Text information
? Six books? It is the six laws summarized by the ancients when explaining the structure and usage of Chinese characters. ? Six books? This name was first seen in the Book of Rites? Sheriff? Baoshi Later scholars named it pictograph, indication, cognition, pictophonetic characters, Zhuan Zhu and borrowing. Xu Shen, an Eastern Han scholar? Six books? The definition is: pictographic characters, painted objects, followed by the body, the sun and the moon are also; Pointer, see and know, view and see, up and down is also; What do you mean by knowing people who are friendlier than others? Wu Xin is also; Voice, in the name of things, examples complement each other, rivers also; Those who pass notes and build classes agree to accept each other and keep taking exams; Under the guise of people, this book does not have a word, but also distinguishes things by sound.
concept
It is Xu Shen's generalization and induction of the rules of ancient Chinese characters in Shuo Wen Jie Zi in the Eastern Han Dynasty, namely? Pictograph, indicator, knowing, pictophonetic, transliteration, under the guise of? . Pictographic characters, ideographic characters, comprehensible characters and pictophonetic characters are the methods of creating characters, while annotation characters and loanwords refer to the methods of using later developed characters. Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi? Syria: Li Zhou entered primary school at the age of eight, and he was a country of Bao religion, which began with Liushu:
One refers to something, and the person referred to can see it, observe it, see it, and it is also up and down;
Second, pictographic characters, pictographic characters, painted objects, follow the body, the sun and the moon;
Third, sound and sound, sound and sound, in the name of things, examples complement each other, rivers also;
Four words, know, know, and friendship, see what it means? Wu Xin is also;
Fifth, turn notes, turn notes, build classes, agree to accept each other and test from time to time;
Sixth, the cover of borrowing, the cover of borrowing, there is no word in it, but also depends on the sound. "
? Six books? The concept of "Zhou Li" first appeared in Zhou Li? Sheriff? Baoshi? Bao Zhang admonishes Wang evil, and the son of the whole country is the Tao and teaches the six arts. Five words and six books. ? Zheng Xuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty quoted Zheng as saying:? Six books, pictographs, knowing, transferring notes, doing things, taking advantage of the situation, harmony? (Note: ① Doing things, that is? Refers to things? ; (2) harmony, namely? Sound shape? )。 Ban Gu Han Shu? Yiwenzhi defines the names of the six books as pictograph, image, image, image, sound, annotation and debate. Xu Shen's Preface to Shuo Wen Jie Zi defines the names of six books as: referring to things, pictographs, pictographs, sounds, knowledge, annotation and borrowing. It is generally believed that pictographic characters, fingering, knowing characters and pictophonetic characters in the six books belong to the word-making method, that is, the provisions of Chinese character structure; Transfer notes and loanwords are both ways of using words.
Six books reflect people's understanding of the structure and use of Chinese characters from the end of the Warring States to the Han Dynasty. It is basically based on seal script, not a perfect and thorough regulation. But it can still explain most Chinese characters, especially ancient Chinese characters. ? Six books say? This is a great pioneering work in the history of China philology.
history
The word "six books" first appeared in Zhou Li? Magistrate:? It is the six arts of teaching to remonstrate with the king's evil and raise the son of the country with the Tao. Five says six books, six says nine counts. ? None of them are right? Six books? Detailed names, and six books are not explained. Liu Xin's Seven Views on the Western Han Dynasty:? The ancients entered primary school at the age of eight, so Zhou raised rural children and taught six books, called pictograms, images, images, sounds, notes and characters. ? This is the earliest explanation of the six books. Pictograph, image, image and sound refer to the physical structure of words, while annotation and borrowing refer to the use of words. Inspired by Liu Xin, Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty spent decades sorting out Chinese characters and compiled a book, Shuowen Jiezi. Syria? Li Zhou entered primary school at the age of eight, and Bao Shi first taught the country to write six books. When it comes to referring to things, those who refer to things can see them, observe them, see their meaning, and go up and down. Second, pictographic characters, pictographic characters painted into their objects, follow the body, the sun and the moon are also. Third, the sound of sound and form, sound and form in the name of things, examples complement each other, rivers also. Fourth, knowing, knowing is more friendly than class, depending on the meaning? So is Wu Xin. On the fifth day, the note was transferred, the transferor built the class, agreed to accept it, and kept taking the test. Sixth, under the guise of borrowing, the borrower has no words, and the commander-in-chief also asks for things by voice. ? Xu Shen's explanation is the first official record of the definition of six books in history. Xu Yi is still the core of the interpretation of the Six Books in later generations.
