(2). Dye black teeth. Ornaments for ancient women. Chapter 8 of Kang Youwei's Book of Great Harmony: "Women are men's private things, but they are for men to play with, so they wear ears, bind their feet, slim their waists, trim their eyebrows, put on makeup, powder, tie their hair and walk in one day, and do not hesitate to hurt their bodies for men's entertainment."
(3) compound surname. Don has black teeth.
Blackpool: History and Geography
As a nation with white teeth, China people noticed a very different custom of "eating Hei Chi" a long time ago.
Yi Zhou Shu Wang Huijie: "Due west Kunlun, dog country, ghost home, bitter orange, strange ears, chest penetration, carved titles, carved hills, painted teeth." "Huainanzi Xiuwu": "Yao Renhou makes the people like children, teaches the people in the west, touches the secluded capital in the east, and crosses the toes in the south." According to this statement, in ancient times, there were black and red tribes in the western and easternmost parts of China.
"Shan Hai Jing Overseas East longitude": "The black pool is in the north, which is a black pool, eating rice and spitting snakes, one red and one green, next to it. ..... There is a soup valley below. There is a hibiscus flower on the Tang Valley bathed on the 10th, north of Blackpool. " Guo Pu, a scholar of the Eastern Jin Dynasty who was the first to annotate The Classic of Mountains and Seas, quoted the story of the three countries, Shu Wei, Xianbei, Wuhuan and Dongyi, as saying: "The queen country is in the east, crossing the sea for more than a thousand miles, and all countries belong to Japan ... The dark pool is in the southeast, which can be reached by boat for one year."
Heichi people are called descendants of the Emperor, and Jiang Taigong people in Qilu area in the Western Zhou Dynasty also had the same surname. "Wild East longitude": "The country with black pools. Di Jun gave birth to Blackpool. Jiang surname. Eat millet to make four birds. " It is also recorded in Shan Hai Jing Huang Da Nan Jing that the Emperor has several branches, such as Zhongrong, Yanlong, Heichi and Li Ji. It seems that this clan belongs to the Dongyi clan at that time. He Xin concluded in the article "The Myth of Fusang and the Origin of the Japanese Nation" that "the so-called Blackpool Country should be located in the southeast of Honshu Island, Japan. Futu Mountain is on its north side. " According to Wang Dayou, Blackpool is now Mexico, which is only based on sound proximity and lack of strong evidence.
According to Kaii Higashiyama, Japanese women still had this custom until the beginning of the 20th century. This Japanese custom was introduced from wuyue or the Korean Peninsula-both places had the custom of black pool in ancient times. Needless to say, Baiyue had a general with black teeth in the Tang Dynasty. Blackpool? -689), a Korean, was born in the west of Baekje, with outstanding achievements, and was a duke of Yan. In the twenty chapters of Liang Yusheng's novel The Legend of the Female Emperor, it is also said that "Blackpool is the younger brother of Hei Chi Chang, the general manager of Jiangnan Road, and his home was originally the semi-final of the conference". )
This custom is more common in the south. "Chu ci evokes the soul": "the soul returns! The south can't stop. Carve a black pool, you get human flesh as a sacrifice, and you get its bones as a sacrifice. Viper, seal the fox away. " "Guan Zi Xiao Kuang": "Nine princes, one conquering the world. ..... South to Wu, Yue, Ba ... Inscription, black and red, fine righteousness, is against my life, China is not as good as me. "
Inscriptions (tattoos, embroidered faces) and Blackpool are considered as typical southern customs, and in terms of words, they are extremely wild areas. Warring States policy? Zhao Ce II: "Wearing a tattoo, the wrong arm is left, and the more people are there; Black and red inscription? Crown seam, the country of Dawu. " From this point of view, the characteristics of the black pool of Baiyue and other ethnic groups in the pre-Qin period have been paid considerable attention by the Chinese people, and the people with this characteristic seem to be mainly in the southeast coastal areas and the south.
The aborigines in Taiwan Province Province also have the custom of black wings. Until the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, Gao Gonggan's "Records of Taiwan Province Province" also recorded: "Taiwan Province used to be a black pool." "East Collection" written by Lan Dingyuan in Qing Dynasty 1722 records: "... Eight Societies (around Hualien, Taiwan), with black tattoos, live in the wild and eat grass, and wear belts."
