The Songs of Chu
Stylistically, dialect phonology, describing the mountains, rivers and historical customs of Chu, has strong local characteristics. In the Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang compiled Qu Yuan's works and Song Yu's works "Cheng Qu Fu" into a collection called Songs of the South. After The Book of Songs, it became a collection of poems that had a far-reaching impact on China literature. Qu Yuan, the representative figure of Chu Ci (before 340? -278 years ago), is the earliest patriotic poet in the history of China literature. The Songs of Chu is a new poem after 300 pieces of The Book of Songs. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang sorted out ancient books and edited the works of Qu Yuan, Song Yu and others into a book, named Chu Ci. Since then, "Songs of the South" has become the name of a collection. As for the later generations called it "Sao" represented by Li Sao, it is the same as the later generations called the Book of Songs "Feng". Although it is not worthy of the name, it is intended to distinguish between Chu Ci and Han Fu.
2. What is the definition of bronze inscriptions? Do not understand; don't understand; ignorant of
3. Oracle Bone Inscriptions doesn't seem to have an alias.
4.
As for Chinese, I think the Chinese spoken now is very different from the ancient Chinese in China, and it can no longer be regarded as Chinese in the traditional sense. In the process of transforming ancient Chinese into modern Chinese, it experienced three major changes. Different from the normal inherited changes, these three changes of Chinese are more manifested as separation from ancient Chinese than development. Let's look at the changes in these three periods:
(1). During the May 4th Movement, a group of people, represented by Hu Shi and Lu Xun, launched the vernacular movement and advocated the use of vernacular Chinese. As a result, ancient Chinese gradually withdrew from daily life and the grammar of modern Chinese gradually formed. However, it is worth noting that the grammar of modern Chinese is very different from that of ancient Chinese, which was basically formed on the basis of daily spoken English and western grammar at that time. Moreover, due to time constraints, the nationalization of western grammar was not well completed, and the traces of transplantation were obvious.
(2) I can't remember the specific time. Generally speaking, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the country published a batch of simplified characters, and later published a second batch of simplified characters, but (fortunately) it was resisted in actual implementation. This change has split the glyphs of modern Chinese and ancient Chinese.
(3) Just a few years ago, the central government began to promote Putonghua throughout the country. Putonghua is developed on the basis of the pronunciation of Beijing dialect. The pronunciation of many words is very different from the unified pronunciation during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, and the pronunciation during the Qianlong period is closer to the dialects in some parts of the south. In this way, modern Chinese is separated from ancient Chinese in pronunciation.
Sometimes, the writer mistakenly takes the words recorded by predecessors in ancient books as the text, resulting in an essay, such as "Historical Records, Biography of Assassins": "I want to stab people, but I can't do it in public." Wang believes that the word "final" in the sentence was originally a loan word of "final". Later generations wrote the word "final" next to the word, and the scribe mistakenly copied the word "final" into the text, which became a literary development.
Referred to as "Tuo", also known as "Tuozi" and "Duowen". Used to indicate the phenomenon of text falling off in ancient books. Such as "Confucius' family cloud: tall and long" and "Confucius takes off the word" zi ""
6. hieroglyphics
It belongs to the "single word-making method". Outline the shape characteristics of the object to be expressed with lines or strokes of words. For example, the word "moon" looks like the curved moon, the word "turtle" looks like the side shape of a turtle, the word "horse" is a horse with four legs, the word "fish" is a swimming fish with a head, a body and a tail, and the word "snake" (the original word of grass) is two sokcho and the word "door". The word "sun" is like a circle with a little bit in the middle, much like the shape we see when we look directly at the sun.
Ideographic characters come from picture characters, but they weaken the nature of pictures and enhance the symbolism. Is the most primitive word formation. It has great limitations, because what is written cannot be drawn.
