I have to say. The influence of Confucianism on China is profound. Facing the fact that feudal lords fought endlessly and the people were miserable in the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius didn't create an external, transcendental and omniscient savior like religious scholars. It and I were founded in the Han Dynasty in 220 BC. Then it was divided into the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty. With the unification of Han culture and advanced science and technology, the establishment of East Asian cultural circle represented by Confucian culture has laid the foundation for the social development of the Chinese nation for two thousand years and made great contributions to the continuation and survival of Chinese civilization. During the reign of Han Yongping, eunuch Cai Lun improved papermaking and became one of the four great inventions in China. Zhang Heng invented the seismograph and the armillary sphere. In the Han dynasty, the Han dynasty unified the monarch and the system. Then they need an effective moral system. So they discussed a lot, and then determined the "exclusive" and "exclusive" status of Confucianism. They turned from Confucianism to "unique school" and from private school to official school. Under such circumstances, Confucianism has revived and developed a lot. This situation became a turning point in the history of Confucianism. Also, from this time on, Confucianism was the spiritual representation of China society for a long time, which had a great influence on the daily life of many people in China. Confucianism is a compulsory official school in Han Dynasty. Choose officials with morality, respect honesty and filial piety. The selected "dutiful son" must pass the "test" before being appointed. The selection of officials in the Han dynasty praised Confucianism, regardless of whether it is for the time being, but it still has reference significance for today's selection of people by virtue. In the Han Dynasty, Confucianism was established as an official school. The Han Dynasty has the legacy of pre-Qin Confucianism, and Xunzi's thought of etiquette is more important. At the same time, hundred schools of thought's thought in the pre-Qin period was compatible with Confucianism, forming a unified theory represented by Dong Zhongshu. Confucianism helped the Han Dynasty a lot. For example, Confucianism helps to stabilize the ruling order of the society in the Han Dynasty, and also helps to establish the civil service system in the Han Dynasty. In this respect, Confucianism in Han Dynasty realized the ideal of governing the country of pre-Qin Confucianism and achieved great success. Confucianism discovered, sorted out and taught Confucian classics in Han Dynasty, which made Confucianism a special study of Confucian classics. This situation had a great influence on China's art. However, Confucianism in Han Dynasty also had its historical limitations. We can understand this situation from four parts. First, Confucianism in the Han Dynasty was politically attached to Confucianism in the Han Dynasty, trying to cater to the intentions of feudal rulers and losing the civilian character and independent spirit of Confucianism in the pre-Qin period. Secondly, in order to deify the monarchy, he tried to deify Confucianism and launched a large-scale god-making movement in the form of divination, losing the humanistic spirit of Confucianism in the pre-Qin period. The third is to improve the authority of Confucian classics, not only deify Confucius and Confucian classics, but also compile Confucian classics and even use them as the legal basis for a fair trial. For example, Zhang Tang, a cruel official, sentenced Dayu with Shangshu and Chunqiu. Fourth, fourth, academic politicization. Academic right and wrong, such as the debate on the similarities and differences between the Five Classics and ancient and modern literature, are inextricably linked with the power struggle within the ruling group, and even the emperor has to "customize" and act as a referee. After the Yellow Scarf Uprising in the Three Kingdoms at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Confucian classics gradually declined and metaphysics rose. It can be said that metaphysics is the alienation of Confucianism. However, in the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, metaphysics did not replace the official position of Confucian classics. In the Northern Dynasties, the minority governments respected Confucianism more than the rulers in the Southern Dynasties. Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty ordered people to translate the Classic of Filial Piety and teach it to Chinese people. Confucianism promoted the social changes in the northern minority areas at that time and its cultural integration with the Han nationality, and finally achieved national integration. