfather was one of them in the Seventeen Years of Zuo Zhuan. Qin is one of the 14 countries where Sima Qian got his surname in Qin Benji.
Song Lomi's History of Roads and Country Names further pointed out: "After Shao Hao, it will not be long." Of course, all the winners include Qin mentioned by Sima Qian. Gu Jiegang, a great historian who suspected the ancient school, denounced the brain language in Zuo Zhuan as "false writing" in his early years. In his later years, he not only affirmed the historical value of Naozi dialect, but also came to the correct conclusion that Shao Zhen was actually the ancestor of the Yi people in the East.
Sima Zhen of the Tang Dynasty had already seen the problem with the description of "the ancestor of Qin" in Qin Benji: "jane doe was a scholar, Zhuan Xu gave birth to a daughter, and was born after swallowing a scorpion. His father is not here. And Qin, your mother and ancestor Zhuan Xu, are no strangers. According to Zuo Zhuan, after that, Qin and Zhao were all from Shao Hao, and the surname of the beggar gang was also the most popular. "
That is to say, Boyi's paternal ancestor (including his descendants) is the sum of them, while Zhuan Xu is only his maternal ancestor. Although they are all grandfathers, don't confuse them. Because since we have entered the patriarchal society, we must calculate the blood inheritance relationship with the paternal line. If we still insist on matrilineal calculation, it is obviously "the meaning of not being born", that is, it does not conform to the rules that human beings must follow to thrive.
Since Shao Hao is the ancestor of the won surname, how he got the won surname is also worthy of our study.
Where is the "waterfront" where Shao Hao lives? Now in Laiwu City, Shandong Province. Won water, also known as won temperature, is one of the three tributaries (won, Mu and Chai) in the upper reaches of Wenhe River in Shandong Province. Originated in Zhangqiu Chiliangquan, it flows through the "Wancheng Site" in Chengzi County, Laiwu City, and enters Tai 'an from Xiyangzhuang, with a total length of 86 kilometers. Shao Hao was born in Korea and has a Korean surname. When he grew up, he "ascended the throne in Lubei and later became a disciple of Qufu". Therefore, Shi Ji Zhou Gong Shi Jia called Qufu "the city of Shao Hao". The "Shao Hao Tomb" built in Qufu in the Song Dynasty is still well preserved. It's only 200 miles from Shui Yuan to Qufu, and Shao Hao's footprints are clearly visible, which seems to be more reasonable than the Yellow Emperor who was born in Qufu (Shouqiu) and lived thousands of miles away.
It should be said that the ruins of Yuancheng and Shao Hao market are both in the "country of Shao Hao". Shan Hai Jing Ye Dong Jing: "Beyond the East China Sea, there is a big valley, Shao Hao." The mythical "Grand Canyon" or "Return to the Market" later became synonymous with the sea and rivers. Later generations of Leixiaze, Konosawa, Liangshanpo and Weishan Lake should all be the remaining waters of the "big river". The "Country of Shao Hao" was originally located in the land of central osawa. "The Country of Shao Hao" is the bird country and the official country described in Zuo Zhuan's Seventeen Years of Zhao Gong. Twenty-four species of Dongyi birds, whose officials are named after birds, are scattered in Shandong and its surrounding areas, among which the cool pigeon family once appeared in Bo Gu (now Boxing).
Some scholars believe that "Dawenkou cultural site is Shao Hao culture". The evidence is not only that the existence time of Shao Hao era coincides with Dawenkou culture, but also that the bird totem worship of the two is the same from the unearthed bird-shaped pottery pots and female bird-shaped pottery balls. This is also consistent with the record in Qin Benji that "Qin Xian" swallowed the egg of a mysterious bird, which proves that the winning Boyi was indeed after the winning Shao Hao. Because of this, after Boyi established the State of Qin in the West, he regarded it as the highest-standard temple for worshipping Shao Hao in Bai Di.
To sum up, we can see that Shao Hao is the ancestor of Won surname. Boyi is a descendant of Shao Hao, and it is accurate to call him Yuanzu.
Second, the written records of past dynasties have confirmed that today's Benbin is an ancient place to win.
Shao Hao is fortunate to have a victorious surname because he lives in Binbin. So, how did Boyi win? Records in ancient books prove that it was given by Shun Di.
