At the age of 35, Lu was defeated by Dr. Sanhuan. After he fled to Qi, Confucius went to Qi. I asked Confucius about politics several times and wanted him to go against the Western Heaven, but Yan Ying, the prime minister of Qi, advised him not to do so. Later, when Confucius learned that it was useless, he returned to Lu and called his disciples to give lectures.
From the ninth year of Lu to the fourteenth year of Lu, Confucius was an official in Lu, first serving as the governor of Zhongdu (now Wenshang County, Shandong Province), then as a mediocre official, and then as a great secretariat, which was the peak of his political career. In the tenth year of Lu, Lu joined forces in Jiagu, and Confucius won diplomatic victory, which enabled Qi to return Wenyang and other places that occupied Lu. In the thirteenth year of Lu, in order to re-establish his authority, Confucius planned and implemented the political and military action of "capturing the three capitals", hoping to weaken the strength of Dr. Sanhuan, so he fell into the shackles of his uncle first, and then at the expense of his family, but the siege offensive eventually failed.
Under the rule of Confucius, the state of Lu has been greatly improved, which makes the people of Qi very afraid. The doctor designed it and put forward a female music Marvin Lu, which led Lu not to ask about state affairs. This made it difficult for Confucius to bridge the moral and political differences between Duke Lu and Ji Zi, and Confucius finally went to Lu Shiwei. Later, Confucius led his disciples all over the world, wandering in Wei, Cao, Song, Zheng, Chen, Cai, Ye, Chu and other places, but they were not reused. In the meantime, in Kuang, Song, Pu and other places, Confucius and his party were trapped in distress many times.
In 484, Confucius, who was nearly seventy years old, was sent by Ji Kangzi to welcome him back to Lu as a monarch, but he was not appointed. During this period, Confucius paid attention to education and collation of ancient books. Kong Li, Yan Hui and Luz all left before him. Confucius felt it: "The people who followed me to Cai Chen before were not as good as the door." Five years later, Confucius died and was buried on the bank of Surabaya in the north of Qufu. Disciples mourned for him for 3 years, and Zi Gong kept the tomb for Confucius for 6 years.
Confucius said: "I am determined to learn five out of ten, stand at thirty, be puzzled at forty, know my destiny at fifty, be obedient at sixty, be obedient at seventy, and not overstep the rules."
Mencius (372 BC-289 BC) (born in the fourth year of the reign of King Zhou and died in the twenty-sixth year) was named. Also known as car separation and separation. Father's name is excited and mother's name is lost. China was a famous thinker in ancient times. The representative figure of Confucianism in the Warring States period. People from Zoucheng, Shandong. He is the author of Mencius. Mencius studied under Zi Si (a student who studied under Zi Si), inherited and carried forward Confucius' thoughts, and became a master of Confucianism after Confucius, known as "the sage of Asia" and also called "Confucius and Mencius" with Confucius.
Mencius once imitated Confucius and led his disciples to lobby countries. However, it was not accepted by all countries at that time, and he retired to write with his disciples. There are seven pieces of Mencius handed down from ancient times, the titles of which are: Liang Shang Xia; "Gongsun Ugly" up and down; "Teng Wengong" up and down; Li Lou; "Zhang Wan" up and down; ) "Gao Zi" up and down; Up and down "dedication". His theoretical starting point is the theory of good nature, which puts forward "benevolent governance" and "kingly governance" and advocates rule by virtue. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu called Mencius, The Analects of Confucius, Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean the Four Books. From then until the end of Qing Dynasty, "Four Books" had been a compulsory part of the imperial examination. Mencius' article is eloquent, magnificent and good at argumentation.
Mencius' distant ancestor was Shi, an aristocrat of Lu, who moved from Lu to Zou. It is said that Mencius lost his father at the age of three, and Meng Mu worked hard to raise him. Meng Mu is very strict, and his stories of "Meng Mu's Three Movements" and "Breaking the Machine to Teach Children" have become eternal stories, which are models of maternal education in later generations.
