The planning and launching of war is the activity of "meat eaters". Individuals who are forced to be involved in it can't grasp their own destiny, just like leaves fluttering with the wind, little guys drifting with the tide, letting them play with their destiny at will, all of which are involuntary fatigue, sadness, suffering, disease, aging and death, and they can only sigh and scream in the sky. This is probably the only right and "property" left by ordinary soldiers.
With this right to sing sad songs, you won't offend your Excellency! The anxiety of homelessness, the boredom of living without a fixed place, the toil and fatigue of repeated battles and defeats, the pain of missing hometown, the feeling of personal fate, the hatred of the invading enemy, the yearning for a peaceful and peaceful life, the sadness of touching the scene, the fear of impermanence of fate, and the endless waiting are all impacting sensitive and anxious hearts all the time. Singing them out is a kind of self-care and self-comfort, just like an injured animal, licking its own wounds, enduring its own pain and experiencing its own sadness.
If even the desire and instinct to cry are lost after the injury, it will be completely numb and materialized. For a soul accustomed to fate, pain and sadness, hardship, hardship and fatigue are not terrible. What is terrible is that I have lost my spirituality and vitality as a living individual.
Sensitivity to sadness and pain not only shows the individual's real concern about his own living situation, but also shows the individual's self-awareness and will. The expression of sadness and pain is not only a helpless sigh and sorrow, but also a unique expression of unwillingness to endure pain and yield to fate. What it wants to tell us is "I am sad, I am miserable, I am helpless, but I don't want to, I refuse to accept it, I also have my own yearning and pursuit, and I have my own value and dignity."
Individuals who can think and do this are actually not "small". From the point of view of his inability to control his own destiny, he is weak; Judging from his unwillingness to yield to fate and his own pursuit, he is remarkable. Because of this, it is not a simple thing to sing your inner sadness and pain. Even if the singer himself seems to do this inadvertently, his deep motivation is obvious.
The whole life is like a war. If you are alive, you will be forced to get involved in this war, and you will have survival experiences such as sadness, pain, worry, fear, despair, yearning, pursuit, helplessness and so on. Poetry expressing these experiences is itself a touching philosophy of existence. Appreciate 02
In the cold winter, it was raining and snowing, and a retired recruiter was walking home alone. The road is rugged, hungry and thirsty; But the border is getting farther and farther, and the towns are getting closer and closer. At the moment, he looks at his hometown and looks back on the past and the present, but his thoughts are complicated and mixed. Hard military life, fierce battle scenes, countless times to climb to the top of the mountain, scenes reappeared in front of me. Picking Wei is such an ancient chess piece three thousand years ago, and it is a work of reminiscence and sigh on the way home. Its category belongs to Xiaoya, but it is very similar to the national style.
The whole poem consists of six chapters, divided into three layers. Since it is a memory on the way home, I will write it in flashback. The first three chapters are one layer, recalling homesickness and describing the reasons for being unable to return. The first four sentences of these three chapters express homesickness and yearning for home in a step-by-step way. Over time, this kind of mood has become more and more urgent and unbearable. The first sentence begins with picking the EU, but the EU is both prosperous and rich. Because Osmunda japonica is edible, the guards are picking Osmunda japonica to satisfy their hunger. Therefore, this casual sentence is a verbal prospect, reflecting the hardships of the soldiers guarding the border. The "picking Wei" of frontier soldiers is indistinguishable from the "picking flies" and "picking mulberry" of women in their hometown. Garrison is not only hard, but also long. Step by step, Wei Yeting Stop, Soft Stop and Just Stop vividly describe the growth process of Osmunda japonica from breaking ground to germination, to tender seedlings, and then to hard stems and leaves. Together with "the year can't stop" and "the year can't stop", it means the passage of time and the long-term garrison. At dusk at the beginning of the year, things change, "I will go back to my hometown", but I have not returned for a long time; How can a guard who is always in danger of his life not be "worried"? So, why is it so difficult to return to the garrison? The last four sentences are explained layer by layer: being far away from home is because of the suffering of armadillos; Because of frequent wars, the garrison is uncertain; There is no time to rest, because there is no end to kings. The root cause is the "ghost cause". "History of Han Xiongnu Biography" said: "When (Zhou) became king, the royal family declined, and Rong Di invaded China. China suffered from it, and the poet started it. When I am sick, I sing:' It' s embarrassing to break the family and die.' " This can be regarded as the background of the work "Picking Wei". For the suffering of armadillos, ordinary people have the responsibility to guard the service. In this way, on the one hand, it is homesickness complex, on the other hand, it is fighting consciousness. The first three chapters are intertwined with personal homesickness and the sense of responsibility for going to disaster for the country, which are two contradictory and equally true thoughts and feelings. In fact, this also constitutes the emotional tone of the whole poem, but personal homesickness and sense of responsibility for fighting have different manifestations in different chapters.