Historical Records of Qin Benji describes this process:
"(big fee) and Yuping soil and water. It's done. The emperor gave it to Xuangui. Yu Shouri:' If you don't give it, it will cost a lot of money.' Emperor Shunri said,' I have paid the labor fee, praised the foolish old man and given you a tour, and then my descendants will come out.' It's my wife's daughter, named Yao. Thanks a lot. Zuo Shun tamed the birds and beasts. Many birds and beasts were tamed for the sake of Baiyun. Shunci won. "
That is to say, after assisting Dayu to complete the task of water control at great cost, Shun Di, who has taken over as Emperor Yao, is very appreciative of Dayu, and Dayu is also very modest, saying that the success of water control is also of great help. Seeing that Dayu was highly praised, Shun Di thought he was virtuous, so he rewarded Fu You as a commendation and married his daughter. After a lot of respect and acceptance, he helped Shun Di tame birds and animals, and many birds and animals were tamed. This is Bai Ming. Emperor Shun changed his surname to Won.
Why did Shun Di give Boyi his last name instead of his? Sima Qian did not give a clear answer here. In another place in Qin Benji, Sima Qian wrote: "In the past, Boming was the main animal of Shun, and his livestock was full of interests, so he had soil and was given the name of Won."
This is a step forward from the previous paragraph. It was pointed out for the first time that Boyi had "soil", that is, fiefs or food cities. But where is the land? Does it have anything to do with Keishi? Remains a mystery. It was Song who really solved the mystery. In his magnificent historical masterpiece Road History, he talked about it twice:
"It takes a lot of money to tame animals and birds, understand their languages and serve danger and summer. I started eating in Yan, which is Yan's. " Note: "Won, surplus, vulgar surplus and beautiful, so it is sealed, that is, Taishan County."
"Won, can complicated and sealed, han county transferred to mount tai (after the county), in laiwu. The so-called Libo, now Laiwu, is beneficial. " Note: "The guild is in the same place."
Robbie's view is very clear. Boyi got the initial fief. Winning is the winning county in Taishan County in Han Dynasty. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it won the title of Qiyi. In the third year of Lu Huangong (709 BC), "the guild was in full swing and won", that is.
At the same time, Miro also broke the relationship between winning land and winning family, that is, Boyi's winning family came from the feudal winning surname.
As we already know, Binbin is the hometown where Shao Hao was born and got his surname. Shun Di gave this land to Boyi, of course, as a reward for his feats of taming animals, but the most important thing is to let him return to his ancestral home and change his matriarchal surname to his paternal surname, so as to inherit and carry forward Shao Hao's brilliant achievements and assume the leadership responsibility of this tribe. This reflects Shun Di's good intention to give Boyi land and family property. As the birthplace of Shao Hao and Boyi, the water and soil of ancient Laiwu played an important role in the pre-Qin history. Historians have verified that Yan, Mou and Chang Shao were all "vassal states" in Xia and Shang Dynasties, and they were all in Spring and Autumn Period. Only the Spring and Autumn Annals and its three biographies and the Book of Rites recorded seven major events in Yuancheng. Mencius Warring States Policy recorded two events related to the capture of the city during the Warring States Period. These are enough to prove the importance of ancient status. What needs to be pointed out in particular is that in the pre-Qin period, there was only one place on the land of China that used Won as a place name, and that is Laiwu today. This uniqueness plays a decisive role in the study of Laiwu wang xing and its origin.
As late as the 11th year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty (487), today's hejian city, Hebei Province, is known as the "Won State". As early as 1 196, the history books (three years of Huan Gong in the Spring and Autumn Period) can no longer be compared with the ancient won in Laiwu. It is impossible for the ancients to take the place name that was not born at that time as the place where the surname was named.
There is Yingzhou, which is one of the three sacred mountains (Penglai, Abbot and Yingzhou) around Qin Shihuang. It was first seen in Sima Qian's Historical Records of Qin Shihuang. It is not only named very late, but also an imaginary island in myth. It is not clear where Shao Hao and Boyi live.
After Qin Shihuang unified China, the former State of Qi established Won County for the first time. He used his imperial surname as the name of a county in the East, which has its own special significance. During the Han dynasty, there was still a county under the Qin system.
"History of Han Geography" records: "I won an iron official." Before and after this, there were endless records about the ancient won in Laiwu. According to Mr. Ren Yin Chenggan, the original owner of Laiwu Shi Zhiban, it had been edited for more than 70 times in the Republic of China. Until today, Laiwu is still known as the "winning place". As a fossil-like ancient place name, Won is still full of youthful vitality and lives in the minds of Laiwu people. Isn't this unique cultural phenomenon worthy of our in-depth exploration?
Thirdly, the cultural relics unearthed in Laiwu prove that it is credible that Shao Hao and Boyi once lived in Binxian.