Laozi (about 600 years before the legend-about 470 years before) was an ancient thinker in China. Li Minger, whose real name is Bai Yang, is also known as Lao Dan. According to legend, Laozi was born with white eyebrows and a beard, so he was later called Laozi. Legend has it that he lived in the Spring and Autumn Period. Laozi, the author of Tao Te Ching, was the ancestor of Taoism, and his theory was later developed by Zhuang Zhou. Taoist descendants regard Laozi as a master, compared with Confucian Confucius, and think that Confucius once studied under Laozi. In Taoism, Laozi is a very important immortal and is called the old gentleman on the throne. The essence of Laozi's works is simple dialectical method. For example, the famous saying: "Unfortunately, happiness depends on; Happiness lies in misfortune. Things may benefit from loss or benefit from loss. "Although his works have many limitations. But this Tao Te Ching, which has been circulating for more than two thousand years, is indeed a cross-generational work. In different times, this work will be interpreted with different meanings. According to statistics, the Tao Te Ching is the most translated work after the Christian Bible. The Bible was translated by missionaries on their own initiative, and this work was appreciated by many nationalities and translated by themselves.
In terms of self-cultivation, Laozi is the ancestor of Taoist double cultivation, paying attention to modest and upright practice and not competing with others. Politically, Laozi advocates the rule of inaction and the teaching of words. Politically, Lao Tzu pays attention to the truth that extremes meet. The main work "Tao Te Ching" is also directly called "Laozi".
Zhuangzi (about 369-286 BC) [1] The famous Zhou Dynasty has an uncertain date of birth and death, which is similar to Mencius. During the Warring States Period, Song Guo Meng (now Shangqiu, Henan [1], also known as Mengcheng) was an official in Qiyuan. Famous thinker, philosopher, writer, representative of Taoist school, successor and developer of Laozi's thought. Later generations called him and Lao Zi "Lao Zi". Also known as Mongolian official, Mongolian Zhuang and Mongolian old man. Laozi thought that "Tao can be Tao, not Tao" [30], and Zhuangzi also thought that Tao could not be said. But Tao can't be said, and it has to be said, so Zhuangzi adopts the method of "saying", "fable 19, restate 17, say sunrise and sky." [3 1] This way makes Zhuangzi think like water, and he is not afraid of being dismembered by later generations. At the same time, his views will not be forgotten by history. Reading in different periods will bring new meaning. Zhuang Zhou's dream butterfly, chaos to enlightenment and understanding of cattle are all his excellent fables. Zhuangzi's creation is a wonderful work in the history of China literature, which pushed the pre-Qin prose to a new peak.
Compared with Laozi, Zhuangzi's thoughts tend to pursue art and freedom. This can be seen from the argument between Zhuang Zhou's dream butterfly and Hao Liang (a child is not a fish, but the joy of knowing a fish)
Li Bai (70 1-762), whose name is Taibai, is a violet layman. China, a famous poet in Tang Dynasty, is known as "Poet Fairy". Li Bai and Du Fu are collectively called "Du Li". There is a collection of Li Taibai handed down from generation to generation. Li Bai's ancestral home was in Ji Cheng, Longxi (now Qin Andong, Gansu). He was born in the first year of Wu Zetian's Chang 'an (70 1). There are different opinions about his birthplace, and now it is generally believed that it is the broken leaf of the Western Region (located near tokmak, Kyrgyzstan). According to the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, he is the ninth grandson of Emperor Liang, and he is actually the same clan as the kings. According to Old Tang Book, Li Bai's father is Ren Chengwei. In 705, when Li Bai was five years old, he moved to County, Mianzhou County and Qinglian Township of Shu County with his father Li Ke and began to receive enlightenment education. In the first year of Jing Yun (7 10), Li Bai began to read hundred schools of thought's historical records, and in the third year of Kaiyuan (7 15), he was fond of writing poems, fencing, fantasy books and immortals. When he was young, he began to travel around China. Five years before and after Kaiyuan, Li Bai studied with Zhao Kun, who wrote long and short classics, for more than a year. The study in this period had a far-reaching influence on Li Bai. In the sixth year of Kaiyuan, I studied in Daitian daming temple.
According to the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, Li Bai showed extraordinary talent in his youth. He had lofty aspirations and a detached heart. He and Confucius, Han Mian, Pei Zheng, Zhang Shuming, Tao Mian and other middle school students in Shandong Province hid in Culai Mountain, singing and drinking, and the time number was "Zhuxi Liufu".
