Chinese studies are the academic disciplines unique to a country. Chinese studies have different meanings from literature and mathematics. They are not the study of the country or the study of governing the country. Generally speaking, Guoxue refers to traditional Chinese culture and academics with Confucianism as the main body. Sinology is Chinese traditional culture and academics, and also includes medicine, drama, calligraphy and painting, astrology, numerology, etc. Chinese studies are divided into disciplines, which should be divided into philosophy, history, religion, literature, etiquette, textual criticism, ethics, editions, etc. Among them, Confucian philosophy is the mainstream; according to ideology, it should be divided into pre-Qin scholars, Confucianism and Taoism According to the three schools of interpretation, Chinese studies are divided into the "Sikuquanshu", which should be divided into four parts: Classics, History, Zi, and Ji. According to the "Lectures on Chinese Studies" by Zhang Taiyan, the master of Chinese studies, it is divided into primary school, classics, history, philosophers, and literature. . Check out the Chinese Studies vocabulary in the International Junyou Association Information Center and have the following definitions: Guoxue can be translated as "guoxue" (transliteration) or "Sinology" (free translation, referring to Chinese studies or Sinology). Guoxue in the narrow sense refers to traditional Chinese culture and academics with Confucianism as the main body. The traditional Chinese studies generally mentioned today are based on the classics of the Pre-Qin Dynasty and various schools of thought, covering the Confucian classics of the two Han Dynasties, metaphysics of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming Dynasties, as well as Han Fu, parallel prose of the Six Dynasties, poetry of the Tang and Song Dynasties, Yuan opera and Ming and Qing Dynasties. A unique and complete cultural and academic system such as novels and historical historiography. Therefore, in a broad sense, ancient and modern Chinese culture and academics, including history, thought, philosophy, geography, politics, economics, and even calligraphy and painting, music, arithmetic, medicine, astrology, architecture, etc., are all categories covered by Chinese studies. Classics of Chinese Studies - Confucian Classics
The classics are divided into "Yi Class", "Book Class", "Poetry Class", "Ritual Class", "Spring and Autumn Class", "Xiao Jing Class", " "General Meanings of Qun Jing", "Four Books", "Music", "Elementary School", "Stone Classics" and "Compilation" are mainly Confucian classics and famous works with annotations and research on Confucian classics. Important books such as: "Book of Changes", "Shangshu", "Zhou Li", "Book of Rites", "Ritual", "Book of Songs", "Chun Qiu Zuo Zhuan", "Chun Qiu Gong Yang Zhuan", "Chun Qiu Guliang Zhuan" , "The Analects of Confucius", "The Classic of Filial Piety", "Erya", and "Mencius".
History Department - historical works of various genres
The history part is divided into "Official History", "Chronicle", "Chronicle", "Special History", " "Miscellaneous History", "Edicts and Discussions", "Biographies", "Historical Copies", "Records", "Four Seasons", "Geography", "Officials", "Political Books" ", "Catalog", "Historical Commentary", "Compilation", important books such as: "Historical Records", "Hanshu", "Houhanshu", "Three Kingdoms", "Zizhi Tongjian", "Warring States Policy" ”, “Chronicles of Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties” and so on.
Zibu - Hundred Schools of Thoughts and Buddhist and Taoist Religious Works
The subparts are "Confucianism", "Military Category", "Legalism" and "Farmers" , "Medical Category", "Astronomical Algorithm Category", "Arithmetic Category", "Art Category", "Spectrum Category", "Miscellaneous Category", "Book Category", "Series Category", "Compilation Category", " "Novelist", "Buddhist", "Taoist", "Jew", "Islam", "Western style", important books such as: "Laozi", "Mozi", "Zhuangzi", "Xunzi", "Hanfeizi", "Guanzi", "Yinwenzi", "Shenzi", "Gongsun Longzi", "Huainanzi", "Baopuzi", "Liezi", "Sunzi", "Shanhaijing" , "Art and Literature Collection", "Diamond Sutra", "Forty-Two Chapter Sutra" and so on.