The fourth and fifth chapters describe the tense life of marching operations. He wrote about the strength of military capabilities and the strictness of vigilance, and the whole article did this. Its emotional appeal has also changed from sad homesickness to passionate fighting. These two chapters and four sentences have the same meaning and can be read in four layers. In the first four sentences of the four chapters, the poet asked himself and answered, "the gentleman's car" is raised with "the wisdom of maintaining stability", which shows the unique pride of soldiers. Then two battle scenes are described around the chariot: "The chariot is driving and the four industries are fighting. I dare to decide, 1 I will be happy on March 3. " This generally describes the mighty military capacity, high morale and frequent wars; "Driving four stallions, four stallions. The gentleman depends on it, and the villain flies. " This describes in detail the scene of foot soldiers following the chariot under the cover of the chariot and under the command of the general. Finally, from the battle scene, the soldier's equipment reads: "Four rows of wings, like a fish suit." The horse is strong, well-trained, well-armed and invincible. Soldiers are ready every day, just because the armadillo is rampant. "Don't quit every day, there are holes and thorns in the armadillo", which not only reflects the situation on the border at that time, but also explains the reason why it is difficult to return for a long time. According to the description of military life in these two chapters, Mao Xu thinks that "Picking Wei" is a poem of "sending troops to defend" to persuade soldiers. This is inconsistent with poetry. Judging from the contradictory feelings expressed in the whole poem, the defenders have both homesickness and overall situation, and it seems that there is no lack of responsibility for the rise and fall of the country. Therefore, it is natural to recall the fighting life in where will you go yesterday on the long way home.
The emotional theme that runs through the whole article is the sadness of homesickness. Perhaps the sudden snowflake woke the garrison, and he returned to reality from his memory, and then fell into deeper sadness. Remembering the past and remembering the present, how can I not be sad? "I left yesterday, willow, a.. I think about it today, it's raining. " This is the time to write the scene, which is more lyrical. Individual life exists in time. In the context changes of "today" and "past", "coming" and "gone", "snowy rain" and "willow tree", the guards deeply experienced the waste of life, the passage of life and the denial of life value by war. Unparalleled literary feelings are new through the ages. Today, people can't help feeling sad when they read these four sentences, mainly because they feel the deep feeling of life passing in the poetic realm. "Walking slowly, thirsty and hungry", coupled with the long journey home, dangerous road, insufficient luggage and hunger and cold, this imminent life dilemma deepened his sadness. "Delaying walking" seems to include the guards' worries about their parents and wives. In a few years, it is impossible to know whether you will be hired or not. When this kind of return comes, the fear of "now, approaching my village and meeting people, I dare not ask a question" (Tang who crossed the Han River) will inevitably appear. However, in this rainy wilderness, no one knows and no one comforts; "My heart is sad, but I don't know that I am sad", and the whole poem ends in this lonely and helpless lament. Throughout the poem, the typical significance of the dominant emotion is not to express the feelings of sending troops to fight, but to separate individuals from the battlefield under the background of the war conflict between the retreating dynasty and barbarians, expressing the inner world of the defenders who have been defending for a long time and are worried about their way home, thus showing Zhou people's disgust and disgust at war. Cai Wei seems to be the originator of war-weary poems throughout the ages.