Zhou Li:? It is to teach six arts to remonstrate the evil of the monarch and raise the son of the country with Tao: one says five rites; Second, six music; Three shots and five shots; Four days and five days; Five words and six books; Six is nine; ? . However, Zhou Li only describes? Six books? This noun has no explanation.
Xu Shen, a scholar of the Eastern Han Dynasty in China, wrote in Shuo Wen Jie Zi:? He entered primary school at the age of eight and taught Chinese studies, starting with six books. One day, pointing to things: those who point to things can see them and observe them. Going? 、? Next? Yeah, yeah. Second, pictographic characters: pictographic characters, painted as objects, follow the body, Day? 、? Month? Yeah, yeah. Third, the sound shape: the sound shape, in the name of things, examples complement each other. Jiang? 、? River? Yeah, yeah. Fourth, know each other: those who know each other are friendlier than others to see what they mean? ,? Wu? 、? Letter? Yeah, yeah. Fifth, transfer the note: the person who transfers the note will build a song and agree to accept it. Testing? 、? Old? Yeah, yeah. 6. Borrow: Borrowers have no words and ask for help by voice. Order? 、? Dragon? Yeah, yeah. ?
use
In fact, there were no six books before the ancients made Chinese characters. Because Chinese characters had developed quite systematically in Shang Dynasty, there were no records about six books at that time. Liu Shu is a system for later generations to analyze and summarize Chinese characters. However, when there is? Six books? After this system, when people recreate new words, they are all based on this system. Like what? Cat? 、? Hey? 、? Hey? This is a pictophonetic character. Concave? 、? Convex? 、? Hey? This is an indicator. Hey? 、? Hey? This is hieroglyphics. Hey? 、? Hey? 、? Hey? Is it a recognized word? Hey? It's a pictophonetic character (? Love? It refers to both phonetic notation and Einstein. The foreign language of chemical elements is named after Einstein. These new words, including Japanese characters, are also coined according to the Six Books.
In Oracle Bone Inscriptions and inscriptions on bronze, hieroglyphics are the majority. This is because drawing things is the most direct way to create words. But with the development of writing, there are more and more things that need to be carefully divided, as if? Carp? 、 ? Kun? 、? Hey? 、? Loach? Things like fish, it is difficult to draw their characteristics and differences carefully by pictograph. So pictophonetic characters have become the most convenient way, just use pictophonetic characters? Fish? You can explain their genera and then distinguish these words with similar pronunciations. Because pictophonetic characters are very efficient in creating new words, less than half of the characters in Oracle Bone Inscriptions era were pictophonetic characters, but in modern times, 80% of Chinese characters are pictophonetic characters.
Basic explanation
hieroglyph
Belong to? Monomer word formation method? . Outline the shape characteristics of the object to be expressed with lines or strokes of words. Like what? Month? Words are like the shape of a bright moon. Turtle? This word is shaped like the side of a turtle. The word horse is a horse with a saddle and four legs. Fish? Does a swimming fish have a head, a body and a tail? Hey? (Grass) Is it two sokcho? Door? The word is the shape of the left and right doors. And then what? Day? Words are like a circle with a little bit in the middle, much like the shape we see when we look directly at the sun.
Ideographic characters come from picture characters, but they weaken the nature of pictures and enhance the symbolism. Is the most primitive word formation. Its limitations are very limited.
Big, because some things can't be drawn.
Self-evident character
Belong to? Monomer word formation method? . The main difference from hieroglyphics is that the signifier in painting contains more abstract things. Like what? Blade? Where are the words? Knife? Add a little mark on the sharp point; ? Fierce? This word is to add a cross symbol to the trap; ? Going? 、? Next? Is this word in the subject? One? Draw symbols above or below; ? Three? It is represented by three horizontal lines. The sketches of these characters all have more abstract parts.