Collection Part - Hundreds of Scholars and Their Art and Musical Records
The collection part is "Chu Ci Category", "Party Collection Category", "General Collection Category", "Ci and Music" Category", "boudoir category", important books such as: "Chu Ci", "Complete Tang Poems", "Complete Song Poems", "Yuefu Poetry Collection", "Selected Works", "Li Taibai Collection", "Du Gongbu Collection", " "Han Changli Collection", "Liuhedong Collection", "Baixiangshan Collection" and so on. An introductory bibliography of Chinese studies and how to read it Liang Qichao
A reporter from Tsinghua Weekly published this topic two months ago, but it has been a long time since he reported his fate. I lived alone in the Cuiwei Mountain for a while, without a single book in my suitcase. The reporter was so anxious to supervise me that he spent three days trying to write down only the rough chapters he could remember. Omissions are inevitable, and there are also names of books and chapters. If you recall mistakes, you should correct them in the future.
Written by Qi Chao in the Green Mountain House on Bimoyan on April 26, the 12th year of the Republic of China
Books on the application of self-cultivation and the relationship between intellectual history
"The Analects" and "Mencius"
"The Analects" is the general source of Chinese people's thoughts for two thousand years, and "Mencius" has also been in power since the Song Dynasty. These two books can be said to be the key to the domestic and foreign life of the Chinese people. Therefore, I hope that scholars can read it well and recite it. Even if they cannot, they must read it many times, and be sure to briefly quote their words, or excerpt their words of physical and mental practice for the purpose of cultivation.
The texts of "The Analects of Confucius" and "Mencius" are not difficult. It is advisable to read the text specifically and read the annotations if you have any questions. The book of annotations is Zhu Xi's "Collected Annotations on the Four Books". It is a very careful work of his life and can be read. However, there are some obstacles that follow Song Confucianism and should be viewed separately. Among the Qing Confucian annotations, "The Analects" has Dai Wang's "Analects" annotation, and "Mencius" has Jiao Xun's annotation. "Mencius" justice is the best. Dai kept in mind Yan Xizhai's teachings, which put the most emphasis on practice. His annotations were close to the true teachings of Confucius, and his exegesis was also better than Zhu's annotations. His book was concise and easy to read. Jiao followed the teachings of Dai Dongyuan, and his Mencius on Justice is the best text among the New Texts of Confucian classics in the Qing Dynasty. However, the text is quite complicated, so it is best to keep it on your desk for reference when you are confused or have some thoughts.
Dai Zhen's "Explanation of the Meanings of Mencius" is a philosophy of the Dai family. It was not written specifically to comment on "Mencius". However, his book is very insightful and scholars must read it. It is best to read "Mencius" "Reading it together will not only help you understand the outline of Dai Xue, but also help you gain interest in reading "Mencius".
Jiao Xun's "Comprehensive Interpretation of the Analects of Confucius" is imitated from the "Explanation of the Meanings of Mencius", dismantling the entire "Analects", and standardizing important meanings, such as speaking of benevolence, speaking of loyalty and forgiveness...etc., as a list A comprehensive overview and comprehensive interpretation of several items can be called a good method for treating "The Analects" and this method can be applied to treat other books.
The two books on the right have very few pages and are easy to read.
Chen Feng's reading of "Mencius" in "Dongshu Study Notes" is the most precise and detailed summary of "Mencius" theory. The book is only twenty or thirty pages long, so it is best to read it in one go to understand it. The academic methods of the predecessors are also beneficial to self-cultivation.
『The Book of Changes』
This book is a philosophical book before Confucius. Confucius annotated it. Although it is difficult to understand, it must be read. I hope that scholars will read and recite the "Xici Zhuan" and "Classic Chinese Biography" by heart, and the sixty-four hexagrams in the hexagrams will be printed out on separate sheets of paper so that they can be read at any time.
Those who later said "Yi" said that everyone was different, and for the sake of self-cultivation, Cheng Yi's "Cheng's Yi Zhuan" is not readable.
As the most recent person to say that "Yi" is true, I only recommend Jiao Xun, who wrote three books "Yi Xue" ("Yi Tongshi", "Yi Tulue", "Yi Zhangju") They are all called fine attainments. If a scholar wants to understand this sutra deeply, he can read it. Otherwise, there is no need.
"Book of Rites"
This book is a collection of "Confucian sayings" from the Warring States and Western Han Dynasties. There are some extremely pure ones and some extremely broken ones. I hope scholars will " Four articles, namely Doctrine of the Mean, Great Learning, Liyun, and Yueji, have been read and recited by heart, as well as Quli, Royal System, Tan Gong, Ritual Utensils, Learning Records, and Fangji. ", "Biaoji", "缁衣", "Confucianism", "Dafu", "Sacrifice", "Sacrifice", "Country Drinking Law" and other chapters, visited it several times, and excerpted the essence. language.
