In the early days of Cao Wei regime, Cui Yan was elected for more than ten years. He trusted Geng Jie's integrity. "There are many civil and military talents, and the court is high. The world says that the dynasty reached its peak. In this historical process, aristocratic families have maintained a prominent position in politics and society by virtue of profound family traditions and complex marriage relations. In the Tang Dynasty, although the aristocratic families were suppressed by the rulers of the Tang Dynasty, a large number of talents were selected for Cao Wei. In addition, Cui Yan's younger brother Cui Lin is also an important member in the formation of Qinghe Cui Shi family. During his participation in politics, Cui Lin was known for his simplicity and erudition. Cui Lin was an official in the Four Dynasties. He was promoted in Wei Wendi when Cao Cao was the chief official of Jizhou, and was further promoted to the official position in Wei Mingdi, but actually he still maintained a very high social status. Since the formation of aristocratic families, Qinghe Cui Shi is one of the most important families, and it is another Cui Shi family with the same reputation as Boling Cui Shi. Its development track has been synchronized with the development trend of aristocratic families in the Middle Ages. This paper takes Qinghe Cui Shi as the research object, through which Cao, the king of Qi, passed away. Cui Lin won the opportunity of the rise of Qinghe Cui Shi by serving Cao Wei regime. Under the influence of Cui Yan and Cui Lin brothers, Qinghe Cui Shi also became a famous family in the society at that time in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and its descendants were prominent in both marriage and official position, such as Cui Suiwei, son of Cui Lin, a servant of Jin Shangshu, and Cui Liang, grandson of Cui Yan, a servant of Jin Shangshu. By the early Northern Wei Dynasty, Cui Shi in Qinghe had studied and analyzed the historical materials of Sui and Tang Dynasties and the epitaphs of Cui Hong and Cui Shi family members, and outlined the existence and development of Cui Shi in Qinghe in Tang Dynasty, which was helpful to fully understand and grasp the development of aristocratic families in Tang Dynasty.
I. The development of Qinghe Cui Shi before Tang Dynasty Qinghe Cui Shi was first formed in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and Cui Yan and Cui Lin brothers played a key role in the formation of their family. Reflection? The Book of Wei (Volume 12) records that Cui Yan liked martial arts and fencing when he was young. At the age of 23, he began to read The Analects of Confucius and Korean poems, reaching the peak of his family. At that time, "every time I went to the suburban temple, my father and son took the porch, and people respected it at that time" [2] Volume 35 Volume 8. Cui Shi of Qinghe reached the peak of his family in the early Northern Wei Dynasty because Cui Shi and his son directly participated in learning Confucian classics from Zheng Xuan, a great master of the Northern Wei Dynasty, ranking first among Jizhou people, and was later appointed as the riding captain by Yuan Shaozheng. After Yuan Shao was defeated by Cao Cao, Cui Yan was taken over by Cao Cao. In the early days of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Cui Hong became an official title, and the writing date was 20 14- 10-08. About the author: Li Jiazhe (1986), male, born in Tangshan, Hebei Province, Ph.D. candidate, mainly engaged in the research on the history of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties. Wanfang data No.65438 +0 Li Jiazhe: Analysis on the Development of Qinghe Cui Shi in Tang Dynasty? 63? Instrument, music, laws and regulations, application for prohibition, [3] Volume 217 ",laid the foundation for the Northern Wei Dynasty to send Murong Baiyao to pacify Sanqi in the future and move to Dai Di with his family. It is also the foundation of the "home exhibition" and won the trust of Tuoba Fa, the Emperor of Daowu. After Cui Hong's death, his son, Ho Choi, attacked Baimagong, which lasted for three dynasties: Emperor Wu, Ming Yuan Di and Wu Tai. Courtesy, imperial edict and art of war are all involved. During his participation in politics, he refuted the suggestion of moving the capital, and advised Taizong to set up a prince early. Starting from attacking Liu Song, he broke the profile of Helianchang and Murong Baiyao, and sought favor to destroy the northern cool, which made great contributions to the Northern Wei Dynasty.
