1. Analysis of the necessity of creating a good atmosphere for learning classical Chinese.
The new Chinese curriculum standard emphasizes: "Reading simple classical Chinese can help you understand the basic content with notes and reference books." It can be said that the new Chinese curriculum standard reduces the requirements for learning classical Chinese, and the items of the classical Chinese examination in the senior high school entrance examination are limited to textbooks. Theoretically, there should be a fairly ideal result, but the result is quite unexpected.
The author investigated more than 50 Chinese teachers in middle schools, and found that in the process of classical Chinese teaching, most teachers pay great attention to sentence translation, memory and targeted exercises, and the teaching process is rigorous. However, in the process of learning classical Chinese, most students think that the process of learning classical Chinese in this way is boring and inefficient, just like learning another foreign language. They even think that teaching classical Chinese well is teachers' wishful thinking, and students can only "roll with the punches".
The reasons for the inefficiency in learning classical Chinese are as follows:
1, students left the situation of understanding classical Chinese. Classical Chinese is really not like modern Chinese, which makes students read fluently and understand the meaning. It is difficult for students to accept the complexity of translation, to understand the expression of stubborn teeth in classical Chinese and to understand the true and rich expression of ancient people's feelings. For example, in Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi, Zou Ji asks his wife, concubine and guests the same question: "Who am I, Xu Hongmei in the north of the city?" The wife said, "Your Majesty is very beautiful. How can Xu Can Palace compare with you?" The princess said, how can I compare with you? The guest said, "Xu Gong is not equal to your beauty." They replied with one voice, with the same meaning but different sentence patterns, and slightly changed words, but expressed different tones and different psychology of different characters. When students understand the above content, they often start with words and sentence patterns, and then rush to answer the teacher's question "Why is the tone different?" Instead of experiencing it in a specific story situation. This understanding of classical Chinese is superficial, dull, vivid and not profound, and the mastery is hasty, hasty, unstable and firm.
2. Students leave the situation of using classical Chinese. Zhao Pu's Half Analects of Confucius Governing the World illustrates the importance of applying what you have learned. However, in daily life, students' communication is not deliberately expressed in classical Chinese, and they think it is a rather pedantic performance. Kong Yiji's "Too much is too little, too much" is a proof. In the teaching class, our teachers may also ignore the particularity of the flexible use of classic sentences in different situations. For example, teachers often describe it as a high-profile performance of the United States singing bad human rights at the United Nations, which is interpreted as ulterior motives. But at this time, "The Drunken Pavilion" should not be understood in this way. In fact, the use of classical Chinese also requires students to have a certain cultural taste. Due to the limitation of students' cultural quality, students have a special liking for the emerging and simple network language, but ignore the use of classical Chinese.
3. Students leave the classical Chinese humanistic situation. Classical Chinese is rich in poetry and painting, exudes unique cultural charm and embodies profound national feelings. However, students seem unable to understand the subtleties of classical Chinese. For example, in the article Born in Worry and Died in Happiness, students understand the important knowledge of "sense of worry" and "success in adversity". However, when asked about the modern significance of their sense of hardship and how to make themselves talents, students are at a loss. The key lies in the lack of humanistic situation. The creation of humanistic situation in classical Chinese requires students to pay attention to contemporary social and cultural life, pay attention to the cultivation of their own quality, and strive to be well cultivated in the study of classical Chinese, improve their life quality and cultivate healthy personality. For example, the creation of the humanistic situation of "anxiety consciousness" makes students worry about the war in peacetime, the environment of developing society, and the incurable diseases in a better life ... Let students learn from the broad mind of the ancients, shoulder the responsibility of inheriting excellent civilization, and establish a correct outlook on life and values.
It can be seen that it is very necessary to create a good atmosphere for learning classical Chinese.
2. Strategic thinking on creating a good atmosphere for learning classical Chinese.
Since learning classical Chinese requires a good situation and it is so important to create a good atmosphere for learning classical Chinese, we should think strategically.
1, chant, satirize and get it.
