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Ching Dynasty
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First, the knight system in the pre-Qin period.
1, ancient "Jue"
"Tongdian. Official. Knight status "includes:
Huangdi: Wan Li is a square system, and the people are hundreds of miles away.
Tang: After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), there were five classes: male, female, male, male and male.
Yin: Male, Hou, Bo, etc. , public thyme, Hou Qili, Bo Wuli.
Zhou: Male, Hou, Bo, Zi, Male, etc. Male 100 Li, male 70 Li and male 50 Li. Zhou Gongju was restructured, with a big seal, 500 Li, 400 Li, 300 Li, 200 Li and 100 Li.
Mencius on Zhang Wan said: the son of heaven, a male, a Hou, an uncle, a son, a man, five capitals. Gentleman, lady, doctor, staff sergeant, sergeant, corporal, there are six grades. The system of the son of heaven is thousands of miles away. Public officials are hundreds of miles, men are 70 miles, and men are 50 miles, so they are all fourth-class. Can't be fifty miles, less than the emperor, attached to the princes. The son of heaven was regarded by the local authorities in the Qing Dynasty, the doctor was regarded by the local authorities, and Yuan was regarded as a son by the local authorities.
But the above-mentioned "title" is just a title, which is very different from the title of later generations. Except for the son of heaven, men and women are equal in status and power, but there are some differences in etiquette treatment. Recently, there are many works in this field, which are specifically aimed at this problem.
2. Chivalry in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period
Before the Warring States period, there were nobles in various vassal States, such as Qing Dynasty, Da Dynasty, Ahem? Ding? Where is the location of the test team? Take 8 μ? Hang it down? grain stalks after thrashing
During the Warring States period, the titles of various countries were generally Qing and Doctor. For example, there have been "Shangqing", "Yaqing" and "Keqing" in all countries, all of which are senior officials and will get the same income. At the doctor level, there are doctors in Shanghai, Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine and five doctors. Marquis appeared in the Warring States Period, such as the Marquis of Qin, Marquis of Shanhaiguan Pass, Marquis of Chu and Marquis of other countries. In addition to Marquis, there are princes whose fiefs are calculated by county or household, but they can only eat the rent of their fiefs, which is not independent of military and political judicial power and is not hereditary. In addition, there are some special titles in various countries, such as the title of Chu, holding silk and so on.
Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin has appointed 20 military posts: first-class male scholar, second-class commander, third-class commander, fourth-class commander (equivalent to "scholar" or above), five doctors, six doctors, seven doctors, eight male riders, ninth-five doctors (equivalent to "doctor" or above), ten left subordinates, eleven right subordinates and twelve left watchmen. After the car, you have to eat the county (order, long), and the grain tax in the customs is in the customs. If you are over 18 years old, you will be like an official. Anyone who captures an enemy's head will be awarded the rank of knight, and there will also be preferential treatment for Tian Zhai and service personnel. You can be an official if you have a title, behead the first enemy armor and give it a title. If you are willing to be an official, you can be an "official of fifty stones", which means fighting for food.
Second, the chivalry system in Qin and Han Dynasties
Qin destroyed the six countries and implemented a pure county system, and the reward was still twenty products.
In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, eight opposite-sex governors were enfeoffed, but most of them were swept away soon, and a number of same-sex governors were enfeoffed in Kanto to help the people. The early vassal States were generally large, often with several counties. There is a teacher at home who assists the king, and literature and history govern the people. The lieutenant is in charge of martial arts, the prime minister is in charge of officials, and officials are like the Han Dynasty. After the rebellion of the seven countries, it was cut again. In the fifth year of Emperor Jing, governors were forbidden to govern the country again, and the emperor appointed officials and the prime minister changed his position. The provincial imperial doctors, Tingwei, Shaofu, and doctors, doctors, worshippers and lang officials all lost their members. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed the history of the Han Dynasty to Jing Guang Yin, the lieutenant to Guang Lu Xun, and the doctor to Guang Lu Xun, so the country remained unchanged. Damage its card shark, rank 1000 stone; Change the servant to a servant, and the level is also 1000 stone. Emperor Yangdi and the history of the first year of the province paid more attention to governing the people, such as the county magistrate and lieutenant. Later, the kingdom was just a county. After the death of the king, all the scholars could divide the land, and the land became smaller and smaller. The Eastern Han Dynasty was a bit like the Western Han Dynasty, where the prince was king, the county was the country, and Fu, Xiang, and.
