Based on the textual research of Shao's "Only Chu has material", it is considered that "Only Chu has material", as a literary language with independent narrative significance, first appeared in the article "Rebuilding Wuchang Fu Xue" written by Lin Tianqing, governor of Huguang in the early Qing Dynasty, and the time was about 1655. The "copyright" of "Only Chu has material" should belong to Gong Lin, an adult of Futai in the middle of17th century.
This paper will prove that this view in Kao lue is incorrect. As early as 359 years ago, in the early years of Lin Tianqing in Yuan Dynasty, the word "only Chu has material" appeared in literati's poems. From the Yuan Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, the saying "Only Chu is talented" was always used. Although it doesn't look very popular, people still accept this somewhat "arrogant" title. "Only Chu has talent" officially became a term of "official" in Yongzheng period of Qing Dynasty, and it was widely circulated in Qianlong period. The mature basis of the word "only Chu Youcai" is a group of writers mainly from Hubei during the Wanli period of Ming Dynasty. Accordingly, this paper will distinguish between "only Chu has material" as a literary language and "only Chu has material" with historical significance.
First, only Chu has many talents.
Although "only Chu is talented" is a relatively late literary language, similar concepts have been repeatedly expressed in the creation of literati in previous dynasties. There is a saying in the Tang Dynasty poet Zhao Dongxi's "The Wind and Sheng Zhi Answer Zhang Shuo's Going Out of the Sparrow Valley and Returning to the South" that "Tao and Yin are the sharpest, so we can learn from them when we do it." Wang Anshi, a writer in the Song Dynasty, once wrote: "The rule of Henan today lies in the population of Jing. Since ancient times, there has been a lot of material and wine. "
"Brilliant" is a very common symbolic expression in poetry and prose. In the Tang Dynasty alone, there were "Chu Cai chose Qi Zi, Hanyuan returned to Hua Yi" (Du Fu), "Luo Yong went out of Huaidian Lake and entered the curtain to collect Chu Cai" (Gao Shi), "The family sealed Hanyang County, and Wen Hui Chu Cai Guo" (Meng Haoran) and ".
Under the long-term influence of this literary tradition, the appearance of the word "only Chu Youcai" is not very abrupt. In the Yuan Dynasty, Fang Hui's Continuation of Tongjiang (Volume 21) had a long poem named "Sending Zhaojun to Changde". Judge Lao Lin 'an). There is such a sentence in the poem:
After hearing about Qu Yuan's elegance,
The legend of sorrow and joy of Li Sao through the ages
Only Chu has many talents, and there are many talents.
I am lucky to be a teacher.
Fang Hui (1227 ~ 1307), whose real name is Wan Li, whose real name is Fu Yuan, whose real name is Xugu and whose real name is Ziyang Mountain. Huizhou Shexian (now Anhui) people. Li Zongsan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1262) was a scholar in Ding Jing, who was tired of knowing Jiande House. At the beginning, I ingratiated myself with Jia Sidao, Quan Chen and Yongmei. Later, when I saw that Tao was defeated, it seemed that Tao could also be cut off. In the second year of Deyou (thirteen years from Yuan Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty, 1276), Yuan soldiers arrived, lifted the city and descended, and awarded Jiande Road Manager and prefect. In the 16th year of Yuan Dynasty (1279), he went to see a doctor in Yan, moved and stayed. Before and after seven years in the county, entrusted by son-in-law and protege. After being dismissed from office, he lived in Qiantang, swam between the new rich and the yuan with poetry, and returned with the adherents of the Song Dynasty. Dade died in eleven years at the age of eighty-one. Fang Hui was a famous writer in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty. Good at poetry and prose, he is the main poet of Jiangxi School. His works include Continuation of Ancient and Modern Literatures, Selected Poems of Yan Bao and Xie Fang, and Continuation of Tongjiang. He also classified the regular poems of Tang and Song Dynasties as "winning the kui and managing the essence" and put forward the theory of "one ancestor and three schools" of Jiangxi poetry school, which had a great influence on later generations.
