Huang Zongxi inherited the Confucian tradition? God? The concept of? God? Is an impersonal and supreme being, and can't deal with people, heaven, any personality or gods? God? Okay？ God? Degraded. And then what? God? It is close to the existence of personality or ghosts and gods, and has lost its supreme position. So, Huang Zongxi will not accept the West? God? Or? God? Essence, denounced as fallacy.
Keywords: Huang Zongxi; Day; God; Catholicism
Huang Zongxi's Contact with Catholicism
According to textual research, several friends of Huang Zongxi, such as Wei Xuelian and Qu Shizhen, are all Catholics. Influenced by her father Wei Dazhong and Lin Dong's party comrades, Wei Xuelian had a good impression on missionaries. In addition, together with the famous Catholic Zhu Zongyuan, he revised The Theory of Evolution written by Jesuit Meng. It is said that Wei probably joined Catholicism before this, otherwise he would not be qualified to edit and proofread the works of Jesuits. [1] Qu Shizhen (1590? 165 1) is also closely related to missionaries, who are Catholics themselves. [2] Qu Shizhen is one of the closest friends of China and Matteo Ricci? Qu Rukui's nephew. In a sense, Qu Rukui promoted the change of Catholic missionary strategy in China, that is, he suggested that Matteo Ricci had better wear Confucian clothes instead of monk clothes to preach. Moreover, Qu Rukui also used his relationship in officialdom to publicize Matteo Ricci, paving the way for Matteo Ricci to enter Beijing. [3] Qu Shizhen is more famous than his uncle. First, he was a scholar in Wanli, then a minister in Nanming, a soldier, a college student in Lin Guibo and Wuyingdian, and Shao Shi was also a prince. He has always maintained good relations with missionaries and may be baptized during the apocalypse. [4] Huang Zongxi has a close friendship with him. Qu Nanxia became the governor of Guangxi, assisted Nan Ming, and Huang personally sent him to the head of Jinling Lake. [5]
In addition to these ways of contacting western learning, Huang Zongxi also had direct contact with Jesuits. According to textual research, Huang Zongxi had met and talked with him in Beijing, which impressed him deeply with his knowledge of calendar calculation and highly praised Tang as his first teacher of calendar calculation. I also sent a crown to Huang, who cherished it very much. [6]
In addition, Huang Zongxi also got a dragon's tail inkstone from Mei Langzhong. Huang regards it as? Excellent? , and then accidentally lost, very sad, but ten years later, it dramatically recovered and gave it to Lv Liuliang. It shows that Huang Zongxi attaches great importance to this inkstone. [7]
Through these Catholic friends and direct contact with Jesuits, Huang Zongxi learned more or less about Catholicism and its teachings. So what does he think of Catholicism? What is his criterion for evaluating Catholicism?
Two Huang Zongxi's? God? look
In Huang Zongxi's works, Catholicism is rarely mentioned. This sends us a message that western religious beliefs may be insignificant to him and pose no threat to Wang Daosheng's school. What we can find about Catholicism is also mentioned in passing when he criticizes other theories such as Zen. What is more representative is the argument in the Theory of Breaking Evil written by him in his later years.
His basic attitude can be seen from his inscription on the theory of destroying evil. He said that 30 years later, he finished the book Ming Yi Waiting for an Interview, including Wang Zhidao? Square ornaments and towels are waiting to be used up. Because of the yearning for heaven and man, there is a little bit of people who have not finished Confucianism, which is called breaking evil. ? [8] We can think of it this way: The Theory of Breaking Evil may be a supplement to Ming Yi Dai Lu. If "To Be Visited in Ming Yi" is a sacred learning building established many years ago, "On Breaking Evil" is a repair to the corner of the building. Therefore, in his final anthology, the content is mixed, not only in? Breaking evil? . With what? Evil? There are only three related articles: God, Soul and Hell. Two articles, Taxation and Imperial Examination, are reflections on the Ming Yi issue and need to be visited. Among them, Fenye and Tang Shu are like textual research and fallacies on a whim and by accident; Judging from the two articles of offering sacrifices and cursing sages, they can be regarded as comments on some current affairs. It can be seen that it can be regarded as a supplement to the list of Iraq to be visited, and five articles can be listed from the sacrificial articles, such as God, Soul, Hell, Taxation and Imperial Examination. The remaining three papers with errors and annotations are suspected of being wrongly numbered. Perhaps Huang Zongxi is too old to classify these articles. Even if it's a little messy, he can only ask for forgiveness. As his inscription said at the end, he had no chance to deal with the ancient and beautiful Qin. Gu Yu's ci is remote and secluded, and can't be tested. Neighbors can't stand the light of charcoal. Or pity yourself for being old and not forgetting to study. ? [9] On the one hand, it is to express my ambition to persist in writing, on the other hand, there is also a feeling of lack of energy and strength. So, what he finally left us was a miscellaneous collection with a confused title.