The irony of reciting is to ask students to read aloud, read correctly and smoothly, visualize language in cadence, beautify and deepen emotions. Let the students immerse themselves in it, understand the taste of the article and gain something. "Old books are never tired of reading, and children know themselves when they are familiar with them." "They are familiar with 300 Tang poems, and they can sing even if they can't write poems." This is a subtle presentation of chanting. For example, the repeated reading of "sending 900 people to guard Yuyang and stay in osawa Township" in Chen She Family is different from "sending 900 people to stay in osawa Township", which deeply understands the history of Qin Xing's corvee and people's garrison. After Zou Ji satirized the King of Qi as a "capable minister", Qi Weiwang said "goodness". Concise and just right, it reflects Qi Weiwang's affirmation of Zou Ji and shows that he is an enterprising and enlightened monarch. Therefore, when reading the word "goodness", we should read the majesty and wisdom in short notes and the heroic mind in high notes. Such a generation of wise men can be said to have both form and spirit to force Xiao.
2, taste sentiment, reshape the body
Regarding the teaching of classical Chinese, Mr. Ye Shengtao thinks: "When reciting, you not only have a rational understanding of what you have learned, but also have a cordial experience. Unconsciously, the content and truth have become the readers' own things, which is the most precious realm. "A good example is Tao Yuanming's reading, Appreciating Strange Stories from a Lonely Studio, analyzing doubtful points, and Knowing it but forgetting its food. When we recite Fan Zhongyan's great political ambition of "worrying about the world first, and enjoying the world later" in Yueyang Tower, we should realize the practical significance of "enjoying the world first and enjoying the world later". When we sing the sacredness of "sacrifice one's life for righteousness" in "I want fish", we should feel the will of people with lofty ideals to sacrifice their lives for the country and go to disaster generously throughout the ages.
Through the feeling of taste, let students have a cordial experience and make classical Chinese learning interesting; Students' unique aesthetic taste also makes the connotation of classical Chinese shine. At the same time, students also internalized the excellent cultural essence, achieved perfection, and improved their cultural literacy to varying degrees.
3. Accumulate and learn to apply.
Ouyang Xiu said in his poem: "Knowledge accumulated in the heart is glorious. Not only is it not strong at all, but its stem is also strong. " This poem tells us that learning depends on long-term accumulation. To learn classical Chinese, we should accumulate rich knowledge of ancient culture, rich reading comprehension and so on. Over time, there is a breakthrough.
It must be useful to get through suddenly. For example, the "Heart of the ancients" written in Yueyang Tower shows the thoughts and feelings of the ancients who "don't like things and don't feel sorry for themselves". After studying and accumulating Zuiweng Pavilion and Snake Catcher, Ouyang Xiu's happiness with the people and Liu Zongyuan's concern for people's livelihood made students understand, "Weiss, who are we going home?" Yan Zi was humiliated in Chu, but he defended the dignity of the country with superb words and supercilious performance. Combining the successful launch of Shenzhou VI and Mr. Fujino's movie-watching event, students can deeply feel the responsibility of safeguarding national dignity.
"Full of poetry and self-satisfaction" is the realm of students learning classical Chinese, which makes people yearn for it.
Third, the principle of creating a good atmosphere for learning classical Chinese.
1, interested in participation.
It can be seen that it is very important to stimulate students' interest in learning classical Chinese. Only by giving full play to students' learning enthusiasm and stimulating their interest in learning classical Chinese can students really participate in learning, avoid the boredom of learning classical Chinese and guide them to understand the connotation of the works. For example, when learning "born in sorrow and died in happiness", the teacher first tells the story of Fu Cha, the king of Wu, with ups and downs, which concentrates the students' thinking and arouses their interest. After that, the teacher asked the students to discuss "success in adversity" and "success in prosperity". The students have positive thoughts, active atmosphere and good learning effect. If students are not interested in learning classical Chinese and do not participate in discussion and analysis, the learning effect will not be very good.
