Teaching objectives:
1. Understand the basis of paragraph division.
2. Master the method of summarizing the meaning of paragraphs and the content of articles.
3. How to master the subtitle
Teaching focus:
1. Master the method of summarizing the meaning of paragraphs and the content of articles.
2. Master the method of subtitle
Teaching difficulties: screening the important information of the article and summarizing the content of the article accurately and concisely.
Teaching process: 3 hours.
first kind
I. Basis for dividing paragraphs
(a) according to the different development of time.
In chronological narration, we should grasp the key words or sentences indicating the development of events and divide them into different stages, thus dividing the paragraph level. For example, if we analyze Yang Mo's The Strong Warrior, we can divide it into three paragraphs by grasping the vertical lines of time words: "One night" (the first part)-"The next morning" (the second part)-"Night" (the third part), and then we can divide the article into three paragraphs by grasping the words of the three leading paragraphs.
(2) according to the development stage of things.
In narrative, there will always be obvious stages of development, and this feature will always be reflected in the article. By carefully distinguishing the development stages of events, we can divide the paragraph level of such articles. For example, the full text of Lu Xun's Hometown has three stages of development, namely "going back to my hometown"-"staying in my hometown"-"leaving my hometown". There is a clear basis for dividing paragraphs according to this idea.
(three) according to the local conversion.
Narrative, describing things, often occurs in multiple places, not in the same place. This kind of article can be divided into paragraph levels by changing its position. For example, Bing Xin's Little Orange Lantern can be divided into four parts according to the change of location:
(1) The first paragraph describes what happened in a township office in the suburbs of Chongqing.
(2) The second paragraph describes what happened at the "little girl's house".
(3) the third paragraph, narrative in "my friend's house" conversation.
(4) the fourth paragraph, confessed "after the village".
(four) according to the different expression content.
Some narratives are not described from a single angle, but from multiple angles, so it is necessary to consider the level of paragraphs from different angles. For example, Zhu Ziqing's "Spring" can be considered to be written from three different angles: ① looking forward to spring —— ② painting spring —— ③ praising spring. The description of spring can be divided into different levels from different angles: A. Writing about spring breeze-B. Writing about spring flowers-C. Writing about spring grass-D. Writing about spring rain-E. Writing about people's activities in spring.
(5) According to the changes of thoughts and feelings.
Some narratives are more clues than the changes of characters' thoughts and feelings, from which we can find the basis for dividing paragraphs. For example, Yang Shuo's "Litchi Honey" is the author's emotional change to bees: ① I don't like bees-② I want to see bees-③ I appreciate bees-④ I want to be bees. There are many ways to divide narrative, such as plot and order, so I won't describe them here.
Second, how to divide paragraphs
There are various methods of segmentation, which can be flexible to some extent, but it is important to distinguish the relationship between natural segments and natural segments. Common segmentation methods are:
1, integer division method. When reading an article about something, you should find out what it is about, the cause, the process and the result. Accordingly, the article can be segmented; For articles that have written several things, we should separate them one by one; Articles that explain things should also separate several aspects of explanation.
2. Partial merger method. The steps are as follows: first, number each natural segment and summarize the general idea of each natural segment; Second, merge adjacent natural paragraphs that explain the same content into a large paragraph.
3. Extraction center method. First, grasp the main content of the article and summarize this part into a large paragraph, that is, extract the central paragraph.
4. Mark segmentation method. Some articles have obvious segmentation marks, such as statements indicating time, statements indicating location and orientation, blank lines, etc.
Handling of transition section: the transition section is a link between the preceding and the following, which mainly plays the role of connecting the front and the back, so the segmentation generally does not start from the top. For example, the transitional section of Great Friendship, "Engels enthusiastically helped Marx in his life ...", should be classified as the next section. If the transition section mainly summarizes the above, it can also be classified as the last section.
Third, how to summarize the meaning of the paragraph?
After segmentation, explain the main meaning of each paragraph in concise words, that is, summarize the meaning of the paragraph. This is actually a summary of the full text into a simple outline. In this way, we can not only grasp the main meaning of each paragraph, but also further understand how the author arranges the materials in order and how the paragraphs are related.
To summarize the meaning of a paragraph, we should generally do the following three things: first, we should be accurate, that is, we should properly summarize the key contents of the whole paragraph, and we should not replace the whole with the part and the main with the minor; Second, it is concise, concise and clear, and can't be repetitive; The third is fluency and understanding, not ambiguity. Ways to summarize the meaning of a paragraph:
1, abstract syntax.
Pick out the sentences that can summarize the whole paragraph as the main idea of the paragraph. This method is suitable for paragraphs with central sentences.
2. Consolidation method.
First find out the general idea of each natural paragraph, and then fuse the general idea of several natural paragraphs together to sum up the general idea of the whole paragraph.
