Jia Yi in the Western Han Dynasty wrote:? Qin? According to the solid of Kanhan, the land of Yongzhou is held, and the monarch and his subjects stick to it to get a glimpse of the Zhou room. Men of the Six Kingdoms? Taste ten times the land, millions of people, knocking on the customs and attacking Qin. Wu Qin's death cost him money, but the governors of the world are already trapped. ? What is said in this? Close? That is to say, Hangu Pass.
Hangu Pass has been a thoroughfare from Chang 'an in the west to Luoyang in the east since ancient times. It has been a battleground for military strategists for thousands of years, and it has played a heroic role in the event of more than 2, years.
There are three Hangu Pass in history: Qin Pass, Han Pass and Wei Pass, which are only 15 kilometers apart. We mainly talk about Qin Pass here. It is located at the eastern entrance of the Thick Sang Yuan Canyon at the junction of Henan, Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces. This canyon is about seven kilometers long, and the narrowest place at the bottom of the valley is only two or three meters wide. Cars don't divide tracks, horses don't merge? In its name, it is a military fortress with a plateau in the west, a ravine in the east, the Qinling Mountains in the south, the Yellow River in the north, and a structure high in the west and low in the east, because it is simply too difficult for people in the cold weapon era to cross the loess plateau, cross the Yellow River and then cross the Qinling Mountains.
Hangu Pass is based on danger. Throughout the history of China's war, the split situation usually takes the form of confrontation between the North and South regimes or confrontation between East and West. Hangu Pass is a battleground for the eastern and western regimes, because it is stuck in the main road connecting things? On the main road of Songhan, through Hanguguan all the way to the east, there is no danger to defend the eastern Henan Plain. If the Guanzhong side occupies Hangu Pass, it will be enough to protect the eastern gateway of Guanzhong; If the Central Plains side occupies it, Guanzhong will be in danger.
during the warring States period, Qin people entrenched in Guanzhong realized the importance of Hangu Pass very early. Qin Xiaogong seized the land of the letter from Wei, and set the pass in this section. The car is not square, and the horse is not the same? The narrow position of the statement is called Hanguguan because it is close to the bank of the Yellow River and closed in the valley, which is as dangerous as a letter.
Later in Su Qin, Zhang Yi? Lian Heng? At present, the six Shandong countries and Qin Jun had five confrontations before Hangu Pass, but they failed to break through the barrier and hit Qin hard from beginning to end. With the remarkable achievements of Shang Yang's political reform, Qin's national strength was greatly improved, but he began to send troops on his own initiative, one of which was to force South Korea to cede the land of Shangdang.
This is something that the six countries can never promise, because if Shangdang disappears, Han, Zhao and Wei will be directly exposed to Qin Jun's attack, and there is no danger to defend. Qin also attaches great importance to it, because if the six countries advance from Shangdang to the west in one fell swoop and break through Hangu Pass, they will also be in danger of national subjugation.
an inevitable war was immediately launched between Qin and Zhao, which is very famous in history? Battle of Changping? . The king of Qin sent a famous soldier to fight only in Leitian? On paper? Zhao Kuo, the ending can be imagined, Zhao suffered a crushing defeat, and more than 4, people were killed in the pit in World War I alone. After this, the six countries were unable to compete with Qin again, and it was only a matter of time before Qin ruled the country.
Besides, since the six countries know that Hangu Pass is so difficult to fight, why not take a detour? It is not impossible, but the cost will be great. Throughout the land of China during the Warring States Period, except for the three flat areas of Northeast Plain, North China Plain and Guanzhong Plain (the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were well-developed and difficult to walk at that time), the rest of the road conditions were basically not worrying.
If you bypass Hanguguan from the north, you will have to cross Zhongtiao Mountain, and the whole Shanxi area is full of valleys and valleys. In the south, a Qinling Mountain stands tall, and with a proper turn of the Yellow River, Sanmenxia is a natural hazard, and the rapids rush through the three gates of ghosts, gods and people. The armies of the six countries may have lost more than half of their lives by drowning, falling off a cliff and being hungry during the March.
by the time of the first emperor, Yu Lie of Qin Guofen VI had enough strength to command the world. However, constrained by the loess plateau and the Qinling Mountains, there were only three ways to conquer Shandong and unify the whole country: the southern Shanxi-northern Henan passage at the northern end, the main route of Songhan in the middle (the western Henan passage) and the southern Shangluo-Nanyang passage.
The reasons why Qin finally chose the main route of Songhan are roughly based on the following two points: First, the main route of Songhan has the shortest distance; Second, it is closest to the capitals of Korea and Wei; Third, you can use the Luoyang area ruled by the Zhou royal family to ask for supplies; Fourth, there is no need to cross the river; Fifth, there is no Qiang Bing in western Henan, and the resistance is weak. As long as the state of Qin controls Hangu Pass, it can keep the gateway of Guanzhong and keep Qinchuan in 8 miles. Jin can send troops to eastern Henan to compete for the world.
In the more than two thousand years since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Hangu Pass has gone through countless wars, such as the hegemony of the seven heroes, the struggle between Chu and Han, and the Anshi Rebellion. Up to modern times, throughout 14 years in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Japanese army never broke through Hangu Pass from beginning to end, so they could only use air superiority to bomb Xi 'an.
However, no matter how sinister the pass is, it can only ensure the stability of the country for a while, and it is not a condition for winning. Just as Wei Wuhou once lamented that the terrain of Xihe River was steep, but Wuqi disagreed, saying that although the rivers and mountains were solid and dangerous, they were not enough to save the hegemony, and the industry of overlord was never obtained by virtue of kindness.