The above is my own handwriting, and the following provides a little development history.
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Formation and development of recipe science: recipe science was formed a long time ago, and it is still impossible to verify when and who did it. According to historical data, the development of prescription science was at least a week ago. After developing drugs to treat diseases, we have accumulated experience, from single flavor to multi-flavor, and gradually explored something in multi-flavor treatment to know how to treat the best. This is the first premise. The second premise is that the formation of prescription can not be separated from the development of social productive forces. Only when you have certain knowledge and tools can you prescribe a prescription. From raw food to cooked food, these conditions provide the basis for the formation of prescriptions. It can be seen that the medicine at that time was boiled and drunk, which also shows that people at that time were not toxic to the medicine and the taste was unknown, so people paid first. There are some good prescriptions in Historical Records Biography of Cang Gong and Liusha Yinjian. For example, Chang Sangjun taught Bian Que to "forbid the prescription", which was his own accumulated prescription and was not easy to pass on to others. When Bian Que was treating a patient who faked his own death, he used eight doses and boiled it, which showed that this prescription had a certain form at that time, and there was also some truth, which proved that these prescriptions were not piled up to cut the medicine hastily. There are many records about therapeutic principles, methods and prescription compatibility in Neijing, which shows that the theory of prescription has matured by the time of Neijing, and maturity here does not mean perfection. From the beginning to the final shape, it is extracted from its experience and summarized into a relatively systematic theory, so it is mature, although only ten prescriptions are recorded in Neijing. Because of the ancient prose, it can be seen from Hanshu Yiwenzhi that it is separate. Neijing is a medical classic, with seven prescriptions and eleven prescriptions, so there are fewer prescriptions and more prescriptions in Neijing. Although it has not been handed down, it is recorded that a considerable amount of information has been accumulated there, forming a theory. Then came Zhang Zhongjing's further works, which recorded a considerable number of prescriptions, including 365,438+04 prescriptions (not including repetition). It should be pointed out that Zhongjing's prescriptions have their own characteristics, which are very concise, rigorous and highly targeted. Changing a medicine is the name of the other party, and adding and subtracting some doses is the name of the other party. The syndrome is different, and the convenience has changed. After the research of later generations, the compatibility of these prescriptions has considerable experience and reason. As far as prescription science is concerned, its legislation and medication are very concise and rigorous, with strong pertinence, which can be used for our future generations to learn and study prescription science.
Starting with the analysis and discussion of the etiology, the Sui Dynasty focused on the occurrence and special symptoms of the disease. Because of this development, it has promoted the development of clinical departments and the treatment of diseases with drugs. In this case, there are more prescriptions. On the one hand, it is obvious that some of these prescriptions come from overseas, for example, in the heritage of Chinese medicine, some of them have absorbed foreign things. Now these foreign things are not brought in, but integrated into the system of Chinese medicine. Obviously, it is a tradition of Chinese medicine not only to be good at absorbing them, but also to combine them organically.
Qian Jin and Qian Jin in Tang Dynasty collected it correctly, sorted it out according to their choices, and discussed it by quoting the theories of predecessors' works such as Neijing, Difficult Classic, Treatise on Febrile Diseases, Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, and Chaoshi's Disease Source, as well as some special prescription books of their own. Now we can see that the spirit of medication has not changed much from typhoid fever. With warmth, we can see this now. The six meridians of "Shang" are all dialectical treatment, from reason to law, from law to prescription, from prescription to medicine, and prescription is all. Here, the focus is on prescription, which is the main prescription book. "After elbow" is relatively simple, and the medication has basically not changed much from the spirit of "injury". It is a treatment method of exterior syndrome, but with heat-clearing drugs, some prescriptions for clearing heat and detoxifying began to appear. From here, we can see the development of drug use, combined with the development of drugs, due to the accumulation of treatment experience, due to the continuous discovery of drugs, the increase of drug use, the methods and theories of drug use are more developed, and there is basically no big change at this time. The formation and discovery of prescriptions have also changed in style. The most obvious thing is that since the Song Dynasty, it is customary to talk about the theories of the four masters in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, and there are also studies on the theory of drugs. Since the Song Dynasty, people have paid more attention to this issue, and there has been research since Zhang. In the past, it was said that the sexual taste and function of drugs were meridian tropism, but the explanation of this theory began in the Song Dynasty. There were many wars, unstable life and complicated diseases in Song Dynasty, which had different effects on human body. In