Once worshipped as the secretariat of Xiangzhou, added Dr. Zuo Guanglu, joined Juedonggong, worshipped Taiqing, added Shi Zhong and Tejin, and returned to the army as generals. At that time, he was poor, careless and self-employed [3] Volume 66,1"o, when Chong was in power, was called Big Cui Sheng, called Little Cui Sheng, and called his brother and son" Big Cui Sheng ". Sure enough, Cui Guang is still developed, and Cui Liang is as prominent as Cui Guang. At the time of emperor Gaozu, "Liang Zheng was also an official minister, and Russia moved to the prince's house, moved Zhongshu to be an assistant minister, and still served as an official minister, leading Qingzhou Dazheng" [3] Volume 66 16. Politically, the grand military plan "ministers can't decide, they should consult Hao first, and then implement it" [2], volume 55, volume 8, which shows its great political influence. In addition, Shen Lian made a clear decision on the relationship between monarch and ministers, and Cui Liang's participation in the election of officials in the Northern Wei Dynasty in the past ten years. As the chief executive, Mei Yun said, "If you are not a doctor, you should not choose anything" [3] Volume 66, which shows its influence in the Northern Wei regime. In fact, "sai-jo is so lucky that he can't catch up with his belt. He has food, food and delicacy. Sai-jo spins and lifts chopsticks or tastes them ... He leads Hao in and out of the bedroom, and his pet is like this. " [2] Volume 35 8 18. However, at the peak of the family, the family represented by Ho Choi in Qinghe Cui Shi was managed by Cui Guang and Cui Liang in the late Northern Wei Dynasty, and the family business of Qinghe Cui Shi was revived, and its position as a northern gentry leader was re-established. There were many prominent family members in the subsequent regime.
For example, during the Western Wei Dynasty, Cui, the ninth grandson of Cui Lin, was worshipped as a general in the town east because of his active opposition to the Eastern Wei Dynasty, but his branch suffered a devastating blow. The fundamental reason is that many Xianbei nobles were offended by the reform measures during Ho Choi's administration, which triggered a very serious contradiction between Han scholars and Xianbei nobles. In the fourteenth year of Datong, Dr. Jin Guanglu, who was knighted because of his broken family, was added to the posts of abstinence, riding a general, riding a general, riding a regular servant and riding a minister of agriculture. In the early years of North Zhou Shizong, the direct reason why a title of generals in ancient times suffered a great blow was that Ho Choi wrote a straight book when compiling national history, and made no secret of the disgraceful events in the history of Tuoba nationality, and set up a national history monument compiled by him on the thoroughfare road. In the case against Ho Choi, Mao put him in prison and punished him. At the trial, Ho Choi admitted that he had taken bribes, so Taizu sentenced Ho Choi to death. "Qinghe Cui Shi has no distance, john young Lushi, Taiyuan Shiguo, Hedong Liushi, all in-laws, all barbarians" [2] Volume 35 Volume 8. Qinghe Cui Shi was almost destroyed, and this main residential branch, represented by Ho Choi, almost disappeared. Other important housing branches, such as Cui Wei, the grandson of Cui Yan VI, were also sentenced to death in Liang Wudi, and Cui Rui, the grandson of Cui Wei, was also named as the "Traffic General and the Third Division of Kaifu Instrument". During Emperor Wendi's Fuzheng period, he asked Wang Yi to crusade against Sima, in order to get rid of difficulties, attack and grant generals, enter the Duke of Juedong, and eat 2,000 households. Another example is Cui Yong, the son of Cui Xiuzhi, who wrote in the early years of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, "In order to serve readers, books are banned, and Xuzhou secretariat is searched, 300 Guangzong poems and 1,000 Qinghe poems are given" [4] Volume 22 Volume 3, Gao Qi Tianbao Nian asked, "In addition to serving middle school students, supervise daily life, take advantage of detailed preparations, attend ceremonies, and not seal Xinfeng County people" [4].