Laiwu has been inhabited and lived by human beings since ancient times, and the ancient civilization in Shui Gu Valley is more developed. Although there has never been a systematic excavation of cultural relics in this area, including Macheng site, through people's accidental discovery in farmland water conservancy capital construction and daily work, three cultural relics surveys organized by the state, and two field investigations by cultural relics workers and historical researchers, a large number of cultural relics and archaeological materials have been obtained, so that we can clearly outline the continuous archaeological cultural sequence from Paleolithic to Neolithic.
Old Stone Age
According to the Laiwu Cultural Relics published by Qilu Bookstore 1987, from the Bianwangwei site, which is separated from Yicheng site by a river, "the stone tools collected have sharp tools, chopping tools, axes and spears with rough surfaces, showing the characteristics of the late Paleolithic period".
Neolithic Age
Including North New Culture (5400- 4400 BC), Dawenkou Culture (4500- 2500 BC), Shandong Longshan Culture (2600- 2000 BC) and Yueshi Culture (1900- 1600 BC).
After the Yue culture, it entered the Bronze Age, that is, the Shang and Zhou Dynasties in history. Then, it entered the early iron age, that is, the Qin and Han Dynasties.
All these archaeological cultures were discovered in the Shui Gu River basin. In the winter of 2008, the third cultural relics investigation team composed of Shandong University Department of Culture and Art and Laiwu Cultural Relics Office discovered two sites in Zhangli Street, Yangzhuang Town. The cultural relics collected at one site include a residual stone roller, the edge of a reddish-brown pottery pot, and more pieces of black pottery. Stone axes, pottery fragments and bronze swords were unearthed at another site. "According to experts from the census team, the whole site is Beixin, Longshan, Yueshi and Zhouhan cultural sites."
The following focuses on Dawenkou Cultural Site and Shandong Longshan Cultural Site, which correspond to Shao Hao era and Boyi era respectively.
According to Mr. Song, former director of Laiwu Cultural Relics Office and vice president of Laiwu Wenbo Historical and Cultural Research Institute, the sites with Dawenkou cultural characteristics found in Wenbo Valley include Zhaixi site, Dawangzhuang site, Bianwangwei site, Xiao Ceng home site and Wenbo City site. Among them, stone axes, shovels and spears were unearthed at the Bianwangxu site. A smooth stone axe with a small hole was unearthed at the Xiao Ceng Jiazhuang site, and a typical funerary object of Dawenkou culture, the white peach sac, was unearthed in a vertical hole tomb in a soil pit. On October 9th, 2006/KLOC-0, a joint investigation team composed of archaeologists and historical researchers from Tai 'an and Laiwu conducted a field investigation on Macheng site beside the Shui Gu River, and found several Neolithic relics. Among them, there is a stone axe, the lower part of which is wide and the upper part is narrow, the blade is broken, the section is oblate, the residual length is 14 cm, and the width is16cm; Stone grinding rod, oval cross section, with flat residual grinding surface, residual length of 12 cm and thickness of 4 cm; A stone hairpin, flat and thin, long trapezoidal, rectangular in section, finely ground, with a sharp edge, residual length of 5.5 cm, width of 5 cm and thickness of 1 cm; A stone spinning wheel, oblate, thin, perforated in the middle, with an aperture of 1.2 cm, with vertical stripes engraved on the outer wall of the wheel, with a diameter of 6 cm and a width of 0.9 cm ".
These Neolithic cultural relics obviously have the characteristics of Dawenkou culture, among which the discovery of the stone spinning wheel is of great significance. Citing the book Dawenkou published by Cultural Relics Publishing House 1974, Mr. Wang said: "There are more than 20 Dawenkou cultural tombs in Shandong 120, all of which have ornaments and spinning wheels; If there are no ornaments on your head, bury more farm tools. " From this, Mr. Wang concluded: "It can be seen that the division of labor between men and women was clear at that time. Men have gradually become the main labor force in agriculture and handicrafts, while women are engaged in auxiliary labor such as textiles and housework. This is in stark contrast to the early Yang Yun culture in which women were mainly engaged in agriculture and men were engaged in hunting as an auxiliary economy. "
The division of labor between men and women is one of the signs of entering the patriarchal society. At present, the academic circles generally believe that Haidai area changed from matriarchal clan society to paternal clan society in the middle and late Dawenkou culture. This is a great progress of Dongyi civilization. The leader of this civilization process is Shao Hao, who stepped onto the historical stage from Binbin and established a huge bird country.
