The sun and the moon are divided into two shoulders, and the stars are listed on the back. From then on, "shouldering the sun and the moon and carrying the stars" has become the established style of the coronation of emperors in past dynasties. Crown is the ceremonial crown worn by the courtiers of ancient emperors when attending sacrificial ceremonies. Used as sacrificial clothes worn by emperors, princes, etc. At the top of the crown, there is a rectangular crown plate behind the front circle, and there are "crowns" hanging from the front and back of the crown plate. According to the difference of quantity and material, the crown is an important symbol to distinguish between the noble and the humble. Anyone who wears a crown should wear a crown suit. The coronation suit is decorated with a mysterious coat and a scarlet bottom, and there are chapters on the top and bottom. In addition, there are knee-covering, peja, chiba and so on. Form a complete costume. This kind of clothing system began in the Zhou Dynasty, went through the Han, Tang, Song and Yuan dynasties, and continued until the Qing Dynasty, lasting for more than two thousand years. This picture shows the emperor wearing a crown and a coronet in the Tang Dynasty (the mural of Cave 22 in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes).
The costumes of the Sui and Tang Dynasties-the armor and military clothes of the early Tang Dynasty basically maintained the style and shape from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui Dynasty. After Zhenguan, a series of clothing system reforms were carried out, and the military and military clothing with Tang style was gradually formed. During the Emperor Gaozong and the Heaven Dynasties, the national strength was at its peak, and the world was peaceful. The luxury trend of the upper-class groups became more and more serious. Most of the military clothes and armor broke away from the function of use and evolved into beautiful and luxurious etiquette clothes with decoration as the main part. After the "An Shi Rebellion", it returned to the practical state conducive to combat, especially armor, which was basically fixed in the late Tang Dynasty. According to the records in the Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty, the armor of the Tang Dynasty included bright light, light, fine scales, mountain prose, bird hammer, white cloth, soap Juan, cloth back, infantry, leather armor, wooden armor and wooden armor. Among them, Ming Guang, Guang Yao, Suozi, Shan Wen, Bird Hammer and Thin Scales are armored, and the latter three are named after the style of armor pieces. Leather armor, wooden armor, white cloth, soap Juan and cloth back are named after the manufacturing materials. In armor, bright light armor is still the most commonly used. The picture shows the restoration of warriors wearing bright armor and military clothes in the Tang Dynasty.
China folk song and dance
China folk song and dance art is rich and colorful with a long history. In China's historical relics and ancient stone murals, a large number of singing and dancing images thousands of years ago are vividly portrayed. In the Book of Songs, the first collection of poems in China, it was recorded that young men and women in the Central Plains were singing and dancing at that time. The court bands of past dynasties often performed songs and dances of all ethnic groups, and many outstanding singers and dancers appeared one after another.
Dance drama, as a combination of dance, drama and music, has a long history in China. There are many dance dramas in Chinese classical opera art and national folk dance. China's national dance dramas have a wide range of contents, some of which are taken from historical themes and myths and legends, and some reflect real life. Dance vocabulary mainly comes from classical dance in Chinese traditional operas, ancient dance images on historical relics, folk dances of people of all ethnic groups and real life, forming a scene of blooming flowers, which is loved by Chinese and foreign audiences. The famous dance dramas include Rain on Silk Road, Lotus Lantern, Knife Club, Zhuowasam, Flying to the Moon, Butterfly Lovers and Pearl Lake. The outstanding plays in recent years include Cangyuan and Snowflakes. Snowflake, Youyou Min Shui Qing, Princess Yelan, peacock dance, etc.
Ballet and modern dance spread to China in 195s. Ballet Blessing, Home, Thunderstorm, Peacock Gallbladder and modern ballets White-haired Girl, Red women soldiers and Little Match Girl won many prizes in international ballet competitions.