Traditionally, the last works of a generation of great scholars are either very important or irrelevant. According to the above analysis, Huang Zongxi obviously belongs to the latter. So is Will. God? In this irrelevant collection, Huang Zongxi's basic attitude towards Catholicism is very clear. As for his specific attitude, we will know after analyzing this article.
In God, Huang Zongxi put forward his understanding of Confucianism for the first time. God? Opinion? It's only one day, it's cold and cold at four o'clock, and it always goes up and down in one breath. Its master is Qi, that is, Heaven and God. ? Obviously, Huang Zongxi does. God? 、? Gas? 、? God? This is a different name for the highest primitive. [1 1] What is the core of Huang Zongxi's ideological system? Qi monism? [12] Can we also call it? God monism? . So Huang Zongxi, what about this? God? What is it like?
What does Huang Zongxi call it? God? , that is? Gas? Or? God? What is this? What are its characteristics? It has been made clear above. Gas? Or? God? It is the Lord, containing everything that breeds heaven and earth. Huang Zongxi said, between heaven and earth? It's all a mass of anger, and where anger gathers, it's natural to have good or bad luck. If you take a breath, you will end up like this, otherwise, you will live and die. There's something wrong with this. It's a bit of a massacre. What do you mean? Perfect? , so? How's the successor? . ? [13] It can be seen that this master passed its? Perfect? Its essence nurtures all things in the world. Not only that, it also stipulates the order of everything. The essence of perception is clear and human, while rough perception is turbid and physical. ? [14] It can be seen that Huang Zongxi's? Gas? Including Zhu's? Why? And then what? Gas? The whole content, which can not only create the form, but also provide the material, is a veritable all-round master. Sometimes Huang Zongxi is also called the essence of this master? Ren? Or? Renyi? ,? Everything is born in heaven and earth, and benevolence is also. ? [ 15] ? Heaven and earth take biology as their heart and benevolence as their heart. Its popular order is ever-changing, chaotic, both positive and evil. Benevolence is dry yuan, righteousness is Kun yuan, and dry Kun destroys without thinking about heaven and earth. ? [ 16] ? Shun's insight, the best of all things in the world, is wonderful and clear? The resulting economic decline is nothing more than the popularity of benevolence and righteousness. ? [17] So, what's up? Ren? Or? Okay？ Essential? God? 、? Gas? Or? God? What's the difference?
? God? With what? Gas? Little difference, tangible? God? Is it? Gas? Concentrated state, invisible? God? Is it? Gas? . So what? God? With what? God? What is the difference? To answer this question, what is involved first? God? Could it be a personality problem? In Huang Zongxi and previous Confucian masters, heaven and man must be separated. If you put? God? Imagine the existence of ghosts and gods and worship them on earth, so is this actually right? God? The reduction. Because both gods and ghosts are companions of people or things. Can't they have anything to do with it? God? Equality or substitution? God? . Therefore, is it in the sense of personality? God? Or in the sense of ghosts and gods? God? , is the reduction of the day, is detrimental to the supreme nature of the day. This concept is in Huang Zongxi's Mencius Shi Shuo, Volume 7? People are your chapter "and" Teacher Mencius said "Volume 1? This is more obvious in Zhang Mingtang. In the chapter "People value you", he said? There is nothing without ghosts and gods between heaven and earth, but its function cannot be linked with people without the same kind. The country is full of vitality, carrying forward the Mang Tang Dynasty, and how to show off its elegant demeanour, so it is necessary to abandon the ghost and share my ambition. Therefore, eaters are not only paid for their work. ? I share the same spirit with my ancestors to connect heaven and earth. Today's land valley of the city god is also like saying "dragon" and "abandon it" The mighty spirit that covers the valley of the earth cannot be exercised by non-human ghosts. ? [18] Since all things have their own ghosts and gods when they are born, are they all people, things or their ghosts and gods? God? The product of this domination, so they are all under the sky. As far as people are concerned, people can communicate with heaven and earth with the help of ghosts and gods. However, because the two worlds of man and god are different, they cannot be directly connected, which requires an intermediary. This intermediary is a famous person who died. When people worship celebrities such as Ju Long and abandon them as world representatives of social gods and millet gods, people are not only commemorating their achievements, but also communicating with social gods and millet gods, thus connecting with the world. By analogy, a series of sacrificial acts, such as ancestor worship and city god sacrifice, all have the function of connecting the gods with heaven and earth. In this kind of sacrificial behavior, people, ghosts and gods and heaven are clearly defined and graded. Since people can worship all kinds of ghosts and gods with people in the world as symbols, can they find them? God? Symbol, to sacrifice it to express rights? God? What about the reverence for the Supreme Master?