Li Bai once presented the Hanlin in the first year of Tianbao, Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (742). Once the emperor was drunk and asked Li Bai, "What was the dynasty between me and Tianhou?" Bai said, "The queen of heaven has many political affairs, and the country is fortunate to be raped. Just like the melons in the children's market, you don't choose the fragrant ones, you choose the fat ones; I am the one who gets the essence of anyone, such as gold from washing sand and stone from cutting stone. " Xuanzong laughed after listening. But because of his unruly personality, he left Chang 'an in less than two years. It is said that because his Qing Ping Diao offended Yang Guifei, who favored the harem at that time (Yang Guifei thought the words "poor swallow leans on new makeup" were ironic), it was not allowed in the palace.
[Editor] Middle-aged people
Later, he met Du Fu, another famous poet in China in the Tang Dynasty, and became good friends. After the An Shi Rebellion broke out, in February 65438 +756, in order to quell the An Shi Rebellion, Li Bai was invited to be a staff officer. After Wang Yong angered Tang Suzong and was killed, Li Bai was also found guilty and imprisoned. Soon after, he was exiled to Yelang (now Tongzi, Guizhou). He was pardoned in exile at the age of 59.
[editor] old age
Li Bai roamed the south of the Yangtze River in his later years. At the age of 6 1, I heard that Qiu Li Guangbi led a great army to crusade against Anshi rebels, so he went north to join the army with Li Guangbi to kill the enemy, but turned back because of illness. The next year, Li Bai went to his uncle Li, who was then a county magistrate in Dangtu (now Maanshan, Anhui). In the same year 165438+ 10, Li Bai died in his apartment at the age of 62 and was buried in Longshan, Dangtu. In the 12th year of Tang Yuanhe (8 17), the observation of Xuanzang Pool made Fan move the tomb to Dangtu Castle Peak according to Li Bai's wishes. There are many different legends about his death. One said that he was watching the moon on the boat and fell into the water to pick it up. The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty records that although Li Bai was pardoned and exiled, he died drunk in Xuancheng because of excessive drinking on the way.
Du Fu (7 12 February 12-770) has beautiful words. Shao Ling Ye Lao was born in Xiangyang (now Xiangfan City, Hubei Province) and his ancestral home was Gongxian County, Henan Province (now gongyi city), a realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty. He used to be the foreign minister of the calibration department, so later people called him Du Gongbu; Because he lives in Shaoling outside Chang 'an, he is also known as Du Shaoling. His influence on China's classical poetry is far-reaching, and he is called "the sage of poetry" by later generations, and his poems are also called "the history of poetry". Du Zhisun, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty. Du Fu's grandfather was a high official in Gongyi, Henan. Du Fu was eager to learn since he was a child, and he was able to write poems at the age of seven. After the age of 20, he wandered between wuyue and Qilu, and was interested in "introducing the monarch into Yao and Shun, and then making the customs pure". He met Li Bai in Luoyang. Du Fu went to Chang 'an at the age of 35 and lived in Chang 'an for ten years. He rushed to give gifts, was depressed, frustrated in his career and poor in life. After the Anshi Rebellion, Du Fu went to see Su Zong, "Ma Xie met the son of heaven", and was left to pick up the body. Later, he was demoted to Huazhou because of exhortation. In 759, he abandoned his official post and went to the west, and built a small house by the Huanhua River in the western suburbs of Chengdu. During these four years, he wrote more than 240 poems. In 764, Tang Daizong Guangde served as an aide under the protection of Yanwu, the ambassador of Jiannan County in Chengdu, Sichuan, and inspected Yuan Wailang of the Ministry of Industry. "Wu and Fu are both old, and they have been treated for a long time" (Old Tang Book < Biography of Du Fu in Wen Yuan >). Soon, I lived a wandering life, wandering in today's Sichuan, Hubei and Hunan provinces, taking the boat as my home. In the fifth year of Tang Dali (770), he died on the Xiangjiang River from Changsha to Yueyang [1]. It is said that Du Fu was flooded in Leiyang and didn't eat for more than ten days. Later, Nie County Magistrate of Leiyang hired a boat to pick him up and gave him a lot of beef and white wine. Du Fu ate all night and died drunk at the age of 59 [2][3][4]. The coffin was parked in Yueyang, in the eighth year of Zongyuan (8 13), and was moved and buried by Sun Du in shouyangshan, Henan.
There are more than 400 poems/kloc-0. Writing poems can be divided into four periods:
[Editor] Early student days
Before 35 years old. Liang and Song Dynasties (now Kaifeng and Shangqiu) traveled with Li Bai and Gao Shi. There is a poem for Li Bai, which says, "Yu Yidong is a guest and he is like a brother. Drunk sleep autumn quilt, hand in hand with Japanese counterparts ",and cloud," drinking songs and living empty, domineering for whom ",can be called pleasure.