China has a vast territory and many ethnic groups, and each ethnic group can sing and dance well. Among the people, there is a wide spread of song and dance art with wide content, different forms, liveliness and magnificence. Some reflect labor production, love life, customs, martial arts and wars, and some reflect natural scenery, flowers, birds, fish and insects. In the form of singing and dancing, the combination of singing and dancing has a strong appeal, and it has achieved the artistic effect of "singing with words and dancing with heart". According to statistics, there are nearly a thousand kinds of folk dances in China, such as Dragon Dance, Lion Dance, Red Silk Dance and Flower Drum Dance of the Han nationality, Andai Dance of the Mongolian nationality, String Dance of the Tibetan nationality, Sainaim Dance of the Uygur nationality, Dance on the Moon of the Yi nationality, peacock dance of the Dai nationality and of the Korean nationality.
from the Sui Dynasty (581-618) to the Tang Dynasty, China experienced many wars and social unrest. The strong political conflicts between ethnic groups promote their cultural integration. Nine pieces of music focused on foreign music and dance appeared in Sui Dynasty, and increased to ten pieces in Tang Dynasty, which shows the prosperity of singing and dancing. Under the influence of folk art, singing and dancing have moved closer to
drama. At this time, there is a so-called big face, also known as the generation face, that is, a play with a mask. The famous play is Warrior Lanling's Ensemble. It is said that in the Northern Qi Dynasty (55-577), Gao Changgong, Warrior Lanling, was the champion of the three armies, but he was handsome. He felt that there was a so-called big face at this time, also known as the generation face, that is, a play with a mask. The famous play is Warrior Lanling's Ensemble. It is said that in the Northern Qi Dynasty (55-577), Gao Changgong, Warrior Lanling, was the champion of the three armies, but he was handsome. He felt that it was not enough to deter the enemy, so he put on a woodcut mask and went into battle. This play once spread to Japan.
Warrior Lanling, Tiaotou and Tiaoyaoniang, three famous song and dance dramas in the Tang Dynasty, all have short but complete stories, with characters and conflicts. The development of the plot leads to the prescribed ending.
Tibetan Nanping Dance
Nanping folk dance around Jiuzhaigou is mainly represented by Baima Tibetan dance. Baima Tibetans can sing and dance well, and dance can be divided into two categories: sacrificial and self-entertainment. Sacrificial dance is represented by "Yi" dance, which is about offering sacrifices to gods, praying for blessing and exorcising evil spirits. When jumping, several people wear various animal masks, and the dance simulates the dynamics of animals, which is rough, vigorous, dexterous and lively. Self-entertainment dance mainly focuses on celebration and praise. When dancing, men, women and children step around the fire and dance in circles.
peacock dance of Huaping Dai nationality
peacock dance of Huaping Dai nationality has distinct national style and local characteristics. In the grand national festivals of the Dai people such as the Water-splashing Festival, you can see the local Dai people dancing peacock dance. Whether it is group dance, duet dance or solo dance, all peacock postures are simulated and artistically exaggerated, giving people a gentle enjoyment.
singing and dancing
singing and dancing is a kind of national song and dance of the nationality. Dancers gather around the bonfire and dance with the Hulusheng. Dancing and dancing are mainly based on dancing, and the dance rhythm is constantly changing. There is a beautiful legend about the origin of singing and dancing. An old man raised five fierce sons, who protected the cottage against invaders. Later, these five heroes were poisoned by the enemy, and the villagers gathered around the campfire to commemorate these five heroes. Mourning with songs, foreign enemies were too scared to enter the village, and you people lived a peaceful life from then on.
Mosuo people's armor rubbing dance
is Mosuo people's "jumping" or "pot pile dance". The origin of Jia Cuo Dance, the legend is that when the ancient Mosuo people were invaded by foreign countries, the tribal leaders mobilized their people to ignite piles of raging fires on the dam site at the entrance of the village, and shouted and stamped their feet around the fire to create momentum and boost their prestige. After repelling the enemy, they sang and danced around the fire to celebrate the victory. A rub dance has evolved into a mass entertainment dance. Today, in order to celebrate the harvest, celebrate festivals, and pray for the gods, people all want to dance a cheerful nail-rubbing dance. Young men and women also take the opportunity to fall in love and make friends with Axia. A rubbing dance is rough, vigorous and lively, and the dance is not exciting.