With the in-depth understanding of the inland, people began to notice that the nationalities in southwest China also have this feature. In 862, Fan Chuo worked in Yunnan, and later wrote Yunnan Annals, which were called gold teeth, silver teeth, Hei Chi, lacquered teeth, embroidered feet and embroidered surfaces according to the characteristics of Dai costumes. The fourth book says, "Hei Chi people, people with golden teeth, people with silver teeth, people with embroidered feet and embroidered noodles, but in Yongchang and Kenan …". Black and red teeth are painted with paint, gold teeth are covered with gold carvings, and silver teeth are covered with silver. "When Volume 6 mentions Mangnai, it also mentions the Black Red Tribe, which can basically be recognized as the ancestors of the Dai people. Nanzhao Dehua Monument: "Jiandu Town is closed, and Yin was born in Mohan's hometown. "That is, a town and a silver festival are set up in the Mozi people's (black pool) settlement. The ink mouth here is in Xishuangbanna today. (especially Yunnan Ethnic History)
The etymology "Blackpool" explains: "Blackpool, an ancient country name. Ancient books refer to different things, and it is difficult to refer to them accurately. " A Textual Research on Surnames There is a surname Heichi in the west of Tang Yun Baekje, while Dialectics of Ancient and Modern Surnames goes out of Nanzhao. These explanations seem contradictory, but they actually reflect a reality: black wings are a very common custom in ancient times, which spread from Japan, North Korea and the southeast coast of China to Vietnam, Guangxi, Yunnan and other vast areas, thus causing the confusion of "different meanings, it is difficult to know exactly". I dare to speculate that the earliest people who learned this custom may be Baiyue people in ancient times. Later, they crossed the ocean and spread to Japan and western Korea (both coastal areas), and at the same time spread to southwest China.
It is worth noting that this custom exists even in India. Kumarajiva translated the wonderful lotus sutra Dalagni product: "From time to time? X female, etc. One blue girl, two piranhas, three crooked teeth, four Chinese teeth, five Hei Chi, six multiples, seven insatiable, eight wreaths, nine emperors, and ten taking the essence of all beings. Is it ten o'clock? X female. " Luo? Female x is a cannibal. They are beautiful and enchanting, and they are cruel. But what about these ten? X female, has turned over a new leaf, and has become a protector and a good god.
And "The Third Classic of Wisdom Corresponding to Sheri Pear in Han Jing, China", the black red monk asked: "Is the venerable person willing to give up the pear in this way?" The venerable man gave a pear and replied, "Blackpool, I have no doubt about this law." Monk Blackpool immediately asked, "What does it matter if the venerable one comes?" The venerable one gave up the pear and replied, "Blackpool, I came without hesitation." Xuanzang's "Records of the Western Regions of Datang" Volume II India: "Dye its teeth, either red or black."
Third, the decline of Blackpool custom: taking Japanese as an example.
In Japanese folklore, white is the noblest, while black is called "black but unclean". The dress code in Heian period put ink at the bottom, indicating the color of clothes worn by people with low status. Ye Wan Ji describes that Dalits wear "rubber clothes" (black). However, in the field of "oral color science", the Japanese regard Blackpool as an aristocrat; This also proves that customs may be foreign. It is said that the Japanese custom of black wings was introduced from North Korea. If we consider that the custom of Baekje prevailed in ancient Korea and Baekje had a very close relationship with Japan, this statement is reasonable.
As early as heian period, the dark pool was one of the characteristics of nobility. Mizuno Noko's cartoon "Cherry Blossoms in Bloom" painted the aristocratic boy of the Heian Dynasty with black teeth. This custom even had religious significance at that time. It is said that there is a monster called Cuan, which can kill people and can only be saved by biting it with black wings.
According to the Tale of Genji, Sharla Cheung never dyed her teeth when she was young, but after being adopted by Genji, her grandmother dyed her teeth black, which made her look "more beautiful". The reason why she was dyed into a black pool is related to her adoption by the nobility, which shows that this custom is considered to be the behavior of public officials. In addition, Pillow Grass, Diary of Purple Department, Glorious Story and other works all recorded the custom that nobles had an affair with Blackpool at that time.
It is recorded in the ninth volume of Tale of Pingjia that in the Hebei War of Yuanping in the12nd century, the samurai on Genji's side recognized that they were not their own when they saw the other side's black teeth, because this was the behavior of officials or nobles, and ordinary warriors would not do it. Pingyuan was originally a samurai, but now he is infected with the black pool like a noble, which was considered as a symbol of corruption that betrayed the samurai class at that time.
This custom has been in Japan for thousands of years. According to Li's "Examination of Japan in Ming Dynasty", the custom of emphasizing black pools prevailed among Japanese nobles at that time ("The local officials themselves, sons and nephews of clans and leaders, were all immersed in rusty iron, and their teeth were stained black, so it was clear from the people. Women over 15 years old, good or bad, dyed their black teeth before getting married "). During the Warring States Period, Imagawa Yoshimoto, a Japanese military commander, was obsessed with traditional culture and Kyoto customs, including some behaviors such as dyeing black pools, painting cicada eyebrows and smearing powder. Like Ping in those days, his behavior of "being a samurai and pretending to be a nobleman" was also laughed at by world famous people.