In art, "I used to be absent, and the willows were reluctant." I think it's raining today ",which is called one of the best poems in" Three Hundred Poems ". The Southern Dynasties' Selected Works of Kasper? has been evaluated for more than 500 years. Wang Fuzhi's poems in Jiangzhai have become the poet's mantra, that is, "To write mourning with joy, to mourn for Syaraku, to double his sorrow and joy" and Liu Xizai's "artistic program" have become the poet's favorite words. The sentence patterns of "past" and "present" have been repeatedly imitated by poets, such as Cao Zhi's "Frost begins, and the present reveals itself" (love poems), and "Yesterday's words are not plain autumn, but the present is full of China" (autumn Hu poems), and so on. (Chen Wenzhong) Appreciation 03
On the Beauty of the Last Chapter of Picking Wei
Xiao Ya Cai Wei is a poem written in the tone of a soldier returning from a distant garrison, recalling his life in the war. The whole poem consists of 6 chapters (65438+ 0 chapter for every 8 sentences), inspired by Cai Wei. The first five chapters focus on the hardships of defending the border, strong homesickness and the reasons why I can't go home for a long time. The last chapter ends the poem with a deep emotion, which is touching. Yu Run in the Qing Dynasty said in the original Book of Songs: "The beauty of this poem lies in the last chapter. True feelings, learn from mistakes. Don't have deep meaning, it is unspeakable, so I don't know that I am sad. " Liu Yiqing in the Southern Song Dynasty recorded in Shi Shuo Xin Yu Literature: "Recently, due to a gathering of disciples, I asked Shi Mao what was the best sentence. Xie Xuan said:' I have been there, Liu Yiyi; I think it will rain today. ..... This sentence is a bit elegant. "What makes people admire these four sentences so much? Wang Fuzhi of the Qing Dynasty said: "I used to go, and the willows were reluctant; I think it will rain today. Write mourning happily, mourn Syaraku sadly, and double its sadness and happiness. " (Jiang Zhai Shi Hua, Volume 4) He pays attention to the opposition and complementary relationship between scenery to grasp its unique artistic effect. This view has been recognized by some scholars, such as Appreciation of Poetry in Pre-Qin, Han, Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties: "If you really find the beauty of this sentence, you should push Wang Fuzhi. In Jiang Zhai Shi Hua, he pointed to the source of the heart (according to the quotation, he wrote a happy scene with a sad scene) ... Generally speaking, the realm of poetry creation is the blending of scenes ... but this poem is just the opposite. To cut, sad also; Please come, please go. To sing willow, to sigh rain and snow. It is precisely by grasping the contradiction between emotion and scenery that the poet uses the method of contrast. It profoundly and powerfully shows the sorrow of the border guards. " (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1998, p. 44) But many people think this view is not worth adopting. Chang Sen pointed out in Homesickness-A New Interpretation: "In fact, although the sentence" I was away, Liu Yiyi "can be said to describe the sadness when I left home for war," now that I think about it, it's raining "is definitely not" mourning for Syaraku ". When the hero in the poem came back, he clearly said,' Walking in the street is slow, carrying thirst and hunger. I am sad in my heart, I don't know that I am sad. "What's the point? Where can we talk about mourning Syaraku? As long as we fully grasp the various elements provided by the poet, we can find that' rain and snow' is quite similar to' writing mourning with mourning scenes'. " (Knowledge of Literature and History, No.6, 2005, p.40)
How to treat these two different views? We have to go back to the understanding of the original text of Wang Fuzhi's Jiang Zhai Shi Hua. I think, for "'I have passed, and the willows are reluctant; Today, when I think about it, I have two understandings of this passage: "Rain and snow are raining" to write sadness with joy, to mourn Syaraku, and its sadness and joy are multiplied ":
One is the comment that "write mourning with joy and mourn Syaraku" and the first four sentences describing the scenery "I have been there, and the willows are reluctant; Today, when I think about it, there is a corresponding relationship between rain and snow, that is, "Willow Yiyi" is a "jubilant scene", which is used to write people's grief about leaving home; " Rain and snow "is a" sad scene ",which is used to write the joy of returning home after a long separation, so as to achieve the artistic expression effect of" double sadness and joy ".
One is "Mourning for Syaraku", which refers to the technique of scene contrast in poetry creation, and has a unique artistic expression effect, that is, "double sorrow and joy". In the poem "Picking Wei", "I have been there, Liu Yiyi; Now that I think about it, the phrase "it's raining and snowing" is used in this way, but there is no corresponding relationship.
According to the first understanding, poetry does have a far-fetched feeling. The first three chapters of this poem repeatedly express the sadness that the soldiers who have been guarding for a long time are homesick and can't go home. Although there is a slight turning point in the writing in Chapter Four or Five, the urgency and difficulty of describing the garrison and the war not only reflect the situation in the border area at that time, but also explain the reasons why it is difficult to return for a long time, and the homesickness is still quietly contained in it. In addition to these four sentences, the last chapter directly points out that the protagonist's mood is "I am sad, I don't know that I am sad", and the sadness is beyond words. On the whole, we can't find any indication that Rainy Rain is "mourning Syaraku".
According to the second understanding, the above contradiction seems to have been solved. To cut, sad also; Please come, please go. This is human nature. But when you get home, you should be "happy" but not "happy" because of the worries caused by "rain and snow". This is also "contrast". It is this disharmony between love and scenery that makes the expression of sadness more profound and powerful. It is the so-called "taking advantage of its sorrows and joys" here. "Ai Le" is a compound word with partial meaning, and its semantics is biased towards "Ai Le". "In the past, when I was away, there was another village." You can double its sadness with "happy scenery"; "Today, I think it's raining and snowing" is a sad scene, and this kind of sadness is caused by being "happy" but not "happy", and its effect can be doubled. To sum up the effects of these four sentences, it is simply "adding to its sorrow." Wang Fuzhi also said in Volume III of Biography of Stone Light: "Those who make good use of their feelings do not gather the glory of heaven and earth, but benefit their own sorrows and joys." This sentence points out that the purpose of poetry scenery writing is to express emotions, and after achieving the purpose of lyricism, the scenery itself is no longer important. It's like "you care about words because you forget them proudly" and "the scenery falls in love because you forget the scenery affectionately"!