Ali Li of Naxi nationality
Ali Li is a traditional song and dance of Naxi nationality, with a cheerful and relaxed tone. On festivals and happy events, you can see Naxi people form a circle and dance this traditional national song and dance. The Ali-Li dance method is simple. Dancers hold hands, one leads the singing, and everyone is in harmony, dancing and singing. The tune of "Ali Li" is fixed, and the lyrics are improvised, which mostly expresses people's happy mood. In five words, the first three words are sung, and then the first word is sung. Generally, Naxi people can be seen surrounded by village squares, Sifang Street in the ancient city and Red Sun Square in the new city, and they can improvise Ali Li. You can join them at will and experience this ancient national song and dance for yourself.
Naxi people's
Erre-re-re is a kind of traditional song and dance that spreads among Naxi people, with distinct rhythm, loud and powerful momentum. When singing, accompanied by concise and rough dance steps, it seems that people have returned to the distant nomadic life, reflecting the hardships and joys of the ancient nomadic life of the Na people. Ready-made mass entertainment songs and dances that sing happiness and yearn for beauty.
Naxi Reba Dance
Reba Dance is a group dance influenced by Tibetans. During the performance, men hold bronze bells, women hold cranks and drums, and men and women perform together. Reba dance is a form of square performance, and the singing drums and bells change with the rhythm of singing and dancing. Sometimes the drums are high and fluttering, and sometimes they are soothing and affectionate, and the drums and drums are low. Reba dance has a warm atmosphere, mixed with miscellaneous songs and folk songs and dances, and is a national song and dance deeply loved by Naxi people. Reba dance is usually performed on festive occasions or grand festivals, and is usually held in village squares or towns.
In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the more advanced "pouring steel" method was used instead of the tempering method, and the refined knives were more tough and sharp. There are three kinds of knives in Tang dynasty: instrument knife, GUI knife and horizontal knife. Instrument knife is a weapon used by imperial guards; Gui Dao is a knife worn by ordinary officials; The horizontal knife is a combat knife specially equipped for the army. Knife-making in the Tang Dynasty not only paid attention to keeping the traditional skills of Han nationality, but also absorbed a lot of foreign knife-making skills with the extensive economic and cultural exchanges between countries and ethnic groups, which made the making of combat knives more practical. In the Ming Dynasty, the "waist knife" was the most widely used in the army. The broadsword has a long and narrow blade, curved blade and extended blade, which absorbs the advantages of Japanese Dao and increases the power of chopping and killing wounds. Qi Jiguang, a famous general in Ming Dynasty and an anti-Japanese hero, attached great importance to the making of broadsword, and made a detailed study and record on the making method of broadsword in his military book "Training the Army". In Qing Dynasty, the types of knives were more complicated, including waist knife, back rolling double knife, spleen knife, double-handed knife, back knife, nest knife, mandarin duck knife, stern knife, cutting knife, dazzling knife and so on. Among them, broadsword and broadsword are widely used in combat. The upper part of the waist knife is straight, the lower part is slightly curved, and the blade is slightly narrow. The blade is three feet and two inches long, the handle is three inches long, and it weighs one Jin and twelve Liang (1 Jin = 16 Liang in ancient times), which is generally used in cavalry combat. With a knife in both hands, the handle is one foot and five inches long, which can be grasped by both hands. The blade is long and particularly wide and heavy, and the upper part is flat and linear. In close combat, infantry can cut off the enemy's head or limbs with one knife. The short knife was still one of the main weapons of the army in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. According to the records in The Romance of the Qing Dynasty, after Huang Taiji ascended the throne in the Qing Dynasty, the first lineup was composed of six armies of Manchu, Mongolian and Han: cavalry, pike, dagger, crossbow and rattan ... At that time, the combat knives used by the dagger team were close to the "sabre" we saw later. This kind of knife also has the saber called "big blade", which was used until the Anti-Japanese War.
Bows in the Tang Dynasty were divided into four types: long bow, angular bow, slight bow and lattice bow. The long bow is used for stepping, the horn bow is used for riding, the slight bow and the lattice bow are hunting bows and imperial guards' military bows. From the Tang and Song Dynasties until the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the shape of bows became increasingly simple, which can be roughly divided into common bows and practice bows. The former pays attention to the accuracy of shooting, while the latter practices the arm strength of the bow, so the practice uses "big bow" and "long bow". The Ming Dynasty paid special attention to the selection and manufacture of bows, and the materials used for a bow often came from many places.