Huang Zongxi talked about this possibility in Zhang Mingtang. He said:? In the past, Duke Zhou worshipped Hou Ji in the suburbs to match the sky, while King Wen worshipped in Tang Ming to match the gods. ? [19] Duke Zhou offered sacrifices to Hou Ji in the southern suburbs. Later, it developed into offering sacrifices to ancestors and heaven. People are all based on ancestors, only the first ancestor, without respect for the second. Therefore, as for ancestors, ancestors respect each other but don't kiss each other, so it is a match made in heaven. ? [20]
We saw it in the ceremony of offering sacrifices to heaven? God? With what? God? A clear difference. ? God? With what? God? Isn't it the same? Why do suburbs worship Heaven and meditate on Tang Ming with God? ? Covering the days in the suburbs, with its swing, dust, nothing to cover, nothing to see, it is even respectful. Those who live in the suburbs and those who don't live in houses have reached nature. Sweeping the floor for sacrifice, the utensils are still ceramic, and people dare not give them what they love, so they respect them from a distance. ? [2 1] It can be seen that suburban worship? God? Instead of using personnel to serve the sky, it is to highlight the difference between heaven and man, and (historical papers) to highlight human rights? God? Awe. For this? Respect is second to none? Rule must be based on? Respect rather than kiss? The way of offering sacrifices to it is the same as offering sacrifices to ancestors. However, people may encounter such problems. If a leader they love very much dies, what kind of ghost sacrifice representative should it be? If you match it with heaven, you will offend your ancestors, because there is only one ancestor. God? There is only one, and it is impossible to worship heaven through the sacrifices of multiple ancestors; Second, things are too serious and respectful to express love for a kind leader like my father. However, if you match him with other lower gods, you will feel wronged. For example, for Duke Zhou, Duke Zhou's regency was kindness to his father. If he wants to match the suburbs, he must resist his ancestors. If he wants to match them, he will have the heart of a kind father. ? [22] What should we do? At that time, people introduced? God? The concept of? So heaven and earth deserve God. God is also close to reason. Heaven knows the earth, and it is not necessarily like a person with a round skull and square toes who dominates fertility. Today's famous emperor, personnel and heaven, draw heaven near, kiss it. ? [23] Do people imagine that they are close to personality? God? There is both the majesty of heaven and the kindness of others, and people can worship them with their love for others. So, through sacrifice, God? With what? God? The difference comes out. ? God? Is the supreme existence, higher than any ghosts and gods and people People can only worship ancestors or primitive gods (such as Hou Ji). ) in order to cooperate with the supreme respect of heaven. And then what? God? It has the characteristics of people or ghosts and gods, and is used to symbolize those noble sages who are not ancestors, but are similar to their ancestors. Just say it, okay God? 、? God? It was originally a different name, but in Huang Zongxi's heart, God? With what? God? A hierarchy already exists. This god who is close to people has been contaminated with personality or ghosts and gods. God? In contrast, it is somewhat inferior. So? God? You can't worship it in the suburbs. It can't be in the suburbs, so it's the hall inside. Tang Ming is the king's most revered place. Benevolence depends on the father, so it is close to the sky. If there is an emperor's name in the sky, it is a sacrifice to the Hall of Fame, which is both intimate and respectful. ? Therefore, the suburbs say that heaven is heaven, the halls say that heaven is god, and the distinction between heaven and man is clear. ? [24] Here, we are very clear. The heaven of science and the god of heaven refer to the same thing, but the difference between them is already the difference between heaven and man. This is probably what China has been worshipping for thousands of years. God? Instead of. God? The reason is.
Sanhuang Zongxi vs Catholicism? God? attitude
From this, we return to the chapter of God in the Theory of Breaking Evil. Huang Zongxi first criticized Zhou Li's and Shu Wei's Five Emperors Theory, Zheng Kangcheng's Five-Day Theory and Buddhism's All-Day Theory with the uniqueness of God. Then he mentioned Catholicism. For Catholicism? Restrain Buddha and worship heaven? He has no opinion. He criticized the Catholic general? God? Personize or deify, even make an image and remember it. Like this? God? Why does Huang Zongxi understand? Tianshi? Very different. As mentioned earlier, Huang Zongxi is interested in personification and deification. God? It must be negative. Is he personified or haunted in the Confucian tradition behind him? God? Already right? God? Degraded, even this? God? Is the god of gods, but also the god of depravity, like this? God? It is no longer the supreme existence in the original sense. So Huang Zongxi will ridicule this? God? Just a ghost, really? God? Or? God? It has been deleted. [25]
If the knowledge structure of missionaries in China is also divided into two ends, what is their natural science? Use? What is the Catholic faith? Body? . So, in middle school? Body? With the western learning at that time? Body? In contact, Catholicism was not regarded as an equal opponent by Confucian masters. What do they stand for? God? On this supreme tower, in a condescending manner, scornfully laugh at those who will? God? Being an adult ghost? God? Or? God? Missionary.