The emotional theme of the poem "Picking Wei" is the sadness of homesickness. This emotion is mainly reflected in the repeated use of words in the first three chapters and the special expressive force in the last chapter; And the special expressive force of the last chapter is the main reason why Cai Wei has become a masterpiece through the ages:
First, the clever use of scene contrast techniques.
Of course, this contrast does not mean the first understanding mentioned above: Liu Yi Yi is an artistic effect of "writing mourning with joy" and Rain Belt is an artistic effect of "mourning Syaraku and taking advantage of its sadness and joy". Instead, I use the joy of "willow trees in the shade" to set off the sadness of staying away from home. This is the beginning of the sadness of the garrison. The joy that should have been enjoyed when I went home was replaced by the anxiety of "Now, I am close to my village, I dare not ask anyone" (Tang's Crossing the Han River), which was born out of my long-term absence from home. In addition, the experience of going home with "walking slowly, thirsty and hungry" and the impact of the natural scenery of "rain and snow" on the inner feelings of the protagonist have produced the sadness of "I am sad, but I don't know I am sad", which is also a contrast to the "joy" that should have existed. This contrast between reality and human nature has a greater impact on the lyric hero's heart, especially in the effect of "increasing his sadness and rejoicing". The original meaning of lyric in the poem "Picking Wei" is to express the inner feelings of soldiers who have been observing and worrying for a long time, which can be summarized as "mourning" in one word, and mourning runs through the whole poem. It is this bitter sorrow that makes the lyric of the poem change from simple homesickness to the waste, passing and denial of life value experienced by individual life in the context of "today" and "past", "coming" and "going", "rain and snow" and "yearning for willow", making picking Wei a unique literary feeling. Otherwise, only in the first five chapters, poetry becomes a simple memory of past war life and an ordinary homesickness, and the shocking power of poetry art is impossible to talk about. As Yu Run said in the Primitive Book of Songs in Qing Dynasty: "Otherwise, why bother if Kay has a good time?" And pointed out that this poem is "far-reaching, beyond words." The "profound meaning" he said is precisely here!
Second, the aesthetic level of image capture is high.
"The three stages of human aesthetic psychology can be summarized as feeling, image and realm. The aesthetic experience of human beings begins with "feeling", which is second to "image" and ends with "environment" (Xue Fuxing's Sense, Image and Environment-On the Three Stages and Times of Aesthetic Feeling, Journal of Yantai University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), June 2005, 5438+ 10). The first five chapters of the poem "Picking Wei" are all emotional pens. Inspired by picking Wei, they write a long-lost homesickness; The last chapter, with only 32 words, uses two typical images: "willow is crying" and "rain is raining" to create a perfect realm of scene blending, showing profound aesthetic significance.
In the field of writing, image is generally interpreted as the perceptual image of objective things in the concept formed on the basis of perception and permeated with the subjective feelings of the creative subject. "The past is gone, and there is another village", and we are about to start a life of "not having enough food and clothing". The desolation of the protagonist's mood is naturally unspeakable. Although the "willow" in "Yi Yi" represents a gentle homesickness, "it is good to stay at home for a thousand days, but it is difficult to go out for a while", and happiness soon passed. This poem "Liu" also witnessed the sad parting of the lyric hero, and entrusted the hero with homesickness and the sadness of meeting for life. The scene of the object and the emotion of the subject complement each other, setting off a miserable picture far away from home. The image of "willow" with the connotation of attachment and parting became a proper term to describe parting in later works, and developed into the custom of "breaking the willow to bid farewell" in the Tang Dynasty. I want to come today, it's raining and snowing. This untimely rain and snow replaced the joy that the hero should have when he was about to return to his hometown, and reflected his sadness about the impermanence of life and his feelings about things being different when he recalled his life when he returned home. This melancholy mood of "wanting to talk about rest" and "wanting to stop" made him walk slowly, thirsty and hungry. I am sad, I don't know that I am sad. " Long road, painful suffering, endless sadness in my heart. It's a long way to go, Xiu Yuan, and sorrow will continue. Who can understand this endless sadness? The whole poem is full of sentimental feelings about life and the true feelings brewed by the painful life of border guards. It spread to the willow tree in Yiyi, condensed in the falling snowflakes, and permeated in the long journey of life.