"Changde teaches Zhao Jun", that is, Zhao Heren, the word father, the grandson of Zhao IX, the King of Song Yan. He was sentenced for Lin 'an. There are five poems in Song Ci. After the death of the Song Dynasty, Yuan Zhen was appointed as a professor of Confucianism in Changde Road for two years (1296), and Huang was promoted to the county principal book. The poems recorded in Tongjiang Xuzhi are not in the same category, but in chronological order. Seeing Zhao Jun Out of Changde is the last poem in Volume 21 of Tongjiang Continuation. There are two poems by Bing Shen Sheng, two poems by Mou Xianzhi and two poems by Hannah, and two poems by Zhang Shidao. Bing Shen was in the second year of Yuan Zhen, so it can be seen that "Sending Zhaojun to Changde" was also written in that year. The Catalogue of Siku Quanshu said: "Tongjiang continued to work after the Yuan Dynasty dismissed from office." It is also mutual support.
Therefore, we can say that as early as the early Yuan Dynasty, the word "only Chu is talented" has been used to describe the prosperous situation of talents in today's Hubei and Hunan areas as early as the pre-Qin period. The poem "Send Zhaojun to Changde" written by Fang Hui in A.D. 1296 is an example of the early use of the literary language "Only Chu is talented". Compared with the reconstruction of Fu Xue in Wuchang by Lin Tianqing, Governor of Huguang in the early Qing Dynasty, Fang Hui's poems can be traced back to 359 years ago.
Second, the language: only Chu has material.
Wang Shizhen's four drafts of the United States of America? "Yizhou Continuation" Volume 97 "The Epitaph of the Doctor, Gui and other places declared the right assistant minister Wuhua, saying:" Only Chu has the material, Pu is good. "
Wang Shizhen (1526 ~ 1590), with beautiful words, is also known as Fengzhou and Yizhoushan. A native of Taicang Prefecture, Zhili (now Taicang City, Jiangsu Province). In the twenty-sixth year of Jiajing (1547), he was a scholar and an official of Nanjing punishments department. A famous writer and historian in Ming Dynasty, he was one of the "last seven sons".
"Wuhua Gong Li" refers to Li Shu, a native of Huguang Jingshan. (1517 ~1581), Zi Meng, a native of Wuhuashan, was a scholar in the 29th year of Jiajing (1550). His son Li Weizhen (1547 ~ 1626), whose real name is Ning, was a Jinshi in Qin Long for two years (1568), and was the right assistant minister of Nanjing Libu. He entered the history book and retired. Li Wei is really a famous writer in Ming Dynasty, and he is listed as the "Last Five Scholars". He is the leader of the Seven Scholars School after Wang Shizhen and Wang Daokun, and he is the author of The Great Secret Recipe Collection 134.
The epitaph of Wuhua Gong Li said that Li Shu died on the 29th day of the first month of Wanli, that is, on March 4th of 158 1 year. According to the general rule, the epitaph should be written in 158 1 year (nine years of Wanli) or soon after. Moreover, the "only Chu Youcai" here refers to the "Hubei" people. If Fang Hui's poems are just a kind of literary works in a general sense, then this epitaph by Wang Shizhen is a model that gives a clear reference to "only Chu has material".
Coincidentally, Li Weizhen also used the word "Wei Chu was talented". See the preface to Book 12 of The Great Secret Recipe Good Discipline "Yin Dashan's Manuscript:" ... make future generations known as Mingde lush, Wei Chu talented, on an equal footing with ancient public officials and doctors, not borrowing the wealth of the world, but focusing on words. " This dimension, as a modal particle or "nai" and "Shi", is more accurate, but it may not be interpreted as an adverb "only" or "only". However, the word "Wei" in "Youcai" can only be interpreted as "Wei", and it is definitely not an modal particle. In ancient Chinese, Wei, Wei and Wei are connected, which can be used as adverb "only" or as an auxiliary word at the beginning of meaningless sentences. Because of the existence of the epitaph of Wuhua Gong Li, we can almost be sure that Li Weizhen's "Wei Chu is talented" comes from Wang Shizhen's "Only Chu is talented", and the two words have the same meaning.