Pictophonetic method of word formation
It belongs to the "combined word-making method". Pictophonetic characters are composed of pictophonetic characters (also called "semantic symbols") and notes (also called "notes"). The shape side indicates the meaning or category of words, and the sound side indicates that the pronunciation of words is the same or similar. For example, the word "Sakura" has a "wood" beside its shape, indicating that it is a kind of tree, and the word "baby" beside its sound indicates that its pronunciation is the same as that of the word "baby"; The word "bamboo" next to the "basket" means bamboo products, and the word "prison" next to the sound means that its pronunciation is similar to the word "prison"; Below the word "tooth" is the shape side, drawing the shape of the tooth, and the word "stop" above is the sound side, indicating that the pronunciation of the word is similar.
Associative compound
It belongs to the "combined word-making method". A cognitive word is composed of two or more independent words, which are combined to express the meaning of the word with form or meaning. For example, combine the word "wine" with liquid "water" to express meaning; The split of the word "solution" means to separate the "cow" from the "horn" with a knife. Song refers to the sound of birds, so it is composed of mouth and bird.
7. Deixis is an abstract word-formation method, that is, when it is not available or convenient to use.
When drawing a concrete image, it is represented by an abstract symbol, such as "up" and "down"
","awesome "... and so on. The words "up" and "down" are bounded by the horizontal line "one".
On the horizontal line, point out the upper position with a shorter or shorter short line and write it as "two", that is,
The word "Shang"; The symbol drawn under the horizontal line is "",which is the word "Xia". The word "fierce"
It means that there is a deep pit on the ground, and pedestrians don't see it when they step into it, which means "ㄩ"
Deep pit, the symbol "×" in the middle symbolizes the feeling of panic and danger when falling into the pit.
Situation.
There are 9353 exegesis words in Shuo Wen Jie Zi. Except for the word "up" and "down", it obviously refers to things. Even other reference words recognized by later generations are explained by pictographs and knowing words. In addition, the definition of reference words in Xu Zi is concise and vague, which leads to differences in understanding the structural types of reference words between ancient and modern times. For example, in Duan Yucai's Preface to Explaining Words, it is noted: "The form refers to one thing, which is different from many things, and is specialized in natural history. So, every day, every month, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day. Every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, scholars know this. They can be divided into pictographic references ... The referent cannot be confused, and the two texts understand that the body is the referent. " It is not difficult to see that the demonstratives that Duan thinks are abstract symbolic words with uniqueness.
Type of demonstrative word
1, monomer refers to things
Any unique text used to express abstract things without subsequent increase or decrease or formal changes is called unique reference, that is, the reference to things is a positive example. This unique writing usually uses line symbols to represent the image of abstract things. Examples of unibody reference words: up, one, two, down, │, eight, small, ㄔ, ㄐ, ㄔ.
2. Fit refers to things.
When the existing characters or symbols are not enough to express abstract concepts, it is necessary to add some stippling to the characters to introduce concepts, that is, taking a paragraph of text as the main body and adding unwritten symbols, which is called the combination of the two. Yuan, Shi, Wang, Zhong, Tun, Mou and Qian.
3. Variation refers to things.
In order to express abstract ideas, the written image is often changed or some strokes of the written image are omitted. Through this change, people can understand another related concept. This kind of change usually refers to the change of position, for example, some are left and right opposite, and some are upside down. Examples of deviant deixis: ㄩ, lack, court, inverse, world, minister, fantasy, summer, towel. hieroglyph
Hieroglyphs refer to writing with pure graphics, which are similar in shape to what they represent. Generally speaking, hieroglyphics are the earliest characters. Outline the shape characteristics of the object to be expressed with lines or strokes of words. For example, the word "moon" looks like the shape of a curved moon, and the word "turtle" (especially the traditional [turtle]) looks like the side shape of a turtle. The word "horse" is a horse with four legs, and the word "fish" is a swimming fish with a head, a body and a tail. The word "sun" is like a circle with a little bit in the middle, much like the shape people see when they look directly at the sun.