The number of households in Hou (that is, the rank of 20 products) is poor, ranging from 10 thousand to five or six hundred. In the early Han Dynasty, there were 143 people who were honored for their merits. The Hou system is equivalent to a county, with a national phase and a county order, which is controlled by the county order. There were other officials in the later dynasty, such as Jia Cheng, the bastard, the doctor under the door, the horse washer, pedestrians and so on. The imperial capital set up a lieutenant to be in charge of the marquis, and when Jingdi was in charge, it was changed to Dahonglu. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, those who made great contributions to the country ate counties, while those who made small contributions ate rural pavilions, and set up a national phase, including Jia Cheng and Shu Zi.
Han is still in the 20th rank of Qin Dynasty (it was renamed as Liehou in the reign of Emperor Wu), among which more than seven doctors are officials, which can make him a food city; The following seven doctors are democracy, only their body and family. After that, his knighthood became lighter. In addition, Liang Wudi has specially appointed eleven military commanders: first-class samurai, second-class idlers, third-class good people, fourth-class divisions, fifth-class officials, sixth-class soldiers, seventh-class condemned prisoners, eighth-class Yueqing, ninth-class military commanders, tenth-class political tyrants and eleventh-class imperial guards. It is stipulated that officers and men who have made meritorious deeds can make up for their official duties and atone for their sins, and those who have made outstanding contributions will be made up by big seals and small ones, so that the sealed people can get practical benefits. However, because it is stipulated that martial arts titles can be bought and sold, it is inevitable that titles will develop in the direction of light abuse. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to the system of collecting, inspecting and appointing officials, the right to choose officials was basically monopolized. Although the 20th level still exists, its role has declined and become lighter. Except for the ranks of Liehou and Guanneihou, the rest are almost in name only. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao was still in Liehou, Shanhaiguan, Xiahou 18, Guanzhong, Shanhaiguan 16 and Wufu 15, all of which were fake seals without food or rent.
Third, the knight system in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
1, title of Cao Wei
Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, Cao Wei officially abolished the rank of 20 grades and implemented the rank system of five grades for men and women, which was followed by generations.
In the early years of Huang Dynasty, the title system was divided into nine grades: Wang, Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi, Gong, County Hou, Township Hou (after the township Hou, there was a province) and Guannei Hou. The king is unique to the royal family; The five royal families and heroes, such as Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi and Gong, all have fiefs; County Hou, township Hou and Shanhaiguan Hou started as heroes' children, and did not seal the country or pay grain taxes. Wang Zhinan regards officials as one product, county officials as three products, township officials as four products, Tinghou as five products and Shanhaiguan as six products.
In the year of Huang San, the prince made the king, the illegitimate son of the king made the township public, the illegitimate son of the heir king made the township Hou, and the illegitimate son of the public made the Tingbo. In five years, Huang Chu changed the kings to county kings, taking the county as the country; Ming Di Taihe was readjusted in six years and changed to a vassal state, with the county as the country. , (more than five products), Fu, Bao, You (more than six products), Lang, Da Nong, Sima (more than seven products) and Jia Ling (more than eight products) each; Principality staff such as the kingdom; Hou Guo bought Xiang (eight products, equivalent to county magistrate) and Jia Ling, Jia Cheng, Fu and other retainers.
In addition to the above nine titles, there are also titles for ordinary people and soldiers, that is, the titles Hou, Guan Zhonghou, Guan Waihou and Wufuhou founded by Cao Cao below the Shanhaiguan pass, all of which are fake titles that do not eat or rent.