Among the Records of Huguang compiled by Kang Yong in the Qing Dynasty, there is the Preface of Baiyunshan House Collection written by Long Ying in the Ming Dynasty. Ying Long (1560 ~ 1622), also known as Yu Jun, was born in Wu Lingren (now Wuling District, Changde City, Hunan Province). In the eighth year of Wanli (1580), he was a scholar, promoted to Xindu as an official, took charge of the ritual department, and moved to Guo Zi as a doctor. In the twentieth year of Wanli (1592), the above-mentioned "advice on choosing maids" guarded the frontier, and later became a doctor of the housing department, who was tired of investigating the affairs of the West Division of Guanshan Mountain in Gansu Province, participating in politics, and the Taichang Temple was just clear. In his later years, he resigned and returned to Changde to escape Zen. Ying Long is a poet and playwright. His plays include The Golden Gate Bridge and so on. His works handed down from generation to generation include Nine Branches and so on.
In the preface of "Baiyun Mountain House Collection", there is a feeling of "consulting an official here, almost a user of Jin", which shows that this is a work in Jin. In the forty-fourth year of Wanli (16 16), Ying Long granted Shaanxi the right to participate in the political power and was stationed in Zhou Pu. At this time, it was only six years before his death, and he had the experience of participating in politics in Gansu, becoming a righteous official in Taichang Temple and even quitting his job to become a monk and retreat from Zen. It can be seen that the preface of Baiyun Mountain House Collection should be written in 16 16 or soon after.
The preface to Baiyun Mountain House Collection reads: "As the saying goes, only Chu is talented." There is also a sentence in the preface: "Du Yun Li Benning is a great historian, and he was suddenly called a great master Lu Lingguang. He is also very successful." Li Benning's history is Li Weizhen. It can be seen that the dragon and Li know each other, not only as elders among their peers, but also academically. So, Ying Long blurted out "Only Chu Youcai" is also from Li Weizhen? It is unreasonable to say that Ying Long, a "Chu man", was not affected when the Seven Scholars visited the literary world in Wanli.
He is also the son-in-law of Chen, a writer in Mianyang, Hubei (now Xiantao City). Yu Shu, a scholar in the forty-fourth year of Jiajing (1565), moved to Nanjing Dali Temple, and wrote fourteen volumes of Garden Collection, twelve volumes of poetry, and twenty-three volumes of supplements, including Wang Shizhen and Preface. It seems to be a fashion in that era to praise Hubei writers with "Chu Cai". Daokun Wang (1526 ~ 1593), who is also known as "the second Sima in the world" with Wang Shizhen, wrote a preface for Chen, saying, "I am very surprised to see Chu materials in five days." At the end of Ming Dynasty, Tang Rudang's Preface to the Complete Works of Newly Engraved Yuan Zhonglang also praised "I am a simple person, and I have rich Chu materials". -It is so obvious and magnificent around the literary friendship and ideological inheritance of Hubei writers.
The "language" of "only Chu has material" should be interpreted as discussion and conversation, which fully shows that "only Chu has material" has become a word that people often use at that time. It exists not only in the poet's pen, but also in the street talk. That is to say, from 1296 Fang Hui's pen to the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, after being quoted and publicized by literary champions such as Wang Shizhen and Li Weizhen, about 320 years later, the new word "Only Chu Youcai" gradually took root in people's hearts and became a kind of knowledge. She is no longer just a literary vocabulary, but also an idea. She is no longer unusual, not only the inspiration of literati, but also a popular saying passed down from mouth to mouth. "Chu Cai" seems to be the identity of scholars in the two lakes at that time. In the late Ming Dynasty, Hubei writers were the main writers, and the word "brilliant" had a bright prospect of spreading to a wider field and gradually breaking through geographical restrictions and growing into a common language.
Third, only Chu has material, and he is a bear from the beginning.
At the end of the thirty-ninth volume of the Ming Wanli Huguang General Records, select Table 4, and there is a passage about "On", among which there are a few words: "Today Chu is a talent, a tree on time, and a spring and autumn period."
Xu Guoxiang, Governor of Huguang, prefaced the Qing Dynasty Kangxi's Huguang Tongzhi: "Those who have materials are not Chu, and those who have materials in Chu are enough to pay attention to Chu." The preface of Zhang Zhongju, the envoy of Huguang, also said: "Natural talents are for a generation, and Chu has this material and is a religious person." These two prefaces were written in the 23rd year of Kangxi.