It can be seen that after the late Northern Wei Dynasty, Cui Shi in Qinghe had firmly established the status of an aristocratic family, both in official career and marriage. External punishment "[2] Volume 52, Issue 7. At this point, Qinghe Cui Shi can be described as "three generations have accumulated for more than 50 years, and all the doors in the north have been closed" [2] Volume 22, Volume 7. After this attack, Cui Shi, who lived in Wucheng, east of Qinghe River in Jizhou, had a fault phenomenon, and this setback was not changed until the late Northern Wei Dynasty. After the Northern Wei Dynasty, the policies of the Tang Dynasty and the development of aristocratic families. Liu Chongchuan recorded: "Crossing the river is the surname of overseas Chinese, and Wang, Xie, Yuan and Xiao are big; In the southeast, Wu is the surname, and Zhu, Zhang, Gu and Lu are the biggest. Shandong is the surname of the county, and Wang, Cui, Lu, Li and Zheng are big; Guan Zhong is also a county surname, Wei, Pei, Liu, Xue, Yang and Du Shouzhi; Northern Lushi, Yuan, Changsun Shi, Yuwen, Yu, Lu, Yuan and Qi, Emperor Xiaowen and Emperor Xiaowu vigorously carried out reforms, promoted rites and music, and changed the old style. This social atmosphere of reform provided Qinghe Cui Shi with a profound family tradition with a chance to make a comeback, and Cui Guang and Cui Liang in Cui Shi also took this opportunity to re-establish the social status of Qinghe Cui Shi. Cui Guang's "poor family, studious, plowing day and night, with adoptive parents unintentionally writing" [3] Volume 67 ","Murong Baiyao moved to his hometown with his father after pacifying Sanqi, so that he was praised by Gaozu as "the vast Yellow River flooded the east, consolidating today's literate Sect" [3] Volume 67 ". With his profound academic knowledge, at the age of 30, Cui Guang was worshipped by Gaozu Justin as a doctor of Chinese calligraphy, and later he was transferred as assistant minister of Chinese calligraphy, serving assistant minister of Huangmen, and was deeply appreciated and relied on by Gaozu.
At the beginning of Sejong's accession to the throne, Cui Guang, in addition to the secretariat, also joined the ranks of General Town East. After Sejong's death, Cui Guang was promoted to the top of the four fights by Su Zong because he shared Emperor Xiaoming with Yu Zhong. [5] In the 199th volume, these aristocratic families, through their deep family origins and complicated marriage relations, worked hard with the ruling class to participate in the political rule of past dynasties, which is one of the important angles of the social ruling class; On the other hand, with strong local strength and strong exclusivity, they broke away from the unified government and formed a highly independent local power. After the war at the end of Sui Dynasty, the rulers of Li Tang relied on Guanlong Group to achieve reunification. However, due to the existence of aristocratic families all over the country at that time, how to eliminate the independence of aristocratic families and realize social unity has become a problem that Li Tang rulers must solve. In this regard, from the beginning of Emperor Taizong, the rulers of the Tang Dynasty have been running through a policy of "absorbing aristocratic family members to become officials, but resolutely weakening their social expectations and aristocratic privileges". For example, at the beginning of Emperor Taizong's reign, because "Shandong scholars valued reading, but later declined, and their descendants still failed to live up to the expectations of the world", they took "social disciple, Taibao, 465,438+0" as their official rank in Volume 95. Besides its important position, its eleven sons were named after it because of Cui Guang. Such as Cui Dong's "father's wind, remembering everything, riding an assistant minister straight away, general Ningyuan, Qinghe magistrate" [3] Volume 67, "Official to Han Bookstore phenomenon, so that Gao Shilian, Wei Ting and others rebuild the genealogy of the world, not to mention a few generations ago, only with this official title as the level.
Cui Liang, like Cui Guang, is in the data of Wan Fang? 64? The standards in Volume 28 of Journal of Tangshan University re-established the position of different political groups in the ruling class. Therefore, in the genealogy finally promulgated by Emperor Taizong, Cui Gan, who was ranked first in the old place, was reduced to the third place, while the first and second places were occupied by the royal family and consorts who were at the center of power at that time. In addition, in order to crack down on the phenomenon that the gentry in Shandong still married her, Emperor Taizong deliberately "took the home of a famous minister in the contemporary era and never left the gentry in Shandong" [5] Hen 95 Volume 3 "2. In this way, I tried to snub the custom of marrying her boasted by Shandong gentry. Since then, during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, Xu requested to revise and edit the Genealogy because it did not contain the original hope of Wuhou, and compiled it into a surname record. During the reconstruction, the standard for selecting gentry was to disregard the expectations of the family, but to take the rank of the current official as the revised standard. At that time, it was recorded in the history that "those who got five grades were promoted to Jinshi, so those who got five grades and those who had military achievements were limited to books and [5] volumes 95". However, many famous families did not have the opportunity to rely on Cui Shi for development in the Tang Dynasty. From the above analysis, it can be seen that the aristocratic families did not lose their position and influence in society because of the suppression of the rulers of the Tang Dynasty. But by sticking to their excellent family style and making appropriate adjustments, they successfully adapted to the development of society. Similarly, Qinghe Cui Shi, as one of several important aristocratic families, has always adhered to its own family style and tradition in this social environment to consolidate its existing social status, and at the same time made some positive changes to cope with the pressure of the government.