addition, the feudal ruling class in the Song Dynasty paid more attention to this, knowing people and being good at their duties, and in essence attached importance to alchemy and serving the stone, and collected various effective remedies. Since the mid-Song Dynasty, medicinal materials have been regarded as patents, monopolies and monopolies under feudal rule. With the development of medicine, we have accumulated considerable experience and made new progress on this basis. From the perspective of the development of the whole medicine, prescriptions have also developed correspondingly, and the development of prescriptions has promoted the development of medical theory and clinical disciplines. In medical practice, the development of prescriptions has made more methods. During this period, prescriptions for relieving exterior and interior symptoms began to form, and prescriptions for treating exterior and interior symptoms were more common. Zhongjing's requirements in Treatise on Febrile Diseases are very strict, and both exterior and interior need to be treated first. Zhang also mentioned the treatment of exterior and interior diseases, such as adding plasters, but these aspects were rarely used, unlike the Song Dynasty, not only. Also began to use pungent and cold medicine to relieve exterior symptoms. With the deepening of pathology, people's physique, people's understanding of diseases and medication seem to have many flavors, but the compatibility of their indications is still relatively strict, and it is not possible to add or subtract casually. It is still organically compatible, and the drugs are not chaotic. Due to the deepening of the understanding of the disease, the consideration is more comprehensive. In the Song Dynasty, the theoretical analysis of ancient prescriptions was started, and Cheng Wu explained Treatise on Febrile Diseases. He talked about more than 20 prescriptions in Treatise on Febrile Diseases, and explained them completely with the theory of Neijing, explaining why this prescription can treat this disease, why this prescription is composed like this, why it is compatible, and what is the internal relationship between drugs. Since then, the theoretical study of prescription has been further deepened. Since the Song Dynasty, many prescriptions have appeared, which is not only a matter of the times, but also because of the progress of printing. In addition, another reason for the development of prescription drugs is that the theory of febrile diseases is budding, and the problems in the treatment of prescription drugs are also different. In febrile diseases, the emphasis is on vaginal fluid, with special emphasis on yin-saving fluid and yin-nourishing fluid. Different from Shang's Yang-qi, nourishing Yin liquid does not deny Yang-qi, nor does nourishing Yin liquid deny Wei-qi, but the emphasis is different. Because the specific conditions of exposure to diseases are different, the specific exercise objects are also different. The four masters of Jin, Yuan and Yuan dynasties all had their own unique development in their respective theories. Liu Hejian is good at clearing heat. He studied Neijing and combined with the practice at that time, and thought that there was no fire word in the pathogenesis of Nineteen Articles. "All six qi are cremated and heated." He advocates using cold to cool, which does not mean that other drugs are not needed to treat diseases, but that he has his own unique experience in treating diseases with cold, from theory to practice. Zhang advocates sweating, vomiting and purgation, which is called "attacking the lower faction"; Li Dongyuan advocated regulating the spleen and stomach, paying attention to the function of the five internal organs from the theory of spleen and stomach, and thought that people's diet is also qi and blood, and people's nutrition comes from the spleen and stomach. Everything is born and limited, and people's injuries are mainly the spleen and stomach. He founded the theory of spleen and stomach and created many prescriptions at the same time. The representative one is Buzhong Yiqi decoction, which is a clinical problem of "warming stomach and removing heat" and has an influence on the treatment of internal injuries and miscellaneous diseases in the later period. Zhu Danxi put special emphasis on fire, and made a deep study of fire, emphasizing that "Yang is often surplus and Yin is often insufficient", and one fire does not mean two fires (two fires for the monarch) or five fires (five fires for the five internal organs), and advocated nourishing yin to reduce fire. It is not so much a school of nourishing yin as a school of reducing fire. From this perspective, he believes that reducing fire is nourishing yin. The four schools have their own characteristics, but their respective theories are unique in one respect and are not limited to this one. From Neijing and Nan to later works, the study of drugs has a great relationship with the drug research at that time. The analysis of drugs is more detailed than before, leaving something useful for the future. Even their academic disputes, if used improperly, will also cause some disadvantages. Paranoia is wrong in clinic. It is necessary to treat according to syndrome differentiation, analyze and treat according to the patient's condition, have a correct understanding of the four schools, and combine their respective strengths. You can't catch one faction and deny other factions, and your theory is incomplete. Especially the problem of reducing fire and nourishing yin in Danxi just mentioned, Zhang Zi and Khan spit out three methods. He believes that the treatment is mainly to attack evil, and evil is removed from positive. In fact, the three methods contain a lot of content, which often exceeds the content of these three methods. Just as we talk about eight laws and subdivide many laws, it is just a summary, and a simple understanding is not enough.