2. A deep image.
The study of classical Chinese can make the situation of classical Chinese concrete and the art of classical Chinese visual with the help of multimedia technology and external imitation such as reading aloud, expression and action. If students visit in person, they can deeply understand and digest classical Chinese. For example, when learning the model book, you can play a story of "Three Visits to the Cottage" in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms on TV, so that students can feel Zhuge Liang's voice with plain words; In a touching situation, let students vividly appreciate Zhuge Liang's indifferent ambition and fearless loyalty in times of crisis. When learning Stomatology, we can show the excellent performance of Stomatology in cross talk, so that students can directly feel the magic and truth of folk art and feel the intelligence and artistic creativity of ancient working people. If students lack the image of learning classical Chinese, they may not be impressed.
3. Cultural emotionalization.
The study of classical Chinese plays an important role in enriching students' cultural background, cultivating students' aesthetic awareness and interest, improving students' taste, perfecting their personality and cultivating their emotions under the influence of culture. Therefore, in the process of learning classical Chinese, we should strive to carry out cultural and emotional education in classical Chinese, and strive to find deep humanistic feelings and strong national feelings in our works. For example, if you read this book with Zhu, you can deeply understand that "those who fly kites against the sky look at the peak and rest their hearts;" Those who are in charge of the world, look at the valley and forget it. " It is found that the author's feelings of being indifferent to fame and fortune and disdaining the secular world are similar to those of Tao Yuanming, who is "picking chrysanthemums under the hedge and seeing Nanshan leisurely", and Zhuge Liang, who is "willing to risk his life in troubled times and not asking Wen Da to be a vassal". It is also found that the indifferent life interest of the ancients is very important for students who lack seriousness in today's impetuous times. If the study of classical Chinese leaves the influence of cultural emotion, students' study will only be pale and powerless.
In fact, it is not difficult to learn classical Chinese well, as long as we start from the following two aspects:
First, master the correct learning methods.
1, repeat. In the Song Dynasty, Zhu said, "Read it a hundred times, and you can understand yourself. You read well, you don't need to explain, and you know what it means. " The ancients were very clever. When children enter school, the teacher doesn't talk much about theory, but asks them to recite the three-character classics, the four books and the five classics over and over again, and the meaning of the article will naturally be understood. Mr. Li Guotao, a famous literary critic and novelist, said: "China's ancient poetry and prose can't be ignored. If you don't understand or don't fully understand at that time, just recite it first. " Old Mr. Guo Moruo also said, "The book recited as a child, like a big iceberg, will slowly melt with age, and once it melts, it will be a huge wealth." It can be seen that the easiest and quickest way to learn classical Chinese is to read more and recite more, so as to reach the realm of "knowing 300 poems of Tang poetry, knowing how to recite without writing".
2. Word accumulation. Learning classical Chinese is like learning a foreign language. Without enough vocabulary, everything is a castle in the air and an armchair strategist, so vocabulary accumulation is the basis of learning classical Chinese well. Word accumulation can be divided into two categories: content word accumulation and function word accumulation. Relatively speaking, content words are easier to remember, while function words are more difficult to remember, because function words in classical Chinese are abstract in meaning, frequently used and flexible in usage. At this time, it is not difficult to remember with some flexible and ingenious methods. For example, there are 23 places where the function word "er" is used in "Zuiwengting Ji" by Ouyang Xiu, and we can classify its usage into five kinds, which is easier to remember.
(1) "Creek deep fish fertilizer", indicating a parallel relationship;
(2) "The sunrise makes the forest blossom" means to inherit the relationship;
(3) "Miscellaneous, but the former", indicating the relationship of modification;
(4) "Less drunk, but the highest age" indicates a progressive relationship.
⑤ "Birds know the joy of mountains, but don't know the joy of people", which indicates a turning point.
3. Grammatical induction. In a classical Chinese, students are confused by the use of fallacies, prepositions and postpositions, and different meanings between ancient and modern times. What should I do? We might as well use induction to classify and summarize. We can draw a brief table and mark the common words, movable parts of speech, ancient and modern different meanings, polysemy, interrogative sentences, judgmental sentences, passive sentences, ellipsis sentences and variant sentences in the table, which will be clear at a glance and easy to remember.
Second, establish a correct learning attitude.