If you want to read the annotations, you can read Zheng's Commentary on Kongshu in "Commentaries on the Thirteen Classics". The "Book of Filial Piety" is of the same nature as the "Book of Rites" and can be read as one of the chapters in the "Book of Rites".
"Laozi"
The most essential book of Taoism, I hope scholars can read this mere 5,000 words into a recitation.
For those who have not paid much attention to the annotations, it is better to read the plain text and search for yourself.
"Mozi"
In the pre-Qin period, Kong and Mo were both known as the two sages, so this book must be read. Except for the following chapters of "Bei City Gate", the rest of the chapters are suitable intensive reading.
Sun Yirang's "Mozi Jianjie" by Sun Yirang is the best. When reading "Mozi", you should read this book accordingly.
The first and second chapters of "Jing" and the first and second chapters of "Jing Shuo" can be visited. There are two books, Zhang Huiyan's "Explanation of Mozi Jing" and Liang Qichao's "Mo Jing", but they are not perfect. There are new exegesis by Hu Shi in the chapter "Xiaochei" that you can visit.
Liang Qichao's "The Study of Mozi" belongs to the genre of general explanations and can be visited to add interest. However, the book is a temporary lecture and has not been carefully reviewed.
"Zhuangzi"
Among the seven internal chapters and the miscellaneous chapters, the "World Chapter" should be read most intensively.
The annotation is Guo Qingfan's "Collected Commentary of Zhuangzi".
All chapters should be read carefully, and the rest should be visited in full.
Wang Xianqian's "Xunzi Commentary" is a very good annotation.
"Shen Wenzi", "Shenzi" and "Gongsun Longzi"
None of the extant books are complete, but the three sons are all great philosophers of the pre-Qin Dynasty. Although they are cut off, it is still suitable to read them in one chapter. There is very little and no effort required. There are still questions about the authenticity of "Divided Sun Longzi".
None of the three books have good annotations. "Yin Wenzi" and "Shenzi" are easy to understand.
"Han Feizi"
You must read all the essence of Legalism (especially the chapters that should be read carefully because I don't have the original book at hand? I may have missed it and will add it in another day) ).
The annotation Wang Xianqian's "Han Feizi's Collection of Interpretations" is bad.
"Guanzi"
The writings collected by people in the late Warring States period are quite mixed in nature, but there are many ancient schools of thought that have some validity, so it is worth a visit.
The annotation "Guanzi Correction" by Dai Wang is very good.
"Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals"
This is the oldest book of its kind in China. There are many pre-Qin theories in it, so it is recommended to visit.
"Huainanzi"
This is a collection of Taoist sayings from the Qin and Han Dynasties, and should be read carefully.
I heard that Liu Wendian's "Annotation of Huainan Honglie Collection" is quite good.
"Spring and Autumn Blossoms"
This is a work by a representative of Confucianism in the Western Han Dynasty and should be read carefully.
Su Yu's "Spring and Autumn Fanlu Yi Zheng" is a good annotation.
Kang Youwei's "Dong's Study of the Spring and Autumn Period" is a general explanation genre, which is a reference for everyone.
"On Salt and Iron"
This book is a book about the Confucianism and Legalism in the Han Dynasty that argued against political issues. It is a good book to read.
Tai Chi Tu "Lun Heng"
This book is about the skeptical philosophy of the Han Dynasty and should be visited.
"Baopuzi"
This book is a representative work of Taoist dialects after the Jin Dynasty and should be read.
"Liezi"
The pseudo-books of the Jin Dynasty can be read as metaphysics books of the Wei and Jin Dynasties.
The works on the right are listed as important works in the ideological circles before the Han and Jin Dynasties. The most outstanding intellectual works in the Six Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties were Buddhism, and their bibliography should be mentioned separately.
The following is a list of representative books of scholarship after the Song Dynasty, but for the sake of saving time and energy among ordinary scholars, we do not want to list too many.
"Records of Modern Thoughts" written by Zhu Xi, annotated by Jiang Yong
Reading this book we can see the Neo-Confucianism of the Cheng-Zhu school and its content.
"Zhu Xi's Notes on Zhu Xi's Theory" written by Wang Maohong
This book describes the comprehensive scope of Zhu Xi's studies in the most essential and orderly manner.
If you want to study the Cheng-Zhu school, you should read "Er Cheng's Posthumous Letters" and "Zhu Ziyu Lei". Those who are not specialized in this can leave it aside.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, those who confronted Zhu Xue included Li Donglai’s philology school, Chen Longchuan and Ye Shuixin’s utilitarian school, and Lu Xiangshan’s mind school. If you want to know more about them, you should read each. Special collections by people; if you want to get a general idea, you can refer to the "Song and Yuan Academic Cases".