2. Jin dynasty title
In 275, Emperor Wu of Jin customized it in Xianning for three years. The titles are: Wang, Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi, Male, Founding County Gong, Founding County Gong, Founding County Hou, Founding County Hou, Founding County Bo, Founding Son, Founding Country Gong, Xiangting Hou and Guanneihou. Non-princes may not be crowned as kings, and the titles of imperial clan include male, Hou, Bo, Zi and Gong (including county, county, county); Heroes include Founding County Duke, Founding County Duke, Founding County Duke, Founding County Duke, Founding County Duke, Founding County Duke, Founding Son, Founding People, Township Pavilion Duke (both Township Duke and Pavilion Duke), Neiguan Duke and Waiguan Duke. Adding the word "Jianguo" to the five-product knight was rarely used in the Western Jin Dynasty, but it was often used to reward the opposite sex in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Soon after its establishment, it was often mixed with the original five-order knights and used by later generations. Officially, the founding county magistrate and county magistrate are one product, the founding county magistrate, uncle, son and duke are two products, the county magistrate is three products, the township magistrate is four products, the pavilion marquis is five products, the customs clearance marquis six products and the customs clearance marquis seven products.
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty, there were specific provisions on the kingdom system: 20,000 big countries and 5,000 soldiers (2,000 in the three armed forces and the Chinese army, and 1,500 in the upper and lower armies); There are 10,000 households in the second country, with 3,000 soldiers (1,500 for the upper and lower armies); There are 5,000 households in China, with soldiers 1500 people (one army). The public system is the same as the country under the rule of the king. When there were less than 5,000 households, they also had an army of 1000 soldiers. In addition to the heir king, the princes were handed down to the public, Hou, Bo, Zi and Gong in turn. Wang, Gong and Hou Lingbing, each as a lieutenant. When Wang Guoxiang (later renamed literature and history) was in Wang Guan, besides Fu, Bao and You, there was also a doctor, a lieutenant, a farmer, a constant waiter and an assistant minister, and the official was slightly the same as the county, all of which were appointed by the court. Rent adjustment from Wang's "three points and one food" (changed to "nine points and one food" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty)
3. Knight system in Southern Dynasties
Both the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty were ruled by the Jin Dynasty, but all countries, big or small, were armed forces (in Xiaozong and Jianzhong, state officials were not allowed to submit to their masters and were renamed Xiaguan). The prince is the queen, and thousands of households are sealed. Because of it.
The title of Liang was generally customized by the previous generation: the king called it an order, and the territory called it his royal highness; Gong Houyan called it teaching and called it the first in China; They all call themselves me. Liang's five-grade title system is as follows: "Five-grade princes (that is, founding princes) have three grades depending on their status; Founding princes, who are regarded as orphans, important generals, and light doctors, work in shifts; After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the post was regarded as Jiuqing and moved to; Founding philosophers, depending on two thousand stones, moved; Founding fathers. When you see two dry stones, move them.
Chen has twelve county kings, heir kings, captaincy kings, Jianzhou county kings, Hou, Bo, Zi, Gong, Mu, Guan and Guan Waihou. Because the country is small, the number of households in the kingdom is generally only 2,000 in large countries (some have reached 5,000), and only 1000 in small countries. County king, heir king and vassal king are one product, founding county public, founding county public two products, founding county Hou three products, founding county Bo four products, founding county son five products, founding county public six products, Mu seven products, township, Tinghou eight products, Guanzhong and Guanwai Hou nine products. See mangoku in one product, 2000 stones in the middle in the second, third and fourth products, 2000 stones in the fifth and sixth products, 1000 stones in the seventh and eighth products, and 600 stones in the ninth product.
4. Knight system in Northern Dynasties
In the first year of Emperor Wu of the Northern Wei Dynasty (396), he was awarded five titles. In the first year of God-given, the five products were reduced to four products: Wang, Gong, Hou and Zi, and Wang was named the Grand King. Public seal small counties, Hou seal big counties, and packet small counties. Later, it was added to Bohemen Class Two. Both the prince and the opposite sex can be crowned king. Emperor Xiaowen's route of "helping the world and reducing street stalls" is as follows: 2,000 households of Prince Edward, 1,000 households of Fan 1000, 500 households of Fan II and 300 households of Fan III. Kingdom officials include teachers, friends, literature and lieutenants, big peasants, upper, middle and lower generals, constant attendants, assistant ministers and so on. In the first year of Jingming, the founding county ordered Wang, San Gong, Hou, San Hou, Bo, San Bo, Zi, San Zi, Gong, San Zi, every eleven items, Wang ate half, Gong ate a third, Zi Gong ate a fifth. The grades are: average, average, average, average, average, average, average, average, average, average, average, average, average, average, average, average, average, average, average, average and average.