Environment is born of images, and the combination of images produces artistic conception. Wang Guowei said: "Those who can describe the scenery and the true feelings are called the realm." Realm is also called artistic conception. The last chapter of "Picking Wei" is a blend of scenes and feelings, and it creates a perfect aesthetic mood. Taking care of the picture of life, appreciating the sadness of life and absorbing the nutrients of art, this artistic conception makes people feel not only the pain of homesickness, but also the nostalgia and care for life itself, the sublimation and sadness of cosmic life. This is the basis for "picking EU" to become "peerless literary talent" and "always new"!
Third, the comprehensive use of language skills.
Poetry is the art of language, and vivid artistic language can stimulate readers' association and imagination and enter the concrete and sensible image world. The language used in the last chapter of Cai Wei is wonderful and vivid, which is also an important factor to infect readers.
Poetry uses exquisite expression techniques to unify the scenery of different time and space in one picture. The scenery is "willow yiyi" and "rain and snow"; Narration is "walking slowly" and "with thirst and hunger"; Love is "I am sad, but I don't know I am sad". Frankly speaking, it is natural and appropriate to understand it. Natural scenery, life events and life feelings flow naturally like streams in the poem, causing readers to sing in their hearts.
Use the method of comparison. The "past and present" of time series, "Yang Liuxue" of phenology and "coming and going" of life are spliced and merged to create a typical picture beyond reality. Just four poems, seemingly dull and eloquent, are full of strong artistic appeal. The same "I" is different from the past and the present, but the same road is different from "Liu Yi Yi" and "rain and snow", and all this is generated in the life changes of "going" and "coming". Liu Xie has a cloud: "Love is led by things, and words are sent by feelings. A leaf welcomes guests, and the sound of insects is enough to attract the heart. " (Wen Xin Diao Long Search) Poetry contains deep feelings about life in comparison, which brings us to a higher aesthetic realm and experiences the meaning of life. This expression, which reflects the changes of time and space with different scenes in the past and present, has been widely pursued by later generations. Cao Zhi said, "It was a severe frost knot at first, but now it is the Millennium". "I moved to Zhu Hua that year, and I hope it will be; Today, I am spinning and the snow is dancing. " Du Fu: "When they set out, the mayor wrapped them in headscarves. Now the headscarves are white and they are still at the border."
Concise and vivid language is an important factor in the artistic conception of the last chapter of Picking Wei. "Yiyi" is weak in Liu Suifeng's breeze. "It's raining" is like falling snow. "Delay" means a long road and inner sadness. These expressive words create a concrete and sensible picture and give readers a kind feeling. "Willow" is very attractive to "rain and snow" and "Yiyi" to "rain", and the past and present material state and human feelings are clearly shown in this couple. Later generations not only used "Yi Yi" and "Fei Fei" to describe Liu Yu-yu, but also further expanded its expression scope, such as "Peacock flies southeast": "Easy to lift a finger, love is the same as Yi Yi Yi"; The first song of Tao Yuanming's "Return to the Garden": "A warm and distant village, the smoke from the kitchen in Yiyi market"; Qu Yuan's "Nine Chapters Involved in the River": "The snow is boundless, and the clouds fall on the universe"; Du Fu's "Looking at the Temple": "Clouds are heavy and waves are light."
It can be seen that the natural and vivid artistic language and the expressive technique of laying out and contrasting are another important factor that constitutes the artistic charm of the last chapter of Picking Wei. "I used to go to, willow, a; Today, I think about it. The writing style of "rainy and snowy days" pioneered by 4 sentences is good at kneading things and expressing feelings in scenery, which has opened up a new field for the development of poetic language in later generations and made great contributions to future generations!
Tang Dihua
Also known as Momo, it is a variety of deciduous shrub of Peach Blossom in Rosaceae. About 1 m high, with strong tillering ability and numerous branches. After planting 1 plant, it can germinate into large clumps. Double flower, smaller than peach blossom in shape and about 1 .5~2.0 cm in diameter, is called pocket peach blossom. The corolla is pink and beautiful. In early spring, the leaves bloom first, and there are many flowers on each branch, competing with peaches and plums for spring color, showing a strong sense of spring.
The ancients used Tang Di as a metaphor for brothers. There are famous sentences such as "Brothers are United in fragrance, which means that Tang Di is beautiful" and "Tang Di's flower, its calyx is brilliant", which is known as the flower of harmonious prosperity.