In the later period of Dawenkou culture in Shandong, it was generally transformed into Longshan culture. The Shui Gu River Basin is no exception. The distribution of Longshan cultural site in Shandong province is basically the same as that of Dawenkou cultural site. Longshan culture is also called black pottery culture. Many black pottery was found in Zhang Lijie site and Xiao Ceng site, indicating that this is Longshan culture. Qu Zu was found in Yicheng site, and Mr. Song thought that "from the perspective of Qu Zu, Jun and Wei are conjoined, and they are the remains of Longshan culture and Yueshi culture in Haidai".
The above-mentioned Dawenkou Cultural Site and Longshan Cultural Site can not only correspond to the times of Shao Hao and Boyi, but also be located on the banks of the Bangjiang River, that is, within the scope of the ancient Bangguo with Bangcheng Site as its capital. Yuan was a vassal state in Xia and Shang Dynasties and an ancient kingdom in Yao, Shun and Yu Dynasties. "Two years later, Fei Hou Boyi left the country" in Xia Qili's Chronicle of Bamboo Books shows that Fei Da Boyi has a national seal. Miro's History of the Road lists "winning" as "the last country that won in Shao Hao". Of course, there are some differences between the ancient kingdom and the later vassal States, and scholars are only used to borrowing the name of "country" to express the sphere of influence of tribal alliances and chiefs. We say that Boyi Yuan, which "began to eat in Yuan", is by no means limited to this small piece of land in Yuan City, but widely distributed in the whole Yuan River Basin.
The fertile land in Shui Gu Valley is very suitable for Boyi to be the "main livestock" of Shun Di and develop animal husbandry. I remember that the book Shangshu Gong Yu, which was written by Dayu to control water, once wrote: "It's a pity that Lion is a shepherd." Floating in the temperature, reaching the economy. "
Gu Yanwu's "Rizhilu Oracle Bone Inscriptions" explains Lion's cloud: "The land of Qilu is in Laiwu ... Gong Yu's so-called Lion land." According to the author's textual research, it is the pigeon family in Bird Country, and the brothers of the mysterious birds Wang, Mou and Changshao lived together in Laiwu and its surrounding areas in ancient times, creating a splendid ancient agricultural civilization.
Gong Yu quoted a passage saying that this area, represented by Lion, is suitable for developing animal husbandry and sericulture. Animal products and tussah silk can be used as tributes, which can be transported from Wenshui to Jishui by boat and raft, and then to the Imperial Capital. It should be noted that Boyi, as one of Dayu's two assistants, participated in this process from beginning to end. And "jade is the main water, and it is beneficial to remember foreign bodies. Overseas mountains, far away, heard and witnessed, for the "Shan Hai Jing". Liu Xiang's Shang Biao in the Western Han Dynasty and Zhao Hua's Wu Yue Chun Qiu in the Eastern Han Dynasty. There is a similar saying. Of course, these statements cannot be completely believed or completely denied. It must reflect some historical shadows. What's more, Wenshui is within the scope of the four blasphemies of Dayu's water control ("Donghe, Beiji, Xihe and Nanhuai"). Boyi, who followed Dayu in the flood control, must be very familiar with Wenshui (including the tributary Benshui). The foreign objects he recorded include tussah and livestock products, which is of course very accurate. Thousands of years have passed, tussah is still stocked in the upper reaches of Shui Gu, and the animal husbandry in Laiwu is still very developed, especially laiwu black pig, a famous local thoroughbred, as a living cultural relic, which still preserves excellent genes from Dawenkou culture. "Records of Laiwu City: Breeding Records" wrote: "The bones of domestic pigs unearthed from Dawenkou Cultural Site in Laiwu pig-producing area are not obviously different from those of Laiwu pigs today. Judging from the types and quantity of bones buried in pigs, raising domestic pigs at that time was an important production activity for human beings. " This once again confirms the authenticity of R's "Bo 'ao is the main beast of Shun, and there are many beasts, so he has soil and is given the surname of Won".
From this, we can easily draw the conclusion that Laiwu is "the first fief of Boyi and the first ancestral home of Qin Huang".
Qin Shihuang had many famous ancestors. For example, Zhao Fu, who drove for Shang Tang and defeated Xia Jie in Mingtiao, assisted Zhongyan and became a vassal of Yin. In order to protect the west, he was surging in Xirong. In order to drive and calm the crisis, Zhao Fu raised horses at the junction of Sui and Zhou Dynasties, which was a vassal and was in Qin Jiancheng. Take Chen Bao, cut Xirong, and record the initial history. Although they are all ancestors of Qin Shihuang, they are not ancestors of Won. The ancestor can only be Boyi, who won by eating at first, so it is appropriate to say that Laiwu is "the original fief of Boyi, the ancestor of Qin Huang". (Author: Laiwu Yin Qin Institute of Culture)