Mr. Qian Mu believes that an aristocratic family "wants to give people in the family, from virtuous fathers and brothers to excellent children, for two main purposes: one is to hope that they can become filial friends, and the other is to cultivate classics, literature and history. These two hopes are integrated into a tutor, and the performance of the former becomes a family style, and the latter becomes a family study. According to Mr. Qian Mu's conclusion, the foothold of aristocratic families in society during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties mainly includes two aspects, one is family style, and the other is family study. For these two requirements, Qinghe Cui Shi is no exception. You can choose your own family through your own values. After the compilation of the Records of Surnames, Li Yifu called for the collection of clan records in the world to be burned and dedicated to the Records of Surnames, which further dealt a blow to the aristocratic families. Moreover, Li Yifu, unable to propose to the Wei surname in Guandong and the old surname of Qi, also requested the imperial edict to prohibit Kai Lee, one of the seven surnames of Longxi, Taiyuan, Xingyang, Fanyang, Lv Ziqian, Lv Hun, Cui Zongbo of Qinghe, Cui, Cui Yi and Jin Zhaojun of Qianyanboling, from marrying himself, and the bride price should not exceed 300 horses. From then on, Ho Choi, who made Qinghe Cui Shi reach the peak of his family, was even more "less good at literature, learned from classics and history, mysterious as Yin and Yang, and accepted the words of a hundred schools of thought, good at justice and reason, far behind others", [2] Volume 25, Volume 8. It can be seen that Cui Shi in Qinghe had a good family tradition before entering the Tang Dynasty, and this tradition was well continued after entering the Tang Dynasty.
For example, in the epitaph of the Tang Dynasty, there are many statements praising the tomb owner's eagerness to learn before his death. In the preface to the epitaph of Cui Jun, the magistrate of Longbiao County, Wuzhou, Tang Dynasty, it said: "Cuigong Temple is an outstanding festival in the year. Although it is thousands of miles away, it is a collection of fireflies and it is made in three winters. " [10] 7 (Preface to the epitaph of Wei, a great scholar who studied martial arts in imperial academy before the Tang Dynasty) praised Cui Yun for saying: "Choose clothes and avoid seats, learn the four subjects, and drum up the hall and think about the six classics. "In addition, there are 200 prince five products and 100 prince six products and seven products, with the intention of effectively curbing the social atmosphere of intermarriage between aristocratic families and getting married with more money through administrative means. From the policy point of view, in order to consolidate the position of the ruling group and eliminate the barriers between different regions and different classes, the Tang government completely restricted aristocratic families in various regions. Unfortunately, it backfired. From the perspective of the whole Tang society, the central government's policy of cracking down on aristocratic families did not receive the expected effect from the beginning, and even in the later period, even the Tang royal family had to yield to aristocratic families. For example, during the period of Emperor Taizong, although Emperor Taizong chose a wife for the king and a husband for the princess, he first chose the home of a famous minister. However, while these aristocratic families were married to the royal family, they also maintained their marriage relationship with the aristocratic family. For example, Fang, Li Xun, a famous minister in the period of Emperor Taizong, all remarried with a big family. During the reign of Emperor Gaozong, the reason why Li Yifu wrote a letter forbidding the marriage of a noble family was also Li Yifu's revenge for his son's failure to propose to a noble family.
