But at the same time, there is a scholar, Wang Zishao, who advocates the theory of "text" and thinks that the phonetic symbols of pictophonetic characters not only express sounds, but also express meanings. Most words with the same phonetic symbols have the same basic meaning. For example, "Yi" means small. Small water is shallow, small gold is money, and small shells are cheap. Such things are all righteousness. The pictophonetic characters of Chinese characters are usually left to express meaning and right to express sound, so they are called right characters. Wang Zishao, born in Mei Sheng, Zhejiang Province, has twenty volumes of Shuo Wen Jie Zi, which has been lost. His theory of sound and meaning has great inspiration for later exegetists to put forward sound and meaning methods.
Xing Bing (932 ~10/2) and Zheng Qiao studied Er Ya in Song Dynasty. There's Shu Ya in this part, but it's not detailed in Guo Pu's note. There is "Er Ya Zhu", citing old books to prove Guo; Everyone has his own invention. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu (1 130 ~ 1200) was a man who attached great importance to exegetics. He is the author of Book of Changes, Biography of Poems, Notes on Four Books and Chapters, Notes on Chu Ci, etc. It not only adopts the advantages of the previous generation of old note, but also takes into account the new scheme; Inscriptions that can be applied to Zhongding Yi wares can be found in Poetry, Elegance, Walking Reed, Drunk and Jianghan, which were rare in the past.
Before the Song Dynasty, scholars were vague about the difference between ancient and modern sounds. It was not until the Southern Song Dynasty that we began to notice the problem of ancient rhyme. Wu Kun wrote Yunbu to study the similarities and differences between ancient rhyme and Guang Yun. Xiang An's history "Xiang Jia Lun" also puts forward that "poetic rhyme" is different from the sound of later generations. Yao Zheng also wrote "An Analysis of Ancient Sounds" to discuss the main types of rhymes in The Book of Songs. This is the first sound for scholars in Qing Dynasty to study ancient rhyme. It is helpful to study the meaning of words. The establishment of exegetical theory in Qing Dynasty was influenced by Confucian classics advocated by Jiao Hong and Yang Shen in the late Ming Dynasty. Scholars in Qing Dynasty strongly praised Confucian classics and primary schools in Han Dynasty, emphasizing textual research, seeking empirical evidence and not talking about the theory of nature. In the Ganjia period, "Sinology" flourished, and many people annotated classics and sub-books. In order to explain the classics, we have to study characters, phonology and exegesis, so the study of language and characters is very popular. Shuowen and Erya have become the books that people must read. There are dozens of important works about Shuowen and Erya, either published by orthography or invented ancient religion. Other books, such as Dialect, Ming Shi, Xiao Er Ya and Guang Ya, have also been verified. Great achievements have been made in the study of exegetics. There are countless famous exegetists.
The development of exegetics in Qing dynasty is closely related to the achievements of ancient phonology. Since the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, there have been ten ancient rhymes according to the rhymes of the Book of Changes and the Book of Songs, which have gone through Jiang Yong (168 1 ~ 1762), Duan Yucai, Wang Niansun and Kong Guangsen (1752). In terms of initials, Qian Daxin put forward the theory of transliteration, and invented that light lip sounds should be read with heavy lip sounds, and both tongue sounds and orthognathic sounds belong to the tongue. All these have become the basis of studying ancient books in pre-Qin period and exploring the meaning of words.
Theoretically speaking, the greatest contribution of scholars in the Qing Dynasty in exegetics is to communicate the relationship between language and writing, and point out that the study of writing and meaning must understand sound. If you don't know the sound, the problems that can't be solved in the form of words can't be solved, and sometimes you will even get lost and be at a loss. Because language uses sound to express meaning, and words are only symbols to record sound, it is necessary to understand the sound of words and explore meaning from it. Dai Zhen said: "The sound of exegesis is both exterior and interior." This is a very important insight. Later, Wang Niansun said in Preface to Guangzheng: "The purpose of stealing exegesis is based on sound. So sounds are the same as words, and sounds and meanings are similar. Although similar or grouped, it is the same. " Duan Yucai prefaced Wang Niansun's "Guang Shu Ya Zheng" and also said: "The words made by saints are intended to sound later, and the sound will be shaped later. Scholars test words by shape to get their sounds and sounds to get their meanings. Learning classics is more important than getting meaning, and getting meaning is more important than getting sound. "These words are very incisive, and they have become the guidelines for scholars in the Qing Dynasty to study exegetics, thus establishing many theories and methods to infer the meaning of words, linking scattered knowledge together, and making exegetics a systematic, theoretical and rigorous knowledge in China's language discipline.