"Biography of Learning" Wang Shouren's words, Xu Yuan, Qian Hongde and others
Reading this will give you the outline of Wang Xue. If you want to know the details, you should read "Wang Wencheng Gongquan Shu". Because Yangming's teachings are based on the unity of knowledge and action, only by looking at his academic achievements together can he see his entire personality, and the process of his achievements can be seen in each article in the collection. Therefore, Yangming's collection is more important than that of Zhu and Lu. Collections.
"The Case of Confucianism in the Ming Dynasty" written by Huang Zongxi
The first draft of "The Case of Confucianism in the Song and Yuan Dynasties" was written by Huang Zongxi and was continued twice by Quan Zuwang and Wang Zicai
These two books were written by Huang Zongxi during the Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties. The general record of Neo-Confucianism is actually the academic history of creation. Among the "Confucianism Cases of the Ming Dynasty", the cases of Yaojiang, Jiangyou, Wangmen, Taizhou, Donglin and Jishan are the most excellent. Among the "Song and Yuan Academic Cases", the Xiangshan case is the most excellent; the Hengqu, Ercheng, Donglai, Longchuan, and Shuixin cases are also good; the Huiweng case is not very good; the Baiyuan (Shao Xiong) and Sushui (Sima Guang) cases are also good; The various cases are too complicated and the truth cannot be seen; the new academic strategy of Jinggong (Wang Anshi) attached at the end is the worst, because he has a sectarian view, so he rejects it. If you want to know more about Jing Gong's scholarship, you should read "Wang Linchuan Collection".
Although these two volumes are complex, I always hope that scholars will choose to visit them, because they are a collection of six hundred years of scholarship and have a profound influence on modern times. They are compiled into one volume and cannot be read. Very laborious.
It is a pity that there is no such excellent work on the academic history of the Qing Dynasty. Tang Jian's "Little Knowledge on the Cases of the Guo Dynasty" is based on the Cheng-Zhu School, which was the weakest in the Qing Dynasty. It is narrow-minded and unreadable; Jiang Fan's "Records of the Sinological Teachers of the Guo Dynasty" and "Records of the Origins of Song Studies in the Guo Dynasty" are also learned The genre of the case is good, but Jiang's common sense is mediocre, so I can't describe the uniqueness of each family. It's a last resort, just for reference. Qi Chaofang was involved in the "Qing Confucianism Case", which has no historical date.
"Rizhilu" and "Tinglin Collected Works" written by Gu Yanwu
Gu Tinglin was the first person to pioneer Qing studies. He concentrated his energy on "Rizhilu", which is a good place to visit. Reading the letters in the collection, we can see the general outline of his career and scholarship.
"Records of Visits to the Ming Yi" by Huang Zongxi
Huang Lizhou was one of the great masters of the early Qing Dynasty. His greatest contribution was in the Two Academic Cases. This small volume shows the outline of his political thoughts.
"Siwenlu" written by Wang Euzhi
Wang Chuanshan was one of the great masters of the early Qing Dynasty. Without looking at the entire book, one cannot see its profoundness and breadth. However, the volume is too complicated to be considered systematic. If it is compiled, scholars will not be able to read it. Talking about this book is not enough to represent the entirety of his knowledge.
"Yan's Academic Notes" compiled by Dai Wang
Yan Xizhai was one of the great masters in the early Qing Dynasty. The academic notes compiled by Dai are quite capable of conveying his truth. Xu Shichang's "Yan and Li Xue" can also be used as a reference, but his collection of "Xizhai Yu Yao" and "Sugu (Li Kuan) Yu Yao" will attack Song Confucianism and not include many, which slightly loses its authenticity.
The scholarship of Mr. Gu, Huang, Wang and Yan is necessary for scholars to know. However, their writings are all extensive, or are they scattered and lost, making them difficult to find? , Qi Chaoxing will systematically organize and record it for the benefit of scholars.
"Dongyuan Collection" by Dai Zhen
"Diaoxianlou Collection" by Jiao Xunzhu
Dai Dongyuan and Jiao Litang were among the most famous Confucian classics in the Qing Dynasty. For those who are profound philosophical thinkers, reading his collection will help them understand their studies and their methods of studying.
The "Qing Confucianism Case" drafted by Qi Chao, the two cases of Dongyuan and Litang Xue are currently in manuscript.
