China ancient music art has brilliant achievements, according to "Mandarin? "Zhou Yu" records that 8 BC? 1 1 century Zhou dynasty, with "gold, stone, earth, wood, silk, bamboo,
Eight-tone classification of "Yi, Ge". The division of "Eight Tones" is based on the sound styles of eight musical instruments: copper (gold) bells, stone chimes, earthen and wooden flutes? And then what? , using a stringed piano.
Flute and flute are made of bamboo, cymbals and gongs are made of bamboo, and drums are made of leather. Among these musical instruments, stone musical instruments such as Zhong and Qing, and musical instruments such as Fu, Sheng, Fu, Xiao and Di all have relatively stable pitches. What about the clock?
From the chimes and chimes unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi, it can be seen that Qing was an extremely important melody instrument at that time.
Of course, a stable pitch does not necessarily have an absolute pitch standard. But if the instrument has no absolute pitch mark,
Accurately speaking, an instrument with a stable pitch cannot be used for ensemble; But from the reality of music life and archaeological excavations, it is proved that they should all have a stable absolute pitch. China's Music in Pre-Qin Period
It is a great thing that musical instruments have absolute pitch, which can be verified with the literature records. Because this fully shows that our country has made extraordinary achievements in melody, music acoustics and musical instrument making technology at that time.
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Since the pre-Qin period, some musical instruments with stable pitch have strict technological requirements. As far as Zhong Qing is concerned, the rites and music used by emperors in the pre-Qin period were often used to chime bells, and now they are out.
Zeng Houyi's chimes are grand in scale and rich in melody, and are known as the wonders of the world. There is no doubt that the use of chimes and chimes has extremely strict requirements for music. About the production of Zhou Li Zhongqing? Examiner
Remember "has a very clear record. Zhong, what about it? Volume 11 of "Flower King Gong Ji" has the following records: "Grinding at ten o'clock, except for two points, two points are grinding room, two points are drum room and two points are dance training.
In order to dance widely, take the length of its pheasant as its length, take its length as its circumference, divide it into three parts, remove one part as its balance circumference, and divide it into three parts as its length, up and down, and decide its rotation. "This passage tells the story of clock parts (scale.
Grid). He also said: "The thinnest place vibrates, and polluted air comes from it. What a waste? Its reason is xing. It is said that the clock is the most stone, and it is broadcast when it is thin; What a waste. What a waste. If you are depressed, you will be shocked if you are long. So the big clock is between its drums, and one of them is thicker.
Jason Chung is very rare, one of which is thick. The clock is big and short, its sound is short, the clock is small and long, and its sound is comfortable and far away. The result is six points thick, one point deep and one point twisted. "This explanation will be told to the ministries."
The relationship between the proportion and shape of points and sound quality. As for Qing, "What about Zhou Li?" "Kao" has been published for 12 years: "Qing Ming Qing, every sentence is half a mile apart, one blog, two shares and three drums. Three-thirds of the drum blog, go to a drum blog:
One-third is rich and one is thick. If you get up, just rub it next to you. If you fall down, rub its end. "Here, we should not only clarify the proportion of each part, but also point out the ways to correct the sound. This is a very profound experience summary.
Zhongqing
Besides, the wind instrument with stable pitch is the sound of rain. The reed of reed has the characteristics of bidirectional vibration, that is, both blowing and sucking can produce sound, which is related to the fact that bamboo spring is originally used in reed and reed, and bamboo spring can not be welded and riveted. It belongs to music.
The problem of study is not discussed here. As for Yu and Sheng, they also have a relatively stable pitch and are calibrated with the help of a point spring. However, the range of high and low key correction is limited after all. Unfortunately, the limitation of this range is not recorded in ancient books.
Load.
Flute is the most commonly used musical instrument with stable pitch. Although there are records of flutes in Zhou Li, this does not prove that Yu, Sheng, Xun, Xiao,? , flute, pipe "
Is the flute today or in Han and Wei Dynasties? The flute in Han and Wei Dynasties was the predecessor of shakuhachi in Tang and Song Dynasties, and evolved from Qiang flute. It began in the Han dynasty and continued to reform in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.
About the Han and Wei flutes, they were made by Qiang flutes.
The problem of the theory of evolution is proved by the Flute Fu written by Ma Rong, a famous scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty. There is such a record in "Difu": "The modern double flute originated from the Qiang people, and the Qiang people failed to cut bamboo. Long Ming has disappeared from the water, and the sound of bamboo cutting and blowing is similar.
If it is a through hole, it will be easier to hold when cutting. Yi Jingjun knows the melody, the original four holes are added, and the holes added by the Ming army come out, which means that the Shang sound is five sounds. "Brush holes" and "through holes" at both ends, and there is a back hole.
Yes, this is the style of making shakuhachi.
Handflute in Wei and Jin Dynasties, flute and shakuhachi in Tang and Song Dynasties, although their sound holes range from four holes to six holes and then to five holes, the styles of brush holes and through holes at both ends have never changed.
This style was followed in China until the end of Ming and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, and after the Qing Dynasty, shakuhachi died out in China. Shakuhachi existed in China until the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Fang Yizhi, a scholar in the late Ming Dynasty, wrote Tongya? Records in musical instruments can prove it. Fang Yizhi
It is said that in Ma Rong's Ode to the Flute, "the flute is hollow and bottomless, with five holes in it, and now it is shakuhachi". [1] Changes after the shakuhachi Song Dynasty: A branch was introduced into Japan and evolved into.
Japan's modern shakuhachi (the shakuhachi introduced to Japan in the Tang Dynasty is called the ancient shakuhachi, but it has not been handed down), and the other has evolved into today's Dong Xiao (including today's Fujian Nanyin Dong Xiao).
On the Making of Han and Wei Dizi
There should be strict rules. When the Qiang flute is changed to the Han flute, it is reasonable to play the horn, the sign, the feather, the palace and the gong separately from the drum sound. The production of flutes in Wei and Jin Dynasties came from Song Shu? rash and blunt
Judging from the narrative of the column and preface, although it does not conform to the twelve laws, it is undoubtedly standardized; Xun Xu's "Tai Shi Di", designed in the ten years of Tai Shi, not only has strict production standards, but also conforms to the rules.
In the early Tang Dynasty, Lv Cai designed and produced twelve feet and eight feet, which combined with the law. This set of shakuhachi has the same performance as Taishi flute. Although the details of the shakuhachi designed by Lu Cai are unknown, it was handed down from Japan during the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
From the perspective of shakuhachi, there are not only strict standards for selecting materials, but also strict standards for determining sound holes. This can be proved from the Sui shakuhachi (flute) and the shakuhachi in Horyuji Zhengcang Courtyard.
Hiding in Japan
Judging from the standard of tickets in Sui and Tang Dynasties, they are all three and a half sections, each with three sections, and the sound holes are strictly positioned.
Sui and Tang dynasties had a unified standard for selecting shakuhachi, which can be proved by the eight shakuhachi in Xiacang Institute. What is hidden in Zhengcang Hospital?
Eight feet eight materials are not only mostly bamboo, but also jade and ivory. Materials, whether jade or ivory, are turned to the same standard as the selected bamboo. What should arouse me most.
Note that Horyuji's collection is said to belong to Shoto Kutaishi (Feng Ercong, a stable household in Shanggong, 574? 662) Playing the flute (shakuhachi), in order to reach the standard of fixed hole, the fourth hole was actually opened at the music festival!
[2]
There are nine shakuhachi in Japan, which is undoubtedly extremely valuable information for the evolution, production technology and flute rhythm of clarinets (shakuhachi and Dong Xiao).