These situations, even the west Renye Fang noticed. Cao Yin, a poet in A Qing, mentioned the costumes of Japanese men and women in "Japanese Lantern Ci": "Foreigners are like clouds, but Japanese prostitutes have started to wear colorful clothes, and the songs they sing are similar in tone to those of tea-picking songs in eastern Guangdong, and they belong to the same genus. Lights are looms, spring boxes and the like. Men shave their heads with wax; Black women are stupid and wear clogs ... "He relayed the words of" foreigners "(western sailors), saying that West Renye Fang was deeply impressed by this, so it was listed as one of the main features. 1858, Perry Collins, an American business representative, went to Hakodate in Japan from Russia and found that "many girls and young women have white and neat teeth, while married women have black teeth" (a trip to Siberia).
For a long time, the custom of Blackpool has been regarded as one of the barbaric and uncivilized features of ancient China. The words quoted in The Songs of the South can best reflect people's panic. "If you carve a black pool, you can get human flesh as a sacrifice and take its bones as a sacrifice." It seems to be some appalling cannibal tribes. But later, this image slowly changed.
Black Pool is mentioned in chapter 16- 19 before Mirror Flower Edge. This country is the first civilized country that Tang Ao, Duo Jiugong and others traveled after leaving the country in the novel, with clear etiquette and orderly order, so it is impossible to take it. It's just that the wind of stealing books is rampant and has been repeatedly banned. It turns out that there are too many scholars in this country, booksellers have no time to sell books, and Luoyang paper is expensive in the book market. People are afraid to buy books. Most people regard books as wealth and hide them carefully to prevent them from being stolen by others.
The citizens of this country "are not only as black as ink, but also have black teeth, a little red lips, red eyebrows and red clothes, and feel extremely black." Tang Ao's regiment is too dark, and his face must be ugly. "Tang Ao and Jiugong pretend to be the kingdom of China, and they are quite contemptuous of it. Unexpectedly, the men and women here can read thousands of words every day, and they are extremely smart; They talked with people about phonology and were refuted to pieces. In this novel, the countries of Qi Tongue and Blackpool represent the highest state of elegance and gentleness.
When talking about the Japanese style in the Edo period in Japan, Maurumeye said: "If you dye your teeth black, you must be a married woman; If the teeth are not only dyed black, but also the eyebrows are shaved, it must be a mother with children under her knees. Dyeing teeth black seems terrible to modern people, but another purpose of dyeing hair is to prevent tooth decay and periodontal disease. Women with pregnancy experience should know that during pregnancy, because the fetus will absorb the mother's calcium, which will affect the mother's teeth, the habit of dyeing hair is not entirely a decoration. " The purpose of tooth dyeing mentioned here is to prevent dental diseases. I'm afraid this is a modern explanation. When this custom originated, it should not be like this.
But here, the author admits that "dyeing teeth black seems terrible to modern people", which also proves that it is more difficult for people under the modern concept to accept this custom. This is exactly the problem that Kaii Higashiyama faced at the beginning of this article. It is worth noting that Kaii Higashiyama loves her mother because Hei Chi doesn't like her grandmother, which proves that her mother doesn't have Hei Chi.
Although Dongshan's family background is not prominent, he is also a noble. He said that his father is a "constant chauffeur" and he "goes in and out in a rickshaw with a family emblem, which shows that his family is quite rich." So this custom was originally one of the symbols of their noble family. According to Dongshan was born in 1906, the abolition of this custom is obviously related to the Meiji government's vigorous promotion of "civilization".
Junichiro Tanizaki's essay Ode to Death can also confirm this point. He said in the article: When he was young, that is, at the end of the 19th century, his mother's generation painted his face white, dyed his teeth black, shaved off his eyebrows and painted purple lips. He has seen a lot. At the beginning of the twentieth century, he saw such a scene in a hotel. That is: "when I walked into this spacious room, an elderly waitress with shaved eyebrows and black teeth was waiting in front of the screen with a candlestick." This kind of scene may be common in ancient Japan, but it must have been rare at that time, so that he could only see some "older" women so decorated and left such a deep impression on him.
The contemporary detective novelist Edgar Watt Lapol also mentioned in The Mask of Gold that "the dark pool, the mask that can be slightly exposed, makes people feel terrible". According to this mask, it should show the real situation in ancient times, but in the novel, it is considered scary, indicating that the cognition of this custom is out of date.
100 years later, this kind of Japanese dating and the extinction of the black pool reappeared in southern China and Southeast Asia. Nowadays, the custom of black wings has almost disappeared in Vietnam, and only tourists can occasionally see it on elderly women in their seventies and eighties. Dai people used to dye their teeth as a necessity for women before marriage, but now they can't see it. Undoubtedly, under the powerful attack of modern stomatology and toothpaste advertising, this custom, like many other traditional customs, will inevitably decline, which is only a small microcosm of cultural convergence and extinction under "modernization".