"General Meanings of Literature and History" by Zhang Xuecheng
Although this book is titled "Literature and History", it actually talks about academic streams, so it is recommended to be read at once.
Hu Shi wrote "Zhang Shizhai Chronicle" for reference.
"Book of Datong" by Kang Youwei
Mr. Nanhai's original thoughts are in this book, which was once published in "Unbearable Magazine".
"On the Balance of National Heritage" written by Zhang Binglin
It can be seen that Zhang Taiyan's thoughts are reflected in this. For details, please read Zhang's series of books.
"Eastern and Western Culture and Philosophy" by Liang Shuming
There are some deviations and some uniqueness.
The first volume of "Outline of the History of Chinese Philosophy" is written by Hu Shi
"The History of Political Thought in Pre-Qin Dynasty" is written by Liang Qichao
It is appropriate to read the Jingbu and Zibu books in the Pre-Qin Dynasty Reading these two books can arouse your interest and inspire your own judgment.
"Introduction to Academics in the Qing Dynasty" by Liang Qichao
If you want to have a brief understanding of the academic style of the Qing Dynasty, you should read this book.
B Political History and Other Philology Books
"Shang Shu"
Only twenty-eight of them are authentic. The book should be read carefully, but its text It doesn't matter if you can't recite it because your teeth are crooked. The remaining chapters are forgeries written by Jin people, and a quick tour is enough (for the authenticity chapter, see "The Authenticity and Age of Ancient Books" by Qi Chao, which will be published within a few days).
This book cannot be understood without reading the annotations. The best annotation is Sun Xingyan's "Commentaries on Modern and Ancient Texts of Shangshu".
"Book of Yizhou"
This book has mixed authenticity and is a good book to read.
The annotation book Zhu Youzeng's "Yi Zhou Shu Collection Training and Collation" is quite good.
"Bamboo Book Chronicles"
This book is now in circulation and was forged by people of the Yuan and Ming dynasties. Its ancient version was compiled by several Qing Confucian writers, but Wang Guowei's was the best.
"Guoyu" "Spring and Autumn Annals of the Zuo Family"
These two books may be one book, separated by Western Han people, and should be read together. It is advisable to select a few chapters of "Zuo Zhuan" and read them thoroughly, which is very useful for studying literature.
It is advisable to read "Zuo Zhuan" and visit Gu Donggao's "Chronicle of Major Events in the Spring and Autumn Period" to learn how to study.
"Warring States Policy"
It is advisable to select a few articles and read them carefully, which is beneficial to learning.
"Zhou Li"
This book was published in the late Western Han Dynasty. It is difficult to determine when it was written. However, some of the systems in the book should be from the Zhou Dynasty, and the rest are from the Zhou Dynasty. It is the ideal product of scholars during the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, so it is always advisable to read it.
The most excellent commentary is "Zhou Li Zhengyi" written by Sun Yirang.
"Kaoxinlu" by Cui Shu
This book is the most rigorous in researching the historical facts of the Three Dynasties. It is recommended to read it as a standard for ancient history.
"Zizhi Tongjian"
This is the most valuable work chronicling political history. Although the volume is a bit complicated, I always hope that scholars can read it all.
If it is bitter, dry and tasteless, you might as well follow the example of the "List of Major Events in the Spring and Autumn Period", create several categories of your own, and make excerpts of the symptoms as materials for future writings (I used this method when I was young. Although it has not been written down, it has increased my interest a lot. ).
Wang Chuanshan's "Reading Tongjian Lun" has a critical perspective that is quite different from the popular trend. It is also a way to add interest when reading Tongjian.
......
Today we will draw up a true minimum as follows:
"Four Books", "Book of Changes", "Book of Books" 』, "Book of Songs", "Book of Rites", "Zuo Zhuan", "Laozi", "Mozi", "Zhuangzi", "Xunzi", "Hanfeizi", "Warring States Policy", "Historical Records", "Hanshu" , "Book of the Later Han Dynasty", "Three Kingdoms", "Zizhi Tongjian" (or "Tongjian Chronicles"), "Song, Yuan and Ming History Chronicles", "Chu Ci", "Selected Works", "Li Taibai Collection", "Du Gongbu Collection", "Han Changli Collection", "Liuhedong Collection", "Baixiangshan Collection". Other lyrics and music collections can be read as you like.
Every book mentioned above must be read whether you are studying mining or engineering. If you have not read these books, you really cannot be considered a Chinese scholar.