Since the Song Dynasty, the science of prescription has developed, and there are many theoretical works of prescription, such as "Examination of Medical Prescriptions", and many physicians have expounded the science of prescription of Shang Dynasty. The biggest recipe in history is Puji Fang, and there are many prescriptions in Compendium of Materia Medica. This paper not only expounds some theories of prescription, but also discusses the theories of prescription in Shuo Yao.
There are many theories in Neijing, some of which are treating principles and methods. In the past, there was no difference between nouns. Now we distinguish between these two concepts. The principle of treatment refers to what must be followed in treating diseases. For example, in the basic theory, treatment must be based on the root, correct treatment, reverse treatment, treat both the symptoms and root causes, and adjust measures to local conditions. No matter what kind of disease you treat, you should consider these on this principle. Treatment should be based on specific syndromes and diseases, and there are many methods. There are many small methods under * * *, and it is not appropriate to say that sweating is a method to relieve exterior syndrome. There are many ways to sweat. In Neijing, there is a method of sweating without medication, "Staining is thought to be sweating", which can be taken with hot water and decocted with drugs, and it is cold for the weak. In Buzhong Yiqi Decoction. The method is highly targeted and has specific targets, and the treatment method should correspond to the identified syndromes. Exterior syndrome can relieve exterior syndrome, exterior cold can relieve exterior syndrome, exterior heat can relieve exterior syndrome, exterior heat can relieve exterior syndrome, exterior heat can relieve exterior syndrome, so qi deficiency can relieve exterior syndrome, and yang deficiency can help exterior syndrome. Even the smallest prescription has its own treatment. It can also include several methods of oral administration, such as catharsis with Dachengqi decoction to save yin, and Huang Longtang to replenish qi and blood, and ginseng and angelica, which is a method of tonifying and catharsis. In future generations, the drugs of strengthening the body resistance, invigorating qi and nourishing blood, clearing heat and nourishing yin can be added to the evil excess and deficiency of the right, or the drugs of invigorating qi and nourishing yin can be added at the same time, which is developed on the basis of the three-bearing qi in Shang. For example, there is a typical syndrome of exterior cold with pungent temperature and exterior heat with pungent cool. However, due to different physiological and natural conditions, some people often can't distinguish between exterior cold and exterior heat in the course of the disease, so they should mix cold and heat when using it, while ephedra, cassia twig or Daqinglong are used for typhoid fever, but there is no pungent and cool solution to exterior heat. Now Daqinglong is used less.
Classics and the times. As for the classic prescription, we say that Zhongjing was a classic prescription, but before the Tang Dynasty, it is enough to know a concept. Since the Tang Dynasty, with the enrichment of drugs, the improvement of theories and the changes of diseases, the styles of drug use have started to be different.
Wu Xinyi has many theories about prescriptions, some of which are therapeutic principles and some are therapeutic methods. One side's theoretical explanation began with Cheng Wu's detailed theoretical exposition of the twenty sides of Treatise on Febrile Diseases, which can be said to be the first theoretical work of prescription science, and then it gradually increased. There are many prescriptions corresponding to "Shang" syndrome, which is also controversial. In fact, it is the development of prescriptions. "Examination of Medical Prescriptions" is dedicated to explaining prescriptions, which has its own characteristics and shortcomings. The same prescription can be used for different syndromes, which can be said to be the same treatment for different diseases. In fact, it is used for different syndromes and different people. Its compatibility dose and the compatibility of monarch, minister and assistant always change. Wu Kun's explanation of the latter question is not enough to explain the former one. From then on, it can be said that it is another one in the development of prescription science. Since then, there have been more, such as "On Famous Doctors' Prescriptions" and "Crimson Snow Garden", which have been more since the Ming Dynasty, corresponding to the development of history.