In the ancient history of China, courtiers of all generations attached great importance to the production and use of bows. Because in ancient wars, "the two armies met and the crossbow came first." Whether it is attacking and defending towns, ambush or positional warfare, bows and arrows can be used as sharp weapons, and "first strike is strong." Since the advent of firearms, bows and arrows continued to serve in the army because of their lightness, flexibility and high shooting rate, and they were used until the end of Qing Dynasty. Today, in the sports arena, we can still witness the heroic posture of archers.
A military book in the Tang Dynasty, The Taibai Yinjing, records that the whole body of the stone thrower is made of wood, and a rotatable shaft is horizontally placed above the gun mount. The long rod fixed on the shaft is called the "tip", which acts as a lever. Only one wooden pole is called "single tip", and those with multiple wooden poles are called "multi-tip". The more tips, the heavier and farther the stone bullet can be thrown. The maximum number of gun tips in ancient times was 13. The wood selected for the tip needs special processing to make it strong and elastic. In addition, because the trebuchet is made by using the lever principle, the length of the gun tip and the ratio of the force arm to the resistance arm should be carefully calculated. Generally, the gun tip is about 2. 5～2。 Eight feet. One end of the tip is tied with a "leather nest", which contains a stone bullet and the other end is tied with a gun rope, which is about tens of feet long. The gun rope of small guns ranges from 1 to 1, and there are more than 1 large guns, each of which is pulled by 1 to 2 people. When throwing a stone bullet, one person should aim at it first, and the lasso people should yank the gun rope at the same time. When one end of the gun tip lanyard falls sharply, the leather nest at the other end will be thrown up quickly. Stone bullets are thrown suddenly by inertia, and the range can reach hundreds of steps. ”。 In 757, Shi Siming besieged Taiyuan, and Li Guangbi repelled shi jun by throwing a car. At that time, car-throwing can be divided into three types: light car-throwing, which is released by two people, and the stone bullet weighs half a catty and is used to meet the enemy; In single-tip, double-tip, whirlwind, tiger crouching, etc., 4 ~ 1 people pull the gun rope, which can fire 25 kg of stone bullets with a range of 8 steps; Heavy-duty car thrower has five and seven guns, and it takes 15 ~ 25 people to pull the gun rope and send 7 ~ 1 kilograms of stone bullets, with a range of 5 steps. This kind of heavy gun is very heavy, so the gun frame must be fixed when it is used, and it is mostly used to attack and defend the city.
according to different materials, shields can be divided into wooden, bamboo, rattan, leather, bronze, iron and so on. Among them, the shield made of wood and leather has the longest history and the most common application. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, shields were mostly used in chariot battles and foot battles, and shields made of wood, leather or rattan were important defensive weapons in the army. At this time, the shield is approximately rectangular in shape, inlaid with bronze shields in front, with tiger heads, lion faces, etc., all of which are ferocious and daunting, so as to intimidate the enemy and enhance the protective efficiency of the shield. One kind of wooden shield is particularly popular, with a double arc pattern on the top, rectangular shape, painted surface and exquisite patterns. Rattan card is also a kind of shield commonly used in the army. It was first produced in Fujian and spread to the mainland in the middle of Ming Dynasty. Rattan cards are made by collecting old vines on the mountain. Generally, they are made into a disc shape, with a protruding center and a high eaves. The round diameter is about three feet, but the weight is not more than nine pounds. The cards are made into upper and lower rings with rattan to allow the arms to hold them. This kind of rattan card is simple to compile and easy to use. In addition, the rattan itself is firm and flexible, smooth and tough, and it is not easy for weapons to cut and shoot. Therefore, after it was introduced into the mainland, it soon became one of the main equipment of infantry.
There were 13 kinds of armour in the Tang Dynasty, among which Ming Guang Armor, Guang Yao Armor, Xi Lin Armor, Shan Wen Armor, Wu Hammer Armor and chain mail were all made of iron. The "Bright Armor" has a mirror-like metal round heart protector on its chest and back, which shines when the sun shines, hence its name. Chain mail is a kind of interlocking and dense.