The minister not only kept the marriage relationship with the aristocratic family, but also the royal family began to intermarry with the aristocratic family during the Xianzong period. For example, Xian Zong wrote to the Prime Minister, "In the house of a noble family, the princess was chosen" [6]. Since then, the literate Sect has been the true source, and Princess Lin Zhen chose Minister Dong Xian and Taiwei Qinghe Cui to "learn from Zuo's Spring and Autumn Period, Shangshu, Analects of Confucius and be filial, and get the first place" [1]. It can be seen that the good family tradition was still passed down after Cui Shi entered the Tang Dynasty. In addition to the continuation of family studies, Qinghe Cui Shi's insistence on family style is also strict. As an aristocratic family in feudal society, Cui Shi strictly abides by the Confucian tradition in adhering to his own family style. The epitaph says that children and grandchildren can be filial to their adoptive parents and friendly to their brothers. For example, when Cui Xin was seven years old, he was familiar with the Book of Filial Piety. When I was a child, I accidentally hurt my hand when I was playing, because I was worried about "body hair, parents, dare not hurt". At the age of thirteen, in order to follow the mourners, "I didn't drink a spoonful for seven days and didn't taste a bite of salt and cheese for a year." I am extremely courteous, and not only adults. " "Holy calendar." . Another example is the Tang Dynasty, which went to the suburbs of Changzhou to join the army and attacked Cui Liqian, the founder of Wucheng County. "I have been worried about it for three years, and I want to choose from noble families because I am sad about horses. I said to the Prime Minister, "Civil marriage is not official property, but it is still worth reading. My son of heaven is 200 years old. Can't I take care of Cui He? " [5] From the article 172, paragraph 5 "5", it can be seen that the royal family in the Tang Dynasty began to show some self-confidence in front of aristocratic families.
Later, Xuanzong blamed Princess Wanshou for going to the Jean Temple Theater when her brother-in-law Arqie was dying, and lamented: "It's all because the scholar-officials don't want to marry me." [7]. At this time, the royal family in Li Tang knew that in the early years of Dali, Mrs. Li Juntai in Longxi County was worried and mourned and ruined the ceremony, almost ruining sex "[10]" 28 yuan 12". Guo Yu can faithfully perform his duties. For example, Cui Long in the Xuanzong period, in order to sacrifice to Ze Zai, he "pushed the heart of fairness and integrity, followed the path of quietness and simplicity, and gave them hard labor, a place to shelter, a city of Kangtai, a song of the neighborhood, ["]23]" Dazhong 09 ". At the local level, he set an example and educated the people. Later, Cui Jia was regarded as the green symbol of Zhao Si. Because of her princess's disappointing behavior, she completely lost her psychological advantage over the noble family with good family style, and began to admire the noble family's good family style and reflect on her disrespect for her manners. The suppression of aristocratic families in the Tang Dynasty only achieved the effect of "helping if you want to destroy" [8]. The area around Gyeonggi has always been difficult to treat because of its numerous strongmen. However, Cui Yun changed his previous soft tactics, saying, "If you want to be chaotic and treacherous, don't avoid being strong and imperial, there will be a coup in Gyeonggi." Therefore, Wan Fang Information No.65438 +0 Li Jiazhe: An analysis of the development of Qinghe Cui Shi in Tang Dynasty? 65? The first step of moving to Fengfeng, Fengling City, is half of famous families. After the floods and droughts, people still fled everywhere. After you get off the bus, try to attract Fusui and restrain its merger. "The blood is weak, hazelnut is careless, and the officials dare not cheat, and the people are happy." [IO] 23 ""Dazhong 0 ""Cui Guanghuan's way of being an official, not only has a difficult future, but some people choose to live in seclusion in the mountains, such as Cui A of the times, "Grandfather Kao" and so on, and they are eager to escape, honor the official, and stay idle, [""Changqing L "；; During the kaiyuan period, Cui Shouyue's "Father Hong Gui ... closed his door and refused to be an official, making an excellent tour by repairing his ointment, and no generation was bored"] 1 "Kaiyuan 27".