[Editor] Trapped in Chang 'an Period
Tianbao five years to Tianbao fourteen years. Du Fu's "food and clothing are difficult", so he has to go in and out of the aristocratic mansion, run around offering gifts and get a little support. During this period, some works appeared, such as Military Vehicle Shop, Second Supply Road, Going Out to the Front, and Reciting 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian.
[Editor] An Shi Rebellion Period
From Su Zong to Deyuanzai (756) to Gan Yuan for two years (759). During this period, there were Moonlit Night, Spring Hope, Mourning for the Head of a General, Sorrow for Chen Tao, Northern Expedition, Three Officials (Shi Haoguan, Tongguan Official and Xin 'an Official) and Three Farewells (newly married, resigned and homeless).
[Editor] Wandering period
From the first year of Su Zong Shang Yuan (760) to the fifth year of Dai Zong Dali (770). In the first year of Baoying (762), Shao Yin and Xu Zhi, the suggestion of Chengdu, rebelled in Chengdu, and Du Fu went into exile in Zizhou and Langzhou. His works include Water Threshold, Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Sick Oranges, Climbing the Building, Reading the Book, The Two Banks of the Yellow River Recovered by the Imperial Army, The Rise of Wu Lang, Hiking the Mountain, Autumn Xing, Three Jueju, Sui Yanxing and so on. During this period, more than a thousand poems were written, accounting for more than 70% of all Du Fu's poems, which profoundly reflected the social panorama of more than 20 years before and after the Anshi Rebellion in Tang Dynasty.
There are 60 volumes of Du Fu's poems, which have long been lost. In the second year of Baoyuan in the Northern Song Dynasty (1039), Wang Zhu collected 1405 volumes and compiled them into 18 volumes, which was named "Du Gongbu Collection". Qian edited The Collection of Du Gongbu. Yang Lun said: "Since the Six Dynasties, Yuefu imitated plagiarism, and Chen Xiangyin was the most disgusting. When Zi Mei came out, she felt what she felt at that time. When she went to Benjamin, she was in trouble. The people there were very poor. She asked questions at will and tried to get rid of the stereotypes of her predecessors. " (Du Shi Jing Quan, Volume 5)
Du Fu, known as the history of poetry, was first seen in Meng Bang's Poem Fu Neng. The third part of "Senior One" in the late Tang Dynasty: "The difficulty in Dushan flows through Shan Ye and is almost invisible, so it is called the history of poetry." In the Song Dynasty, the conclusion was drawn, but the significance of poetry history was different. Some people pay attention to Du Fu's poems about historical events, and think that Du Fu's poems are documentary poems, which can supplement and prove history, so they are named poetry history. This theory only emphasizes the truth of historical events and ignores the emotional characteristics of poetry. Some people know history by Du Fu's History, and the brushwork is rigorous, which can be compared with Sima Qian, a historian of Han Dynasty. And those who judge people and things in poetry can "not hide evil and not praise good", so they are called the history of poetry. This is desirable. On the other hand, Zi Mei is famous as a history of poetry because she sympathizes with others and hurts things. This statement is also desirable.
Some people also talk about the history of poetry from the perspective of "Du Fu's poems are written for the public".
[Editor] Major Achievements
Du Fu's life experienced a period from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. Most of his works reflect the social outlook at that time, with a wide range of themes and far-reaching significance, especially describing the sufferings of the people and expressing his compassion for the country and the people.
Du Fu's poems are gloomy in style, refined in language, rigorous in meter, exquisite in workmanship, sincere in feelings, profound in description, delicate and touching in description and vivid in image. It is his creative style that the words are not amazing and never stop. Han Yu, a great writer in the Tang Dynasty, once compared Du Fu with Li Bai, saying, "Du Li's articles are there, and the flames are endless." .
Du Fu's influence on later generations is also moral. Wen Tianxiang wrote 200 episodes of Du Fu's five-character poems in prison. He said in the preface, "Zi Mei will speak for me first."