1, love classical Chinese and cultivate interest. Some students complained that we don't need classical Chinese today, so why should we learn anything? This statement is very poor: First of all, classical Chinese is the bearing form of all ancient cultures in China. Medicine, mathematics, astronomy and geography are all written in classical Chinese and have been handed down to this day. Classical Chinese is a valuable asset with a long history. If we don't understand it, how can we appreciate the classicality and profoundness of China culture? Secondly, most idioms and allusions in modern Chinese come from classical Chinese. For example, these well-known and concise idioms are all from classical Chinese, not to mention: seeking fish from the edge of wood (Yu Zi Huiliang Wang Shang), making friends and attacking near (Warring States policy, Qin Ce III), refusing to eat because of choking (Lu Chunqiu's party soldiers), and being approachable (Historical Records Lu Zhougong). Thirdly, classical Chinese contains rich philosophy of life, which can not only cultivate our sentiment, but also guide us to be a man: "Zou Ji's satire can be adjusted, and Qi Wang" tells us to be calm and carefully analyze the praise of others; "Ten Thoughts on Emperor Taizong" warns us to "be prepared for danger in times of peace and refrain from extravagance and thrift" ... The benefits of classical Chinese are far more than these. "The best stimulus of learning is learning materials". Only by loving classical Chinese from the heart can we learn it well.
2. To overcome laziness, the word "diligence" comes first. "There is a road to diligence in Lushan, and there is no limit to learning the sea." The hardships and diligence in learning classical Chinese are particularly prominent. Impressive articles should be memorized, countless notes should be memorized one by one, and grammar that often appears should be mastered in all directions. Without diligence, it is absolutely impossible. The biggest enemy of learning classical Chinese is laziness, and only students who are diligent in reciting and writing can learn it well.
How about, such a treasure house-classical Chinese, if you go to dig, as long as you do the above two aspects, classical Chinese is not difficult to learn, right
Classical Chinese translation
There are two basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation. The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as opposed as possible. The advantage of literal translation is the implementation of every word; Its disadvantage is that sometimes the translated sentences are difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough. The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns. The advantage of free translation is that the text is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages and is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be realized word by word. These two translation methods should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation.
Second, specific methods: leave, delete, supplement, change, adjust and change.
"Stay" means to keep. All words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places, things, officials, countries, years and units of measurement. , can remain unchanged when translating.
"Delete" means delete. Delete function words that do not need to be translated in classical Chinese. For example, "Pei Gong joined Fan Kuai"-Pei Gong's bodyguard Fan Kuai. "This is also" is an auxiliary word at the end, which is not translated.
"Supplement" means supplement. (1) Turn monosyllabic words into disyllabic words; (2) make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence; (3) Fill in the omitted sentences. Note: Fill in the omitted components or sentences with brackets.
"Change" means replacement. Replace ancient words with modern words. For example, replace "I, Yu, Yu" with "I" and "II, Ru" with "You".
"Adjustment" means adjustment. Adjust ancient Chinese inverted sentences to modern Chinese sentence patterns. When translating subject-predicate inversion sentences, prepositional object sentences, prepositional object postposition sentences and attributive postposition sentences, the word order should generally be adjusted to conform to modern Chinese expression habits.
"Change" means flexibility. On the basis of being faithful to the original text, relevant words are vivid. If "the waves are calm", it can be vividly described as "the lake is calm".
Translation formula of ancient Chinese
Classical Chinese translation has its own order, so you can read the whole article first and grasp the main idea.
Understand the theme first, collect information, from paragraphs to sentences, from clauses to words,
Understand all, be clear, and be careful when dealing with difficult sentences.
Take care of the previous paragraph, connect with the next sentence, think carefully and try to figure out the tone.
Strive to be reasonable, reasonable and closely related.
If omitted, fill in the original intention and put brackets to indicate the gain.
Names and place names, without translation, names, as usual,
I and Yu are mine, and Er and You are yours. Omitting inversion is regular.
Content words and function words, with the interpretation of the text, sensitize the sense of language, and vary from sentence to sentence.
After translation, you must carefully compare the sentences and understand the tone.