In Song Confucianism, especially for Zhu Xi, the concept of "reason" has always been ambiguous. On the one hand, it refers to the form or law of objective things, on the other hand, it refers to moral principles or value norms. Song Confucianism didn't distinguish the conventional meaning from the normative meaning, so Yichuan and Zhu Xi regarded "lack of things" as a means of "learning".
In the eyes of modern people, the study of law belongs to the category of natural science, while the study of norms belongs to the field of philosophy or ethics, and the two must not be confused. It is Wang Yangming's understanding of this distinction that leads him to doubt that "things are my heart, and the final judgment is two." This problem is the key to Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty.
What Confucianism calls "learning" refers to the learning of virtue, that is, the understanding of value norms. Wang Yangming eliminated the ambiguity of "reason" and regarded reason purely as a value norm, thus ignoring the so-called "physics". For Wang Yangming, the world has developed on the value level, and the objective existence of things is meaningless to him, which must be kept in mind.
Let's get down to business. Let's take a look at what Yang Ming said. In his early years, Yangming had "four principles", one of which was "where is the heart and where is the thing". This sentence is not Becquerel's idealism. Every concept in Wang Yangming's mind system is related to value. Therefore, "things" are not objective things, but human moral practice, that is, the whole process from the occurrence of will to the development of behavior. People's moral practice must be intentional, so it is "where the heart lies".
When you understand the meaning of "thing", it is not difficult to understand "thing". "Things" include will and action, but action is triggered and controlled by will. Therefore, it is natural to make things conform to "conscience" and people's inherent value consciousness or value judgment. This is equivalent to doing good and eliminating evil.
Question 2: What is the "real governor spirit"? Governor is the first two of the eight stages of Confucian learning put forward in the book "University" (see one in "University"), and it is a staged behavioral goal put forward by Confucianism to realize its political thought of "cultivating self-cultivation, governing the country and calming the world". In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu raised the concept of "teacher" to a particularly lofty position.
"Wu Ge" is the natural law of reaching extremes and exhausting things. Understanding is a process from the outside to the inside and from the inside to the outside. Poverty is to explore the universal and eternal moral law of society. "Knowledge" means promoting what you know, pushing it from one thing to another, and from infinity to infinity. Zhu discussed the relationship between knowledge and action, and thought that knowledge comes first and action pays more attention to knowledge.
Question 3: What does self-cultivation in W mean to have the spirit of governor? Self-cultivation refers to self-cultivation. The specific behavior of self-cultivation is manifested in daily life, that is, choosing good and following, learning from the text, and meeting with courtesy.
Cultivation, in layman's terms, is to constantly improve one's ideological and moral level.