Literary inquisition is a special case in the history of China, which reached its peak in Qing Dynasty. So when did the literary inquisition begin?
There are records of literary inquisition in the Spring and Autumn Period, Western Han Dynasty, Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. In the twenty-fifth year of Duke Xiang of Lu, Qiu Qi killed the king and monarch of Qi Zhuang. Historians recorded the event truthfully, but it was fatal. From 0755 to 79000, Yang Yun was beheaded by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty for serious disobedience. During the Three Kingdoms period, Ji Kang cut the book of Sun Tzu in the East. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the National History compiled by Ho Choi, the minister of the Northern Wei Dynasty, exposed the humiliating history of Tuoba's ancestors and was ordered by the ancestors of the Northern Wei Dynasty to be called the prison of national history.
When did the literary inquisition begin? The early literary inquisition was small in scale and involved a small number of people, so the scale was relatively small. But in the Northern Song Dynasty, literary inquisitions began to appear on a large scale. The most famous literary inquisition Wutai poetry case in history occurred in the Northern Song Dynasty. Wutai poetry case happened in Yuanfeng two years. At that time, the censor impeached Su Dongpo and appealed to the emperor, saying that Su Shi's "Breaking Up with Mountain Juyuan" implied irony to the court. Then came the scholar Dr. Li Yizhi and the imperial historian Li Ding. They listed Su Shi's crimes and said that Su Shi "had no academic knowledge at the beginning, so his reputation was shocked for a while, and he occasionally had different subjects, so he entered Confucianism." In the end, Su Shi was demoted to Huangzhou and was down and out. His best friend was also implicated.
It can be seen that the literary inquisition may have begun in the Spring and Autumn Period, and its long duration and great influence are shocking. Literary inquisition embodies all kinds of disadvantages of feudal autocratic imperial power. The above is the introduction of when the literary inquisition began.
Was there a literary inquisition in Yuan Dynasty?
Some people think that there was no literary inquisition in the Yuan Dynasty, and Maoshan's poetry disaster is a strong evidence that there was no literary inquisition in the Yuan Dynasty, which made the Yuan Dynasty the only innocent dynasty in ancient China that did not use literary inquisition to persecute literati crazily. It is easier to inherit the development of China culture in the Central Plains during the Yuan Dynasty. The vast and magnificent source of ideological and creative changes in Yuan Dynasty can not be separated from the disaster of Mao Shan's poems. Some people think that Mao Shan's poetry difficulty is a landmark event of abandoning the literary prison in the Yuan Dynasty, which existed before the Yuan Dynasty. However, Mao Shan's poetry disaster did not happen, which shows that the Yuan Dynasty began to abandon the literary inquisition. It is precisely because of this that there are so many works that pay attention to the real society and attach importance to the realistic spirit in the literary works of the Yuan Dynasty, and finally Yuan Qu appeared.
So was there a literary inquisition in Yuan Dynasty? Some people think that there was a literary inquisition in the Yuan Dynasty. According to historical records, when the Yuan Dynasty first established the world, the resistance of the Han people was fierce, and Zhao Xian became the spiritual leader of these rebels. Kublai Khan did not kill Zhao Xian to completely cut off the future trouble of the riot, but gave Zhao Xian a large sum of money to find a place to take Zhao Xian to Sakya Temple in Tibet. Kublai Khan thought that this would not only stabilize his rule, but also preserve Zhao Xian's reputation. However, in A.D. 1323, Song Gongdi wrote several poems because he missed the Song Dynasty: Send a letter to Lin Hejing. How many times do plum blossoms bloom? Golden viewers shouldn't come back. His poems angered the Yuan court and were sentenced to death by Kublai Khan. There is no definite evidence whether there was a literary inquisition in the Yuan Dynasty, but it did prevail in the Ming Dynasty, and even before the Ming Dynasty, it was rare.
Introduction to the peak of literary inquisition
Literary inquisition has appeared in China throughout the ages, and historians generally believe that the Qing Dynasty was the peak of literary inquisition. From Shunzhi period to Qianlong period, there are
The literary inquisition in Qing dynasty began in Shunzhi, from which a unique official position was born: speech inspector, whose duty was to examine the publication of speech. After that, the literary inquisition intensified and reached its peak in Qianlong period. For a long time, there were more than 30 cases/kloc-0, among which 47 cases were executed, and even cruel punishments such as sitting at a table and killing nine families appeared. What's even more frightening is that many literary inquisitions are taken out of context and catch shadows, so they kill countless people with swords and shadows. It is worth noting that when Qianlong first ascended the throne, he ordered "anyone who refuses other people's poems, documents and essays in the future." If there is no real evidence in the trial, it is a false accusation. "However, 175 1 year, Emperor Qianlong broke his word and the literary inquisition revived.