Northern Qi is divided into six categories: king, duke, marquis, uncle, son and man. King, located above Fu; Non-princes are under the three fairs. The keynote of the seal is to enter Taiwan Province and eat one third. Take it four times under the age of male. The kingdom is a teacher, and the rest of the official system is slightly the same as that of Jin and Wei. The official products are slightly adjusted: except Wang, the founding county officials are one product, scattered county officials and founding county officials are two products, scattered county officials and founding county officials are two products, scattered county officials and founding county officials are three products, scattered county officials are three products, founding county officials are four products, scattered county officials are four products, founding county officials are five products, and founding township officials and scattered county officials are five products. Compared with the Northern Wei Dynasty, it was reduced by one order each. And the principality has a doctor's order, which is seven products; Big farmers, from seven products; Captain, it's Bapin; Often serve, from eight products; Assistant minister, Zhengjiupin; Upper, middle and lower generals and upper and middle doctors, from the nine grades. Hou and Bo countries also set up big farmers, from eight products; Langzhong, Ye Zhe, Zhengjiupin. Son, the big agriculture of Xiongguo, from doing.
There are also five titles in Northern Zhou counties, all of which are "founding the country". Later, the nine-life system was changed to "princes are external lives, men are nine lives, Hou is eight lives, Bo is seven lives, sons are six lives, and people are five lives". * * * There are eleven kings, county kings, county kings, monarchs, monarchs, monarchs, county kings, county lords, county uncles, county sons, county lords and township lords.
Fourthly, the chivalry system in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
1, title of Sui Dynasty
During the reign of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, there were princes, county kings, monarchs, monarchs, princes, uncles, sons and men. The county king is a product, ranking mangoku. Heir king, vassal king, founding county magistrate, second product; The founding county, the county Hou, the third product; Uncle of the founding county, the fourth product; And regard it as two thousand stones. The son of the founding of the country, five products; Founding hero, sixth grade. And regard it as two thousand stones. Tom Shi Hou, the seventh product; Hou ting's eighth product town. See a thousand stones. Guanzhong, Guanwaihou, Jiupin. See six hundred stones. There is also a record that is slightly different from it: Wang Zheng is one product, the county king, the Lord protector, the founding county chief and the founding county chief are one product, the founding Hou Zheng is two products, the founding son is four products lower, and the founding father is five products higher. When Emperor Yang-ti became emperor, only the king, the duke and the marquis were kept, and everything else was abolished.
2. Chivalry in Tang Dynasty
In the eleventh year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan, he was awarded the title of Nine Prizes: One is king, and every household in the city is one; The second class is the heir king, the county king, and the food city has 5,000 households, from one product; The third class is lord protector, the three dry households in the food city, from Yipin; The fourth is the founding county order, the second household in the food city, and the second product; The fifth category is Jianguo County, the food city-500 households, from the second product; The sixth class is Kaiguo County, food city 1000 households, from the second class; The seventh category is the founding county uncle, 700 food cities, in the fourth grade; The eighth level is the founding county, with 500 households and the fifth level; Jiudeng is a male from the founding county, with 300 households in the food city and a fifth-class background.
The title is also granted to the hereditary Yongyetian, with a prince 10000 mu, a county king 5000 mu, a county monarch 4000 mu, a county monarch 3500 mu, a county monarch 2500 mu, a Hou 1400 mu, a Bo 1000 mu, a son 800 mu and a male 500 mu.
V knight system in song, Liao, Jin and yuan dynasties
1, Knight of Song Dynasty
At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the titles were increased to twelve levels, namely king, heir king, county king, lord protector, chief, chief, lord protector, lord protector, lord protector, lord protector, lord protector and lord protector. Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi and Gong all founded their countries with their counties and became princes, called princes. At first, it was only a small country, and later it moved to a big country. The prince and his brother are called princes. The son of the prince is the heir king, the imperial clan is the closest relative, the special envoy is the county king, and the special envoy is the king. The rest of the imperial clan is the closest relative, and the county magistrate is sealed. Its founding fathers, governors, uncles, sons and men all followed the food city: more than 2,000 households were sealed to the public, 1000 households were sealed to the governors, more than 700 households were sealed to uncles, more than 500 households were sealed to sons and more than 300 households were sealed to men. The current and former Prime Minister Shi Yi has closed 10000 households. The corresponding grades are: Yipin, Heir Wang, County King and Gong Yipin, County Gong and Founding County Gong Yipin, Founding County Gong Yipin, Founding Hou Yipin, Founding Bo Yipin, Founding Son Yipin, Founding Father Yipin. The heir king, the county magistrate and the founding duke are not sealed, and the ninth class is named.