References:
[1] [4] Huang Yinong: "Two-headed snake? The First Generation of Catholics in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2006, pp. 2 17, 3 13? Page 323.
[2] Wang Mumin: a scholar in eastern Zhejiang, a Jesuit in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. See Chen Zuwu, editor-in-chief: Research on Academic Culture in Eastern Zhejiang in Ming and Qing Dynasties, China Social Sciences Press, 2004, pp. 133 and 134.
[3] Jiang: "Catholic Jesuits in China in Ming and Qing Dynasties", Knowledge Publishing House, 1987, p. 14 and 17.
[5] Huang Zongxi: "Thinking about the old record? Qu Shizhen, edited by Shen: Complete Works of Huang Zongxi, Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House, 1985, Volume I, pp. 383 and 384. See also Wang Mu-min, Scholars in Eastern Zhejiang and Jesuits in Ming and Qing Dynasties, edited by Chen Zuwu. Academic and Cultural Studies in Eastern Zhejiang in Ming and Qing Dynasties, p. 134.
[6] Xu: "People in the Early Qing Dynasty and Western Learning", Oriental Publishing House, 2000, p. 28 1 page? Page 283.
[7] Xu: People and Western Learning in the Early Qing Dynasty, p. 284? Page 287. See also Xia Guiqi: Discussion on the Relationship between Huang Zongxi and Western Learning, edited by Guangwu: The 300th Anniversary of Huanglizhou? Eulogy? Written conversation? Discuss? My book, Contemporary China Publishing House, 1997, p. 172.
[8] [9] Huang Zongxi: "On Breaking Evil? Inscription, Complete Works of Huang Zongxi, Volume I, pages 192 and 192.
[10] [25] Huang Zongxi: "On Breaking Evil? God, The Complete Works of Huang Zongxi, Volume I, pages 194 and 195.
[1 1] In other places, Huang Zongxi also talked about the identity of the three people. He said in "Teacher Mencius Volume 1"? Zhang Mingtang wrote:? If there is an emperor's name in the sky, it is a sacrifice to the Hall of Fame, which is both intimate and respectful. Or: What if "Heaven is in front" and "God is behind"? It is said that heaven and God are one ear, and silence is two things. Therefore, the suburbs call heaven heaven, the halls call heaven god, and the distinction between heaven and man is also clear. ? The Complete Works of Huang Zongxi, Volume I, Pages 54 and 55. "Mencius" said four? People are different, he added. Heaven is born of gasification and popularity, which is pure harmony. ? The Complete Works of Huang Zongxi, Volume I, p.11. "Mencius" said five? Yao made it more clear in the book "The World and": Travel at four o'clock, everything will be born, and the sky will be dominated during the period. The so-called masters are purely ethereal and popular among characters. ? The Complete Works of Huang Zongxi Volume I Page 123.
[12] This core idea is common in Huang's works, such as? Between loads, it's all the same when one breath comes. ? "Mencius teacher said volume one? Zhuang Baojian Meng; ? There is only one breath between heaven and earth, and there are strangers. ? "Mencius teacher said volume 2? Haoranzhang
[13] Huang Zongxi: "Mencius said Volume III? Tao Haozhang, Volume I of Complete Works of Huang Zongxi, page 77. In Mencius, it says? In the second half of the chapter, Huang Zongxi once again stressed: The gift of heaven comes from pure kindness. ? The Complete Works of Huang Zongxi, Volume I, page 78.
[14] [17] Huang Zongxi: "Mencius said Volume IV? What makes people different? The complete works of Huang Zongxi, Volume I, page11,1 12.
[15] Huang Zongxi: "Mencius said Volume 4? Three generations are the best in the world, Volume I of Complete Works of Huang Zongxi, page 90.
[16] Huang Zongxi: "Mencius said Volume 1? See Mencius Liang Pian, Volume I of Complete Works of Huang Zongxi, page 49.
[18] Huang Zongxi: "Mencius said Volume 7? Man is the most important chapter. The Complete Works of Huang Zongxi, Volume I, page 160, 16 1 page.
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[19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] Huang Zongxi: "Teacher Mencius said Volume 1? Zhang Mingtang's Complete Works of Huang Zongxi Volume I Fifty-four, Fifty-four, Fifty-four, Fifty-four, Fifty-four? Page 55.