The literary inquisition in the Qianlong period began with the champion of the case of the pseudo-Sun Jiagan. Because of this case, Emperor Qianlong began to change his previous style of advocating freedom of speech and set up a literary inquisition in Daxing. The Dragon also confiscated banned books in the name of compiling four books, and many precious books disappeared during this period. Why did the Qing Dynasty become the peak of literary inquisition? On the one hand, the anti-Qing thought existed widely among the people in the early Qing dynasty, and the court blocked the leisurely mouth with literary inquisition; On the other hand, the struggle between the royal families in the Qing Dynasty intensified, and the emperors used the literary inquisition to crack down on the party's dependence on the king. The literary inquisition tended to subside after reaching its peak in Qianlong period, but it caused irreparable damage to China ancient literature.
Introduction to literary prison stories
There are countless stories about literary inquisition in the history of China. Most of these stories are handed down from generation to generation in the long river of history, accompanied by the plaintive cries of literati. The story of the literary inquisition began in the Spring and Autumn Period, but at that time, the literary inquisition was small in scale and involved few people. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the prison of national history made the literary prison known to all. After the prison of national history, the prison of literature is linked with rampage and rivers of blood, which makes people tremble with fear.
The most popular story in the literary inquisition is Wutai Poetry Case. Su Dongpo, a great writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, was impeached by Shi Yu and moved to Zuohuangzhou. Several of his friends were also implicated. After the Wutai Poetry Case, Su Dongpo went down and out in Huangzhou all his life, and his poetic style changed greatly. This case also greatly weakened the enthusiasm of the Northern Song literati, but objectively promoted the downward movement of the Northern Song culture and the rise of secular culture.
Qing dynasty is the dynasty with the most stories in literary inquisition. In order to suppress the anti-Qing restoration, the Qing government promoted the literary inquisition, which was unparalleled in the history of the world. Some of these stories are familiar to people. Take "Qingfeng doesn't study, why bother to turn over books" as an example. In the poems of Jishi Shu and Xu Yun of the Hanlin Academy, there are poems such as "Qingfeng doesn't study, why bother to turn over books" and "The moon shines on me, and Qingfeng has no intention to leave people". After Yongzheng knew this, he thought his poems were a great disrespect to the court and beheaded him. There is also the case of "Wang Xihou Huzhou Xie Shangbiao" during the Qianlong period. Wang Xihou's family was beheaded and many ancient books were destroyed. The story of the literary inquisition is always accompanied by conflicts between court officials. Many talented literati became victims of feudal autocracy, leaving a sad and pitying story for future generations.
Introduction to the influence of literary inquisition
Literary inquisition has far-reaching influence and strong destructive power to culture. Literary inquisition began in Song Dynasty, developed in Yuan and Ming Dynasties and reached its peak in Qing Dynasty. In 240 years, there have been more than 200 incidents. Not only the poet himself was found guilty, but also the teachers and friends of the literati were killed. This is an extremely bloody and cruel policy.
Literary inquisition had a bad influence on the development of China literature. At that time, because of F.
The rise of literary inquisition also ruined the official atmosphere. Officials searched out poems against national policies from the people at that time, and arresting and killing literati writers became one of the shortcuts to official promotion and credit. In addition, the literary inquisition is also a way for political parties to attack and impeach each other. Therefore, officials from Qipin to the pillar of the country are influenced by the literary inquisition.
The influence of literary inquisition is reflected in the imprisonment of thought, the distortion of culture and the corruption of official atmosphere. When the literary inquisition was launched in Daxing, China took control of the literati's thoughts, and the West began the road of Renaissance. More and more attention was paid to democracy and science, which is one of the reasons why China lags behind the West.
Introduction to the purpose of literary prison
Literary inquisition is a historical phenomenon, which began in Song Dynasty, experienced Yuan and Ming Dynasties and finally reached its peak in Qing Dynasty. Literary inquisition was initiated by the ruling class and went from bad to worse after four dynasties. Later scholars thought deeply about the literary prison. What is the purpose of the ruler's initiation of the literary inquisition and what benefits will it bring to the ruler?
There are different understandings of the purpose of the literary inquisition from different angles. Literary inquisition was initiated by rulers and implemented by officials. From these two perspectives, the purpose of literary prison is different. From the point of view of rulers, the problem of literary inquisition is to consolidate their own rule and stifle the will of people and literati to resist riots in the bud from speech and thought. The famous Wutai poetry case was demoted because the author's poems implied dissatisfaction with current affairs policies. During the Qing dynasty, there were indeed anti-Qing restoration literary works among the people. As a minority, Manchu authorities are particularly sensitive to words such as Land Rover, Xiongnu and Qingming. In order to maintain their rule, they did not hesitate to kill many literati, which eventually led to people's fear of rebellion. This is the purpose of the rulers to launch the literary inquisition.
The purpose of official literary inquisition is to show loyalty, and it is also the fastest way to promote career and establish political achievements. It is precisely because of this that those officials often launch literary inquisitions out of thin air, resulting in countless unjust, false and wrong cases. To sum up, the purpose of literary inquisition can be divided into two aspects. One is to maintain feudal rule, while imprisoning the thoughts of scholars; Secondly, officials launched literary inquisition for political achievements, which is the purpose of literary inquisition.