Where there is a title, there is a food city. Food cities range from-10,000 to 200, with * * * points 14 grades. However, the grain market is just an imaginary number, and only when the grain is sealed can there be some practical benefits. The real grain households in Feng Congqian have reached hundreds, with seven grades. The actual seal is about 4/ 10 of the number of fake seals. People who eat the actual seal receive 25p per month according to the actual seal and receive it from the government with their monthly salary. These titles, food city, food seal, etc. Officials in the Song Dynasty have no rules that future generations can inherit.
2. Knight status in Liao and Jin Dynasties
Many titles in Liao inherited the system of Tang Dynasty, including the king and the fifth rank, as well as the system of food city and food seal.
There are nine ranks of titles in Jin Dynasty: King, County King, lord protector, County Duke, County Hou, County Uncle, County Son and County Man. The official products are: from the first product to the county king, the county monarch, from the second product to the county monarch, from the third product to the county Hou, from the fourth product to the county uncle, two years of Cheng 'an. The positive five products are called fairies, and the five products are called fairy gates. The food market is customized as follows: sealing thousands of households and sealing thousands of households; Five thousand county kings and five hundred households; There were 3,000 households in a frenzy, and 300 households were actually closed; There are 2,000 male households in the county, and 200 households have been sealed; County 1000 households, actually sealed 100 households; There are 700 households in the county, 500 households in the county and 300 households in the county, all of which are not sealed.
3. Knight system in Yuan Dynasty
Jue Yuan is divided into: Wang Zheng first class, county Wang first class, national righteousness second class, county public second class, county Hou Zheng third class, county Zheng Bo fourth class, county Bo fourth class, county Zi Zheng fifth class, county male fifth class.
Sixth, the knight system in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
1, knight of the Ming dynasty
Titles in Ming Dynasty were divided into imperial clan and consorts.
Ming Taizu's first custom seal: Wang Shizi, the eldest son of the prince, is ten years old, and his eldest grandson is the grandson of the world. The crown and clothing are all regarded as one product; When the philosopher was ten years old, he was named king of the county; The eldest son of the county king is the prince of the county king; The eldest grandson sentenced the eldest grandson; Crown clothing is considered as two products; Philosophers awarded the generals of towns and countries from a product; General sun, from the second product; Great-great-grandson became the general of a country, from the second product; Captain Sun Zhenguo, IV; From four products. The fifth sun lieutenant, from the five products; All people under VI serve the country as lieutenants. At the beginning, the salary of the prince was set at 50,000 stone, but later it was reduced to 50,000 stone for the prince, 2,000 stone for the county king, 0/000 stone for the general of Zhenguo, 800 stone for the general of Guo Fu, 600 stone for the general of Guo Feng, 400 stone for the deputy general of Zhenguo, 300 stone for the general of Guo Fu and 200 stone for the general of Guo Feng. In addition, a large number of fields were given, and some governors even had thousands of hectares.
In the Ming Dynasty, the system of the former dynasty was repeated, with five kinds of consorts and adopted daughters who made meritorious deeds, and only three kinds of officials, Hou and Shu were reserved, and it was customized: "Knights who are not in the military service of a country shall not be knighted unless specially designed." There are two kinds of titles, one is only granted for life (not to the world), the other is hereditary (the world), and the world and the world, depending on the size of military service, are granted letters patent. In addition to those who have made military contributions, Duke, descendants of Confucius in Qufu, Xu, Taishi, and consorts, there are other people who were sealed for their good deeds, but they only gave letters patent without coupons. Different from the previous dynasties, the princes, marquis and uncles of the Ming dynasty only had titles and food wealth, and there was no fief in the well.