Whether it is poetry creation or the word "one voice", it can be said that it still belongs to the "folk" understanding. Although Zuo Zhuan's "Although Chu has information" is common in later classics, some cited people even rewrite it as "Wei Chu has information", but this can only be said to be a misuse or a kind misinterpretation. Therefore, if it is necessary to discuss when "only Chu Youcai" was recognized by the "official" and became the "official language", the official history is not an ideal reference material.
Local chronicles are one of the most important comprehensive historical books in ancient China. It is not only responsible for summarizing the local customs and social conditions in a certain area, but also a tool for local governments to declare enlightenment. The so-called "Xiu De abides by discipline, learns from the past and learns from the present, and shows merits before talents" can also be confirmed by the fact that local chronicles are usually compiled by the government. Therefore, some understandings and opinions about local humanities revealed in local chronicles can be regarded as "official opinions" to a large extent. Although the two kinds of Huguang Tongzhi quoted above use different words on the issue of "Chu Cai", they have the same meaning.
Wanli Huguang Tongzhi proved the objective situation of the prosperity of talents in the past dynasties in the two lakes through the selection of lists, but it was summarized by Chu Cai Bin Bin, using only a relatively stable adjective. In the preface of local chronicles, the governor and minister Buzheng repeatedly emphasized that "only Chu has material". Because of the particularity of the document carrier and the identity of the speaker, it seems that "only Chu has information" as "official opinion" can't be wrong. However, can the rhetoric in the style of Preface be used as a rigorous historical judgment basis? To a certain extent, "preface" will not have a stronger "official" meaning than "table selection" because of the importance of author identity. After all, Local Records itself has been criticized for being too beautiful, let alone Preface. Of course, this is almost harsh.
Then, can "Rebuilding Fu Xue in Wuchang" written by Lin Tianqing, Governor of Huguang during the Shunzhi period be regarded as the representative of "official opinions"? In a word, it is natural to say so. The problem is that Lin Tianqing's Rebuilding Wuchang Fu Xue was not included in Huguang Tongzhi compiled by Kangxi and Yongzheng twice. Not only that, these two kinds of Huguang Tongzhi did not mention the "reconstruction" of Fu Xue in Wuchang during Shunzhi period, and even Lin Tianqing himself did not leave a mark on these two kinds of Huguang Tongzhi. Perhaps, Lin's "Rebuilding Wuchang" will be engraved in a corner, but its influence will certainly not be great. The Reconstruction of Wuchang cited by Mr. Shao is from Hubei Tongzhi 192 1. It can be seen that this article has not been spread for a long time. Even if it can be regarded as a voice, it is also a weak voice, which is far from the "official opinion".
What is the sign that "only Chu is talented" has become an "official language"? Since when, "only Chu is talented" is no longer just a descriptive language of literature, but an officially recognized summary opinion on the human history of the two lakes?
Yongzheng's "Huguang Tongzhi" Volume 51 "People's Tales" preface said: "National education has a long history and the people's culture is rich, and then it shines first. Isn't it great! Only Chu has the material, starting from the bear. "
Tongzhi Example said: "Tongzhi began on February 27th, the eighth year of Yongzheng, and was engraved on July 15th, the tenth year of Yongzheng." Yongzheng ten years is 1732. This introduction is a summary, a statement, a description and an example. It is concise and gorgeous, which sets off the word "only Chu has material". At this time, it has been 436 years since the Yuan Dynasty used "only Chu has talent", and it has been about15/kloc-0 since Wang Shizhen used "only Chu has talent" in Ming Dynasty. It has been about 1 16 years since Ying Long revealed that "only Chu is talented" has been widely circulated among the people. At last, it was officially recorded as "Mandarin" in A.D. 1732, which is of historical significance.