Some people choose to return home, such as the father of Cui Shi in Tianbao period, "Qing Zhen is not an official, and he is happy to keep the weir garden. In the Spring and Autumn Period, nine times out of ten, he finally got a private room "[10] 16" (Tianbao 12). Some people even chose to follow the advice of businessmen for the benefit, which also dealt a heavy blow to powerful forces and completed the appointment of the court dutifully. In addition, the women of Cui Shi family in Qinghe were influenced by the fine family style since childhood. When Qinghe Cui Shi married other noble families, she was often called in-laws because of her diligent housekeeping, loving her aunt and uncle and loyalty to her in-laws. For example, Cui Shu, Mrs. Wang Xiao of Taiyuan, said that "it is the law to be filial to your aunt and make an appointment with yourself" [10] and "Yuan 24"; Cui Shi, the wife of Lu Zhan, the bride of Taichang Temple in Tang Dynasty, tried to be a woman, such as Cui Jing in Daiwa period. Although she was born in a virtuous family and determined to learn Confucianism [] 2 (Taihe 07), she had to study hard to make a living because she didn't get the opportunity to be an official all her life. Tao, at home and abroad, his uncle (that is, his father) Lin Chuan died, dysprosium was lonely and childless, and there was no difference in life "[10]" Zhenyuan "; In short, Qinghe Cui Shi still maintained a high social status in the Tang Dynasty, but this high social status was no longer brought and maintained by the privileges of aristocratic families because of the policy of restraining aristocratic families implemented by the rulers of the Tang Dynasty, but was realized by aristocratic families with their profound family strength and excellent family style, which is consistent with their objective social strength. Cui Shi, the wife of Lv Gong, devoted herself to "catching my uncle, being filial to my ambition, respecting my heart and trying to support me" [1.
] "86 resistance and 0 "'; Try Zuonei's wife, Cao Zhou, who led the government to join Pei Jianjun. "Filial piety is only filial piety, and she respects menstruation, so is support, [10]" (Yuan He 07). As can be seen from the above, in the case that the Tang government suppressed the aristocratic families constantly, Cui Shi of Qinghe firmly established the foundation of his existence and development in the Tang society by sticking to his own family studies and traditions, and still remained a reference in the ruling class: [1] Chen Shou. Three Kingdoms: Volume 12 [m]. Pei Songzhi, note. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 65438. However, due to the loss of some privileges of aristocratic families in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Cui Shi in Qinghe has also changed in the new social environment. This change is mainly reflected in the way out for Cui Shi family members in Qinghe, and there is an unbalanced development among family members. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the implementation of the nine-product system and the door shadow system enabled members of aristocratic families to enter official positions [2] Wei Wei Shou Shu [m]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1984. [3] [4] li yanshou. Northern history [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1974. Li Bai medicine. Beiqi Book [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1974. Ouyang Xiu, Song Qi. At that time, people easily entered the official career by virtue of their family background and the shadow of their parents. However, after entering the Tang Dynasty, with the establishment of the imperial examination system, it broke the gentry's monopoly on official career since the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties [6]. Old Tang Books: Volume 168 [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1975: 438 1. [7] Sima Guang. Zi Jian: Volume 248 [
Although in the Tang Dynasty, many people in Cui Shi, Qinghe entered the ruling class of the Tang Dynasty, most of them no longer got the opportunity to be an official through the imperial examination by virtue of their profound family tradition. For example, Cao Cao, a scholar, joined the army at the end of the Tang Dynasty. "The weak crown learned from the early Ming Dynasty, and the brown book was awarded to Chongwen Pavilion, ["] 16" Bao Bao17 "; Cao Cuijie, a trusted official in the Tang Dynasty, wrote The Fourteen Classics [8] in Lv Simian. History of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2005: 667. [9] Qian Mu. On the relationship between academic culture and family status in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties [J]. Journal of New Asia,1963,5 (. 1992. Zhou Shaoliang, Zhao Chao. Compilation of epitaphs in Tang Dynasty [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 200 1: 1074 (Xiantong 053). (Editor: Xia Yuling)No. Cui Liqian, a scholar in Changzhou in the Tang Dynasty, joined the army. "After studying as a child, I studied at Murong Baiyao, stayed up all night, and was sixteen years old, preparing for the Ming Sutra in imperial academy"] "28' Zhenyuan 1'". However, due to the competition in the process of selecting scholars in the imperial examination, the internal development of Cui Shi family members in Qinghe began to appear unbalanced, and some family members began to encounter difficulties in their way out. To cope with the loss of privileges (continued from 6 1 page), press, 1993: 32 1-325. [4] 0 1 ivor reference: [1] Li Hongbo. On freedom of association under civil and political rights [J].2004 (8): 69-7 1. Wendell Holmes [J]. Common law [m] Boston: Doris, Kearns Goodwin, 2005:1881-1892. [5] Sue. 200 1 (5): 6-9. (Editor: Xia Yuling) [2] Yang Tiren. Overview of labor and human resource management [M]. Beijing: China Materials Publishing House, 2000: 856-860. [3] Chang Kai and Zhang Derong. General theory of trade union law [M].