2. Chivalry in Qing Dynasty
In the early Qing Dynasty (the late Jin Dynasty), there was still no distinction between posts and titles, and there was a perfect process in the end. Five years of destiny (1620) "The rank of commander-in-chief is third-class, and it is also third-class for deputy generals (generals) to participate in guerrilla warfare. The cattle count record is really prepared, and each cattle count record consists of thousands of four members. " In the eighth year of Tiancong (1634), it was renamed as the first-class public, the first-and second-class company commander was the first-and second-class Angbang Zhang Jing, the first-and second-class lieutenant was the first-and second-class Mailer Zhang Jing, the first-and second-class participant was the first-and second-class Allah Zhang Jing, the guerrilla was the third-class Allah Zhang Jing, and the second-class defense was Lu Niu Zhang Jing. In the first year of Shunzhi, the Duke, Hou and Bo Spyker were added, and soon Anbang was Nihafan in Gyeonggi, Mailer was Ashhanihafan, and Jala was Adahafan, to worship him and Tuosarahafan. Gan Long Wu Yuan (1736 noon), according to the Han Dynasty, was given the title of Lord Yu, Ashhani Hafan was a baron, Hada Hafan was an excellent rider, worshipped him as a rider, and entrusted Sarah Hafan as a rider. In the sixteenth year of Qianlong (175 1 year), the hereditary seven-product official was appointed as Enqiwei, thus establishing the 27 th Spyker System:
Male, divided into one to three grades, super product.
Hou, divided into first-class Hou and a cloud riding captain, as well as first-class to second-class Hou. Super product;
Uncle, divided into first-class uncle and a cloud riding captain, as well as first-to third-class uncles, super products;
Son, divided into first-class son and first-class cloud riding a captain, and-to third-class, is a product;
Male, divided into first-class male and first-class cloud riding captain, and first-class to third-class male, just second-class;
Captains who arrive without pomp, captains who arrive without pomp and ride clouds, captains who arrive without pomp and third-class captains are all just three things;
Riding captain, divided into riding captain and cloud riding captain and riding captain, second class and fourth class;
Cloud riding a captain, positive five products;
En Qiwei, seventh grade.
There are two ways to inherit the title, one is called hereditary replacement, and the title obtained can be inherited from generation to generation and belongs to the imperial court special code. Usually, Spyker has a certain number of inheritances. Generally, each generation is downgraded by one level. Spyker will be cancelled when the number of attacks is exhausted. Spyker's salary is: first-class salary of 700 taels, second-class salary of 685 taels, third-class salary of 660 taels, one waiting for 635 taels, one waiting for 6 10 taels, two waiting for 560 taels, one waiting for 535 taels and one waiting for 5 10 taels. Second-class son 385 two, third-class son 360 two, first-class man riding captain 335 two, first-class man 3 10 two, second-class man 285 two, third-class man 260 two, first-class captain riding captain 235 two without pomp, first-class captain riding captain 235 two without pomp, second-class captain riding captain 60 two without pomp. There are also 255 idle people, 230 idle people, 205 bo-level officials, deputy-level officials 180, male-level officials 155, light-duty Dewey-level officials 130, riding Dewey-level officials 105, and Yun Qi-level officials 80. Spyker of Beijing Eight Banners, each cashier 1 two, meter 1 two.
The Spyker above is mainly used to seal heroes and consorts. The imperial clan has another system, which is divided into Prince Heshuo, Prince Shizi, King Dorothy, eldest son, Dorobelle, Dorothy, lord protector in Fenn Town, lord protector in Fenn Town, lord protector in Zhenguo Town, lord protector in Guofeng County and lord protector in Fenn Town. Excluding the prince and the eldest son, it is 12. Generally, the titles of nobles are hereditary, that is, children inherit the titles of their fathers and have to be downgraded by one level. If the inheritor has no merit, he cannot be promoted. A few franchises can be replaced by hereditary ones, such as the eight "iron hat kings" in the early Qing Dynasty: Prince Daishan of Ritual, Prince Erlang of Zheng Qinwang, Prince Dourgen of Switzerland, Prince Duoduo of Yu, Prince Su, Prince Shuosai of Heshuo Chengze, King of Keqin County, King of Heshun County, King of Ganlong Yixian, Prince Gong of Tongzhi, Prince Chun of Guangxu and so on.