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, the imperial system was quite stable, and the feudal society in China continued to develop before the letter. The main changes in society at that time were as follows: with the decline of aristocratic groups, the personal attachment of farmers began to relax; The establishment and development of the system of taking scholars in the imperial examination provided an opportunity for scholars from civilian backgrounds and poor backgrounds to become bureaucrats at all levels, which also required changes in Confucianism itself. Fan Zhongyan's reform (known as "Li Zhuang's New Deal" in history) promoted the prosperity of Song studies in the Northern Song Dynasty. Song studies also have the characteristics of rejecting Buddhism and Taoism and being good at absorbing Buddhism and Taoism philosophy. However, there is no "heretical" Confucianism in Song studies. In terms of ideological origin, the main source of Song studies is still pre-Qin Confucianism, especially Meng Si School. Emperor Kangxi once pointed out in the Monument to the Temple of Mencius that Confucius had been immersed in the Warring States for more than a hundred years, but Echo Yang stood in the way. Disaster fell from the sky, and Yuzi's family began to make it, so everyone in the world began to know how to recite Confucius and obey benevolence and righteousness. As for the spread of Tao, it depends on today. He is a disciple of later scholars, such as Han Yu and Su Shi, who pushed his achievements under Dayu. In Luo Min's Confucianism, showing respect is the inheritance of orthodox scholarship. In the play, it is full. Song studies are not another revival of Confucianism, but an innovation of sinology: Song studies emphasize righteousness and reason, and do not recite chapters and sentences; Song school doubted the Confucian classics (doubting the Confucian classics in Han Dynasty) and advocated returning to the classics (referring to Confucius deleting the classics) and reinterpreting them in order to invent the way of saints; Song studies restored the humanistic spirit of Confucianism in the pre-Qin period and diluted the theological color of Confucian classics in the Han Dynasty. However, there are different schools of Song studies: there are schools concerned with social reality, such as Gong Jing (Wang Anshi) new school in the Northern Song Dynasty, Yongkang and Yongjia school in the Southern Song Dynasty; There are Taoists (Neo-Confucianism) who pay attention to the heaven of life, such as the study of Lian, Luo, Guan and Min. There is also the study of Shu with Taoist tendencies. In the Song Dynasty, party struggle and study ban were intertwined. The rise and fall of academics is closely related to the rise and fall of political forces. In particular, Cheng Zhu's Neo-Confucianism was finally respected by the court in the Southern Song Dynasty and became the official thought of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Lu and Wang are another important school of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties. It is both opposite and unified with Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism, and both are the successors of Meng Si School. It's just that Zhu Cheng advocates Tao and Lu Wang emphasizes respecting morality. Their exposition of "the unity of man and nature" can be "broad and subtle, extremely clear and moderate", forming a unique Neo-Confucianism ideological system integrating philosophy and political ethics. The thoughts and theories of Cheng, Zhu, Lu and Wang are the theoretical peak of Confucianism, which is beyond the reach of post-Confucianism. Since the mid-Ming Dynasty, the commodity market economy has made great progress in coastal areas and the Yangtze River basin, causing new changes in social life. Yangming's theory of mind, which prevailed at this time, also attracted ordinary people, that is, ordinary people, and there appeared common Confucianism represented by Taizhou School, which was not seen since the Han Dynasty. Li Erqu, a scholar in Ming and Qing Dynasties, said: Although Xiangshan is referred to by a cloud, it still draws its essence instead of making a fortune. Mr. Zhi (Wang Yangming) began to use the word "to conscience" to reveal secrets that have not been handed down for thousands of years. In short, it is a thorough understanding that a stupid husband and a stupid woman can honestly follow it, which is a great achievement of a generation. At the same time, some "heretical" thinkers who strongly criticized Cheng Zhu's Neo-Confucianism put forward some new ideas and viewpoints endowed with the significance of the times, but they were "cut down and gradually eliminated" by the rulers. Neo-Confucianism has declined in the Qing Dynasty. Some scholars returned to Sinology because of Song Xue's reckoning, and some scholars hid in historical research because of escaping from the literary inquisition. Sinology in Qing Dynasty is very different from Confucian Classics in Han Dynasty. The most important thing is that the relationship between Sinology and politics in Qing Dynasty was not close, and the interference of politics on academics was reduced. In addition, the long-term academic accumulation (including the academic accumulation of Song studies) made unprecedented achievements in the Qing Dynasty, especially Ganjia Sinology, which can be said to be the last and highest academic peak in the history of Confucianism. Qin Shihuang abolished Confucianism, and Han Wudi made a comeback, and Confucianism became the main content of the exam. In the Song Dynasty, Confucianism reached a peak, and the stereotyped imperial examination in the Ming Dynasty was the most deformed Confucian culture. It is absolutely not allowed to have its own views. The Qing dynasty also attached great importance to culture, and Confucianism was actually useful. There are also a large number of loyal and patriotic Han officials, but with the arrival of scientific knowledge, the stereotyped imperial examination in the late Qing Dynasty blocked real talents.
Hope to adopt!