Pictophonetic method of word formation
Belong to? Combinatorial word formation? . Pictophonetic characters are composed of two parts: pictophonetic characters (also known as? Semaphore? ) next to the harmony (also known as? Notes? )。 The shape side indicates the meaning or category of words, and the sound side indicates that the pronunciation of words is the same or similar. Like what? KINOMOTO SAKURA? What is the word next to the shape? Wood? , which means it is a kind of tree, next to it is? Baby? Explain its pronunciation and? Baby? The words are the same; ? Basket? What's next to the glyph? Bamboo? This means it is made of bamboo. What is next to it? Supervision? , indicating that its vowels and? Supervision? The characters are the same (archaic and some dialects); ? Teeth? Below the word is the side of the shape. Draw the shape of the tooth. Above? Stop? It is a consonant, which means that the vowels of the two words are the same.
Associative compound
Belong to? Combinatorial word formation? . A recognized word is composed of two or more single characters, so the form or meaning of the word is combined to express the meaning of the word. Like what? Wine? Word, to make wine bottles? Hey? And liquid? Water? Together, express the meaning of words; ? Solution? What do you mean by splitting words? Knife? Release? Cattle? And then what? Horn? A single word; ? Ming? Refers to the sound of birds, so use? Mouth? And then what? Bird? Consists of ...
Some Chinese characters have the characteristics of knowing and sounding at the same time. Like what? Work? Words can be regarded as? Force? And then what? Work? Yes, and then what? Work? It also has the characteristics of sound side; ? Return? Words can be regarded as? Anti? And then what? Hey? (solve walking, deformation? Hey? ) knowing, and? Anti? It also has the characteristics of sound. This kind of writing is called knowing words and pictophonetic words.
Characters that explain/are synonymous with each other
Belong to? With words? . Different writers have different explanations. Roughly Shape change? Turn around? Yi San said. What does Jiang Sheng think? Build a class? Refers to the side, test? And then what? Old? Both belong to the old department. Dai Zhen believes that note tuning is mutual training. Testing? What's next? Old also? ,? Old? What's next? Test also? ,? Turn the phase into notes and train each other? Examples of.
Different regions have different names for the same thing because of different pronunciations and geographical barriers. These two words are used to mean the same thing, and when they have the same meaning, they will have the same radicals or components. Like what? Testing? 、? Old? The original meaning of the word "elder"; ? Jump? 、? Top？ The original meaning of this word is the top of the head; ? Do you know? 、? Empty? The original meaning of the word "hole". These words have the same radical (or component) and analysis, and also have phonetic correspondence.
use
Chinese characters are developed from hieroglyphics and ideographs. Some foreign objects are described by images, and some meanings can be expressed by images and strokes. However, many concepts that represent certain things can't be expressed by pictographs or hieroglyphs at any time, so they are expressed by existing homonyms or similar words. This completely different word from loanwords is called loanwords. There are two types of loanwords. One is borrowing without words, that is, borrowing words mentioned above. Like what? North? Oracle Bone Inscriptions is shaped like two people back to back. North? North? Can't see, just by the same pronunciation? Back? To show the meaning of the north. Xu Shen said in Said Xuwen? Pretenders, who have no words, want things by voice? That's it. In the process of language development, there are many such words. Another kind of loanwords is loanwords with their own characters. "Benyouzi" refers to a word that has a written form to express a certain meaning in the words used in daily life, but is written into another word with the same sound or similar sound without using conventional fonts. This is very common in ancient books above Qin and Han dynasties. If you borrow it? Soup? For what? Swing? ; The Book of Songs? Hurricane? July? Eating melons in July and breaking pots in August? , borrow? Marijuana? For what? Hey? These are all excuses with different opinions. The former can be said to be the loan without words, while the latter is the loan with words. There may be two reasons why we should write another loan word, because it has its own characteristics. One reason is that the writer scribbled a homonym, which was copied from generation to generation because of its long history; Another reason is that in a certain period, a certain region or a certain teacher, it is often customary to replace a certain word with a certain word, and this will still be the case in future generations.