148 1 year, South Korea translated Du Fu's poems into Korean, which is called Interpretation of Du Fu's Poems and Proverbs. Rex Ross, a modern American poet, thinks that Du Fu is concerned with love between people, tolerance and sympathy between people. He also believes that only this kind of character can finally save our world, and the last thing to save the world is not high technology, but love, tolerance and sympathy between people. He also believes that Du Fu, who has such a personality, gave birth to such a culture, which is even greater than the Greek culture that gave birth to Homer's epic.
Su Shi (1037-11year) was born in Meishan, Meizhou (now meishan county, Sichuan). His poems, ci, fu and prose are all highly accomplished, and he is good at painting and calligraphy, which is a rare all-rounder in the history of China literature. His prose and Ouyang Xiu are called Ou Su; Poetry and Huang Tingjian are also called Su Huang; Ci and Xin Qiji are collectively called Su Xin; Calligraphy is one of the four great calligraphers in the Northern Song Dynasty: Su, Huang, Mi and Cai [1]. His paintings started the Huzhou School of Painting. He not only opposed Wang Anshi's radical reform measures, but also disagreed with Sima Guang's abolition of the new law, so he was rejected by the old and new parties and his career was very bumpy. Song Renzong Jing You was born in three years, and Jiayou was a scholar in two years. Bachelor of Duan Mingtang, Bachelor of Hanlin, Minister of Ritual. During the reign of Zongshen, Su Shi served as the foreign minister of Zubu, and sought a diplomatic post because he opposed Wang Anshi's new law. He worked as a judge in Hangzhou and knew Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou. In the second year of Yuanfeng, the famous Wutai Poetry Case happened in Li Ding at the age of 43. He went to prison for it and died several times. His younger brother Su Zhe was demoted to save his life and was demoted to Huangzhou the following year. At that time, Zhezong was a bachelor of Hanlin, and once knew Hangzhou, Yingzhou and other places. , is an official does not. Later, Zhang Dun was banished to Huizhou and Danzhou. Changzhou died of illness in the second year after returning to the north, at the age of 66. Chasing Wen Zhong in Southern Song Dynasty. Politically, it belongs to the old party, but it also has the requirements of reform shortcomings. He is honest and clean all over the country, promoting advantages and eliminating disadvantages, with many political achievements and good reputation. Su Causeway in Hangzhou West Lake is an example.
Sima Qian (135-90 years ago) was born in xia yang (now Hancheng, Shaanxi), an ancient historian and writer in China. His Historical Records is regarded as a model of China's historical books, and later generations respectfully call him Shi Qian and Tai Shigong. In the third year of Liang Wudi's reign (98 BC), Li Ling was defeated and surrendered to the Huns, and Liang Wudi was furious. All the civil servants in the Qing Dynasty believed that Li Ling was guilty and the whole family should be punished. Sima Qian defended Li Ling, angered Liang Wudi, and was put in prison and allowed to rot. He once said that "disaster is greater than greed, sorrow is greater than sorrow, and ugliness is greater than imprisonment." People who are beyond punishment are unparalleled and not lifelong. "
[Editor] Write a book
After he was released from prison, Sima Qian was appointed as the official in charge of secretariat of history. He angrily wrote a history book. "He wants to learn from the changes of ancient and modern times and become a unified statement", and he completed China's first biography-Historical Records. Historical Records didn't have a title at first. Sima Qian showed the manuscript to Dong Fangshuo, and Dong Fangshuo appreciated it and named it Taishi Gongshu. Later generations called Taishigong Gong Ji "Historical Records".
"Historical Records" was originally a general term for the history books of various countries, and Sima Qian's writings were also made with reference to the history books of various countries during the Warring States Period. However, due to the influence of Taishi Gongshu, it became the proper name of this book around the Eastern Han Dynasty. After Sima Qian finished writing Historical Records, he knew that this book was not accepted by the contemporary world, so he saved a copy in the famous mountain in advance and passed it on to future generations.
Historical Records had a far-reaching influence on the development of later historiography and literature. Lu Xun praised "Historical Records", saying that "historians never sing, leaving Sao without rhyme". Zhao Yi's Notes on the Twenty-two Histories said: "Sima Qian gave consideration to both ancient and modern times and drew inferences from others to make it a general history. This chronicle is based on the order of the emperor, aristocratic families remembering the country, the current affairs of the ten tables, the detailed preparation of the eight books, and the biographies aimed at the characters. Then sum up the gains and losses of a generation of monarchs, ministers and politicians into a series. Since then, the historians of past dynasties cannot go beyond their scope, and those who believe in history are extremely good. "