The biggest difficulty in the debate on prescription books is the classification of prescription books, which has not been solved so far. Judging from the existing classification methods, there are mainly several kinds. The so-called classification in Fifty-two Diseases Prescriptions has no order and classification. "Qianjin" and "Wai Tai" have both disease classification and viscera classification. Qianjin can be divided into infantile prescription, gynecology, big dirty and six dirty, deficiency heat and cold excess. According to the disease: typhoid fever, there has been a framework for the classification of prescriptions and medicines since then, and the classification of later generations has generally changed on this basis. Another classification is based on the rule of law. There are not many books in this category. For example, The Complete Book of Jingyue in Ming Dynasty has eight groups of ancient prescriptions and eight groups of new prescriptions. Take medicine as a soldier, medicine as a soldier, and pay attention to Julian Waghann and kingliness. This is the characteristic and advantage of Chinese medicine treatment. It is based on the overall theoretical characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine. Not a cure, but a cure. According to the holistic view of traditional Chinese medicine, people are a whole, and society is naturally a whole. Traditional Chinese medicine is characterized by treating social people, so it does not aim at treating a single disease, but also saves lives. Treating this disease without causing another disease is a basic idea of Chinese medicine. The treatment of this disease should not hinder his growth and development, nor should it harm other aspects. Of course, it is another situation when rescuing critical diseases and treating symptoms. But in general, Chinese medicine pays attention to treating the symptoms without forgetting the root cause, and the leading idea is not to leave people behind. For example, Schisandra seed can reduce transaminase, but it is also harmful on the whole, that is, it will rebound as soon as the drug is stopped, but it is higher than before. If the dosage is large, you can stop taking the medicine, and it will be ineffective repeatedly, which will also cause difficulties for other drug treatments and the condition will become more and more serious. This is similar to analgesia and is effective, but not all analgesics are effective. Obviously, it is dangerous to use analgesics for appendicitis and abdominal pain. However, Chinese medicine is not like this. It examines the cause according to syndrome differentiation and then carries out treatment. Zhang Jingyue quoted Wang Yuanzheng's theory that "seeing heat does not indicate heat, sweating does not occur without sweat, stopping bleeding with blood, and treating phlegm with phlegm", stressing that he was still seeking the root cause of the disease and was talking about a deeper truth. Our clinical treatment is not only a scientific issue, but also an artistic issue. Traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions are often not unified. It used to be an inexplicable disgust. In fact, this is a feature and advantage of Chinese medicine, which is rich in content and diverse in methods. Although people have different methods, they can achieve the same effect. After clinical syndrome differentiation, he should be meticulous, not only clear about his illness, but also. I didn't understand this when I was in the hospital before. Obviously, I have to be criticized for my fever. I used to talk about febrile diseases, but now I talk about febrile diseases. When I look at this disease, I don't look at how fast your fever has gone down, how long it took for the whole process of onset, or how it was three months after I was cured. I also need to treat this patient's original disease, so that my body will be healthier after I get better. What is emphasized here is that people should not be forgotten in treating diseases, and drugs should not only treat the symptoms but also seek the root of treatment. Although I am aiming at a certain problem, I don't forget its essence. What I am solving now is just a problem, especially because there are many complicated diseases in internal medicine, which should be solved step by step. Generally speaking, we should know where his roots are.
Divided into eight groups according to treatment methods. As a classification, there are few prescriptions and prescriptions summarized by Zhang Jingyue. Eight methods were put forward long ago, and they were mentioned when commenting on Treatise on Febrile Diseases, and also in some theoretical books.
To understand a concept, the rule based on law does not refer to the classification of the rule, but refers to "the rule comes from the law and the law is based on evidence". Unity is the commander-in-chief, guiding medication.
The prescriptions of Hutchison Bureau are called the door, the door of compensation, the door of fire, the door of wind disease and so on. It is also difficult for him to cover all the prescriptions. It also has pediatrics and gynecology, and this method is still used in patented medicine. Fang Ju is the national pharmacopoeia in history. From liberation to the late 1950s and early 1960s, there was only one pharmacopoeia, and later there was a pharmacopoeia of traditional Chinese medicine. At that time, the pharmacopoeia was sent to various administrative regions in the Song Dynasty, and doctors used it correctly, and pharmacies made it into powder, pills and so on. The characteristic of Fang Ju is that although most prescriptions are not ancient prescriptions, they are collected from all over the country and are effective. In the future, we should pay attention to this when studying prescriptions and reading Fang Ju. But some prescriptions are absurd, and there are some so-called miracle drugs such as crows.
There is also a classification of action, including treatment and etiology, such as wind, cold and summer heat, dampness and fire, heat-clearing and anti-inflammatory, heat-clearing and summer-relieving, phlegm-resolving, expectorant and anthelmintic, which are not exactly the same as treatment. There is another method for Xu Ling's fetus, tongzhi method, in the book GVT. The difficulty of classification is that there are many prescriptions, more than 60 thousand general prescriptions and more than 6.5438+0.000 compendium of materia medica. It is a detour to use this classification method to run teaching materials now. This method was not used when compiling the first textbook in Nanjing at first, but it was impossible to come back later because the subject was closer to clinic and closely combined with clinic. Here, I also emphasize how to classify the teaching materials, which is more suitable for learning. From this perspective, we don't want to give them a scientific classification method at once.