3. Weighing method.
A paragraph has several meanings, and often has two meanings. Grasp the main and discard the secondary, and you can get the meaning of the paragraph. For example, the first paragraph of "It's raining for Xiaojie" has two meanings: the living environment where the rain comes and his swimming ability is high. The second layer is the main layer, which can be used as the general idea of the whole paragraph.
4. Use the law.
This is a conclusion with the help of the structural characteristics of the segment. For example, a general segment can be used; Causal part, with the help of the result part; Progressive paragraphs can use the meaning of the latter layer, but it should be noted that the methods of summarizing the meaning of paragraphs in the same article should be unified, and several methods cannot be used at the same time.
Fourth, how to list the subheadings?
The headline is the eye of the article, and the subtitle is the summary and prompt of the main content of a paragraph. On the basis of dividing paragraphs, we can also condense the meaning of paragraphs into subheadings, which is also a test center. The basis of division is the same as that of division, and the column subtitle can also be based on it. For example: 1, based on time. For example, the topic is "Strong Me", and the subtitle can be drafted as: (1) Three years old, stand up (2) Eight years old, I don't cry (3) Fourteen years old, I can do it. It chooses three years old, eight years old and fourteen years old as three time points and writes three things that are very strong for itself. 2. Space-based. For example, the title of Happy Me can be: (1) Happy Restaurant (2) Warm Dormitory (3) Warm Classroom. It chooses dining room, dormitory and classroom as three space points to write their own happy events respectively. 3. According to the event stage. For example, what I am eager to know is the topic, and the subtitle can be drafted as: (1) Want to cry without tears (2) Want to argue without words (3) Want to be powerless. It chose three things that it was wronged and showed me a desire to understand. 4. Make it according to the content. For example, the topic is Happy Me, and the subtitle can be: (1) The thread in the hand of a loving mother (2) The spring silk is continuous (3) The classmates are also United. It selects three roles: mother, teacher and classmate, and writes their love for themselves and their happiness. 5. Draft your thoughts and feelings. For example, Yang Zhenning's Deng Jiaxian is titled with the subtitle: (1) From "Abandoned by Others" to "Stand Up" (2) Founder of "Two Bombs" (3) Deng Jiaxian and Oppenheimer (4) National Feelings? Friendship? (5) "I can't go" (6) Forever pride.
Paragraph meaning and subheading are both summaries of the main content of the paragraph, and there are two main differences between them:
(1) In content, subheadings are more general, concentrated and concise than paragraphs;
(2) Formally, the paragraph meaning must be a complete sentence, and the subtitle can be a word or phrase.
V. How to summarize the main contents of the article?
Reading an article is from the whole to the part and then to the whole, that is, reading the article for the first time, first understanding the main idea, then understanding the words, reading every sentence, summarizing the meaning of the article in sections, and finally returning to the whole article, so as to grasp the main content of the article and summarize the central idea. Summarizing the main content of the article is to find out what the full text is mainly about. Only by mastering the main content of the article can we correctly understand the central idea of the article.
Methods of summarizing the main contents of the article:
Method 1: Combination of paragraph and meaning. A paragraph summarizes the main content of a paragraph. Summarizing the general idea of each paragraph is the main content of the whole article. This is the most commonly used method. In this way, we should pay attention to two points:
1. Some transitional words should be added between paragraphs to make them read smoothly and coherently.
2, to distinguish between key paragraphs and non-key paragraphs, to be detailed and omitted, and some can even be omitted.
Method 2: Connect components in series. Articles that write people's notes generally have basic elements such as time, place, people and events (including cause, process and result). It is the main content of this paper to clarify these basic elements and link them in words. For example, "Flying the Luding Bridge" can summarize the main content in this way.
Method 3: problem generalization method.
When an author writes an article, he often focuses on a center, grasps several problems and writes it in a certain order. When reading and writing articles, we can think about what the author wants to explain. Summarizing these problems is the main content of the article. For example, after reading the poor, you can ask the following questions first: What happened when Sang Na was waiting for her husband to come back? How did she do it? what do you think? Why would she think that? What did she think when her husband came back? Answering these questions one by one is the main content of the text.
Method 4: Title tracing method. Some articles with content propositions can be read according to the title and traced back to the main content of the article. This is the so-called "title tracking method". For example, the lesson "Great Friendship" can be traced back to the main content by grasping the topic.
Method 5: Content-based method. This method summarizes the main content with the help of sentences or paragraphs in the article. For example, the lesson "Raising Flowers" ends with "There are joys and sorrows, laughter and tears, flowers and fruits, and fragrant colors. Work and study. This is the fun of growing flowers. " Summarized the main content of the full text.
In short, no matter which method you use, you should read the text carefully and analyze and understand it first. On this basis, we can correctly summarize the main contents of the article. At the same time, the combination of various methods can achieve better results.