Four, "Four Ku Quanshu" and "Only Chu has material"
As Mr. Shao said, "only Chu is talented" is not the same as "Zuo Zhuan". There is a literal connection between "although Chu has material, Jin is practical" in Twenty-six Years of Xiang Gong, but "although Chu has material" in Zuo Zhuan is only its predecessor-later generations changed their meanings and used it ". Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish which documents in Chu belong to "although Chu has material" and its original meaning, and which belong to "only Chu has material" that we are discussing. In this way, the literature will not be misused when tracing back to "only Chu has material", thus adding confusion.
To be sure, anything related to Zuo Zhuan, or when describing historical facts in the pre-Qin period, "Wei Chu has information" and "only Chu has information" all belong to the category of "although Chu has information". There are a lot of words such as "Wei Chu is talented", "Only Chu is talented" and "Only Chu is talented" in Sikuquanshu. Compared with other versions of related ancient books, it is found that most of these words belong to "tampering" in Sikuquanshu. For example, there is material in the last volume of Wu Yao in the Northern Song Dynasty, and there is reality in Jin Dynasty, and there is material in Chu, which was engraved by Tang Fuchun in the Ming Dynasty Wanli Jinling Book. Yuan also revised Volume 48 of Liao History, and put it to death? In Nan Guan, "Only Chu has material, but gold is practical", and the engraving of Qingyan Long Wuyingtang is based on "Although Chu has material". In Shanghai (volume 2000), Xu's preface to ions, "Material for Jin's use", was written into an official document in six years (1572), proofreading of ions by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, and Siku Quanshu (volume 38).
Others such as Zhang Qing's "Three Biographies and Folds"? Only Chu is talented in volume 25 of Zuo Zhuan Zhu Zhe, figures in volume 13 of Zhi Da Jin Ling Xin Zhi, only Chu is talented in volume 193 of Yuan Jian Han Lei, doctor Jin and Chu Xian in volume 31 of Huang Shi Ri Copy by Song Huangzhen, and only Chu is talented in Su Yuan Tianjue.
Why did this "tampering" occur in Sikuquanshu? Besides proving that the version of Sikuquanshu is as bad as the predecessors said, what enlightenment can we get? If the inference that the word "only Chu has information" has been widely circulated in the Wanli period of the late Ming Dynasty is correct, and if the official approval of Kang Yong period in the Qing Dynasty further promoted the spread of the word "only Chu has information", the possibility can be imagined, because Sikuquanshu recruited a large number of ordinary scholars and scholars to copy books, and these copies were deeply popular with "only Chu has information", and it was considered that "although Chu has information" in various ancient books was wrong.
We should look at it this way: Sikuquanshu just reflects the fact that the word "only Chu is talented" was widely spread in the whole society during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. She has become a deep-rooted concept in people's minds, especially the literati who have read the four books and five classics. She has entered the room, and even has a strong "destructive power" to challenge the authoritative allusions in traditional literature. If we take 1782 (forty-seven years of Qianlong) as the coordinate, we can finally see that after more than 480 years of wind and rain from 1296 to 1782, after the changes of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, "only Chu has material" is no longer there.
Due to the limitation of knowledge and reading conditions, this paper fails to list more historical materials related to "only Chu was talented" in the 500 years before the Qing and Long Dynasties, and the practical application of "only Chu was talented" should be more common than that listed in this paper. Local chronicles and poems are not concentrated, and there may be more examples of "only Chu has material", which can not be taken into account at a glance like this article.
What needs to be emphasized again here is the group of Hubei writers in the late Ming Dynasty represented by Li Weizhen. We can regard the breeding history of talents in the two lakes since the pre-Qin period as the source of the thought of "only Chu Youcai", and the brilliant light of Hubei writers represented by Li Weizhen in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty proved the value and charm of "Chu Youcai" with the most powerful reality on the one hand, and used and promoted the rapid and extensive spread of this literary language as a literary leader on the other. Without them, without their dazzling in the Wanli period, "only Chu has material" would probably not have become an "official language" in just over a hundred years, completing the qualitative change from literary rhetoric to historical language.
The above textual research not only helps to sort out the historical facts, but also hopes to express my respect for the sages. They left behind not only literary rhetoric, but also high-spirited spirit and courage, as well as self-improvement and creativity. Today, we inherit and carry forward the tradition of "only Chu is talented", and its true meaning should be here.
65438+2007124 October