Ideographic characters come from picture characters, but they weaken the nature of pictures and enhance the symbolism. Is the most primitive word formation. It has great limitations, because some physical abstract things can't be drawn. Therefore, on the basis of hieroglyphics, Chinese characters have developed into ideographic characters, and other word-forming methods have been added, such as understanding, referring to things, pictophonetic characters and so on. However, these new word-making methods still need to be based on the original hieroglyphics, based on hieroglyphics, by splicing, omitting or adding or deleting symbols.
At present, the most widely known hieroglyph in the world is the hieroglyph of ancient Egypt-the holy book. About 5000 years ago, the ancient Egyptians invented a graphic writing called hieroglyphics. This writing is slow and difficult to understand. About 3400 years ago, the Egyptians evolved a faster and easier font. In addition, Dongba script and Shuishu script adopted by Naxi people in southwest China are the only hieroglyphic systems still in use. As time went on, even the Egyptians themselves finally forgot how to explain the early hieroglyphics. If it weren't for the discovery of French ancient philologists when Napoleon invaded Egypt, it is very likely that archaeologists can't recognize this kind of writing so far.
1799, these French ancient philologists unearthed a black stone tablet engraved with words. The inscription was written in three languages, namely Greek, ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics and later Egyptian characters. French archaeologist gene paul champollion studied these characters and tried to explain the hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt.
Champollion's method of interpreting ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics is: comparing the words on stone tablets, first trying to pick out the hieroglyphics of Ptolemy, the last Pharaoh of Egypt, and then trying to identify the meanings of other hieroglyphics. Champollion published his findings in 1822.
Rosetta stone recorded the same content in three languages, so it became the key to interpret ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics. Napoléon Bonaparte, a famous French soldier, fought a great battle in Egypt. In order to study Egyptian culture, historians sent by Napoleon excavated many ancient sites.
It is worth mentioning that China's original characters belong to hieroglyphics. Although Chinese characters still retain the characteristics of pictographs, there are other ways to create characters besides pictographs. After thousands of years of evolution, Chinese characters have been far away from the original image, so they are not hieroglyphics, but ideograms. However, Oracle Bone Inscriptions and inscriptions on bronze are also hieroglyphics. In addition, the "head font" and "geometry" of Mayan characters are also.
8. The strict duality in poetry is called duality. The antithesis mainly includes the antithesis of words and sentences.
Duality is often used in parallel prose.
9. Zuo Zhuan: The author of Zuo Zhuan is still an unsolved mystery. Western Han historians Sima Qian, Ban Gu and others all believe that Zuo Zhuan was written by Zuo Qiuming. Sima Qian's Historical Records? The Chronicle of Twelve Governors said: "Zuo Qiuming, a gentleman of Lu, was afraid of heresy among his disciples, and each had his own opinions and lost his reason. Therefore, due to the historical records of Confucius, it became the Spring and Autumn Period of the Left. "Zhao Kuang in the Tang Dynasty first suspected that Zuo Zhuan was not written by Zuo Qiuming. Since then, many scholars have expressed doubts about this. Ye Mengde believes that the author came from the Warring States period; Zheng Qiao
Warring States policy: mainly describes the political opinions and strategies of strategists during the Warring States period, and shows the historical characteristics and social features of the Warring States period. It is an important ancient book to study the history of the Warring States. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the Warring States policy was quite lost, and Ceng Gong revised it. During the period of 1973, a number of silk books were unearthed from the No.3 Han Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, one of which was similar to the current edition of the Warring States Policy and was named after sorting. There are ***27 articles in this book, of which 1 1 is basically consistent with the current edition of Historical Records of Warring States Policy.
Mencius: A Book is a compilation of Mencius' remarks, written by Mencius and his disciples.
The Book of Songs: The editor of this book is a teacher. Confucius' theory of "deleting poems" is not reliable. About 500 years from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period.
Chu Ci: Author Qu Yuan, Warring States Period.