The reference books of recipe science are very extensive, and the theories are scattered in various works, especially everyone's recipe science. In his Fang Yaozhong, he paid attention to his thoughts, but didn't write a treatise on these prescriptions, such as Buzhong Yiqi Decoction, which wrote a lot of additions and subtractions. He did not comment on this prescription in detail, nor did he elaborate and summarize the treatment prescription. The prescription is very good and the thinking is outstanding. At first glance, the Outline is regarded as a medical book. Essentially, there are many prescriptions in many places. For example, there is ephedra soup under ephedra, which has its explanation. Therefore, we must read these books and study the prescriptions in depth. Now the prescriptions for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis have made great progress. No matter in theory or application, there are such prescriptions for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, which Wang Qingren focuses on in Yilin Materia Medica.
The main content of prescription song is summarized from Wang Ang's Tang Tou Song. Most songs are helpful for memory, but they do not represent the whole content of the prescription.
Prescription science was put forward after the establishment of the college. Because "learning" needs systematic theory, there is a lot of knowledge here, but it is scattered. How to systematize the theory began to systematize the basic theory when compiling the first lecture, so "Prescription Science" is a young subject.
Prescription is not a random combination of drugs, but a purposeful and theoretically guided compatibility. After combination, these drugs become an organic whole, so it is not the sum of curative effects.
Paying attention to the better improvement of prescription science is not only for the sake of prescription science itself, but also for the sake of application. Through improvement, effective prescriptions are provided for newly discovered diseases. For example, liver cirrhosis, similar stages and symptoms, as well as its subsequent development, until liver cirrhosis, or secondary liver cancer, Chinese medicine has similar records. Now AIDS is even more so. We consider the problems involved from the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine and the curative effect of western medicine. We believe that we will find a cure. We know that this is an acquired immunodeficiency disease. From the theory of etiology and etiology, we have just studied. What is the disease, what are its characteristics, and what are its laws. Some people can carry the virus for several years without getting sick, and some people get sick very urgently, but from the perspective of treating viral diseases among us, compared with traditional Chinese medicine, the method of treating a disease is different, which is the destruction of the human immune system. Now, many drugs have proved that it can improve human immunity. Starting from these two characteristics, there will be ways to treat AIDS. We should not only study its disease, but also its medicine, how to use it in compatibility, treatment methods and prescriptions, which should attract everyone's attention.
The theory of five elements is used to clarify the relationship between viscera. Because this relationship is very complicated and cannot be simply explained by mutual containment, it is supplemented by anti-aggression. If people don't understand the truth, they will ask: who is right when it is positive for a while and negative for a while? But now it is found that the lung is not only a respiratory system, but also a circulatory system, and there is an endocrine interaction. We should constantly find problems, but we used to say that the relationship between zang-fu organs is used to treat diseases, not only for actually diarrhea, but also for tonifying deficiency and fostering mothers. You can nurture it, I can nourish it naturally, and we can also use different methods. The effect is that different ways can achieve the same result. We should fully explain the truth and apply modern scientific methods. There are many other reasons that can be explained by scientific progress. Meridian has been proved to be similar to the pictures drawn in the past, and some theories have been proved to be effective according to the original statement. For the time being, we think so. What we mean here is real things, such as Qigong, which is a mixed bag of fish and dragons, but the real Qigong is really effective, such as anesthetizing thyroid surgery with Qigong.
There were ten kinds at first, and then there were "ten doses", which developed later. Some added 12 doses, 14 doses or even 28 doses. This classification method is rarely used in recipe science, and only twelve doses are used in Chen Xiuyuan's "Wonderful Recipe" and "Song of the Times". He just summed up some prescriptions, and this classification is controversial. Wang Ang's classification method is better, but there are also problems. Some prescriptions fall into two categories, such as tonics and qi-regulating drugs. This classification method, the relationship between prescription and treatment, some prescriptions are not aimed at simple diseases and syndromes, and some prescriptions often include several aspects. When sorting, you can put it here or there. Whether the prescription here is appropriate depends on whether its pathological interpretation is consistent with the medicine. For example, Hushi Guntan Pill can be placed in purgative or expectorant, which has special effects of purgative and expectorant. For diseases such as food accumulation and drinking water, we must define the concept in our study.