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Analysis:
"Guessing lantern riddles", also called "playing lantern riddles", is an activity of the Lantern Festival. In the Song Dynasty.
Riddles entered a period of great development in the Song Dynasty. Kyoto is a place where politics, economy and culture are concentrated and developed. As the country's economic strength becomes stronger and people's material living standards improve, corresponding cultural activities have arisen. In Bianliang in the Northern Song Dynasty, there were a number of cultural activities specially designed to serve charlatan performances. The place-Washe. Riddles are one of the 100 operas. They have gained unprecedented popularity through the spread of business and performing arts venues. The style of making and guessing riddles is very popular. A large number of riddle artists have emerged, such as Ma Dingzhai, Huo Baichou, Zhang Shanren, Hu Liulang and Wei Dalin et al.
As early as the Sui and Tang Dynasties, holding fifteen lanterns on the first lunar month had become a folk custom. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the Lantern Festival became even more lively and grand. According to the Song Dynasty. Meng Yuanlao's "Tokyo Menghua Lu": "On the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, in front of the main gate, since the winter solstice before and after the Lantern Festival, Kaifeng Mansion hangs a mountain shed, and stands directly opposite the Xuande Tower. Tourists have gathered, and under the two corridors of the imperial street, thaumaturgy With extraordinary abilities, there are hundreds of songs and dances, and the music is noisy for more than ten miles. "The Northern Song Dynasty was forced by the Jin Dynasty, and after moving the capital to Lin'an, it settled in a corner. In order to whitewash the peace, the rulers asked the people to decorate the Lantern Festival every year and celebrate the important event. It is said that "the lanterns were only in full bloom during the Southern Song Dynasty." Taking this opportunity, some literati would "cut silk lanterns to write poems, sometimes to express ridicule." , and painted figures, hidden words, and old Beijing dialect, teasing passers-by." At this point, lanterns and riddles were connected, and an indissoluble bond was formed, and "lantern riddles" were born. The lantern riddles at this time refer to the riddles written on the lamps, rather than the current literal riddles. There is an essential difference between the two.
With the emergence of lantern riddles, lantern riddle organizations emerged. A riddle society was established in Lin'an, the capital city at that time. According to Song Guanyuan Naideweng's "Capital Records": "The argots include North and South Guzhai, Xixi Zhai is all based on Jiangyou's riddle method. The riddles and poems are gathered together to form Zhai. "The members of the riddle club are all literati of the Fei Shi group. They either use riddles to make peace with each other, or to tease each other with riddles. Studying riddles, playing with them, or writing books to establish explanations, which jointly promoted the development of riddles.
The diversification of riddle forms is an important symbol of the development of riddles in the Song Dynasty. Word riddles, object riddles, picture riddles, seal riddles and name riddles dominated the riddle world at that time, and formed a certain riddle guessing system. Such as Taoist riddle, correct guess, next set, close set, wise move, horizontal lower step, question cause and tune up, etc. There are many riddles handed down from the Song Dynasty. So far, more than 70 riddles have been collected from various ancient books. Most of these riddles are based on poetry. Wang Anshi of the Northern Song Dynasty was not only a politician and writer, but also an influential riddle expert. He was skilled and superior in riddle making. Some unofficial histories of the Song Dynasty recorded some of his riddle activities and riddle works. , such as "Add two points for the word "mu", and do not guess the word "bei". If you lack two points for the word "bei", you will not guess the word "mu"." Shoot the two characters "He" and "Zi" respectively. Another example is "I often follow high-ranking officials, full of elegant articles, sometimes with red makeup, and love to face the wind in front of the moon." Guess the riddle "seal".
Based on the riddles of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, picture riddles and physical riddles in the Song Dynasty developed rapidly. Here we quote two riddle stories by Su Dongpo and Monk Foyin to get a glimpse of this. According to "Dongpo Collection": "Dongpo picked up a piece of paper, drew a monk, held a fan in his right hand, and a long-handled fence in his left hand, and said to the Buddha's seal: 'This is a mystery that can be discussed,' and the Buddha's seal pondered for a long time: "Isn't it the words in the preface of "Guan Sui"?" Dongpo said: "What does it mean?" Foyin replied: "The wind moves it, and the teaching changes it." Dongpo said: "Isn't that what it means?" It's just a matter of being a teacher." According to the record of "Dan Yin Za Lu": "The Buddha's seal held two hundred and fifty coins, and he said to Dongpo: 'I want to discuss this riddle with you.' Dongpo thought about it for a while, and said to the Buddha's seal: 'One coin There are four characters, two hundred and fifty coins, but a thousand characters. Could it be the "Thousand-Character Riddle"? "Buddha Seal laughed but didn't answer."
Scholars in the Song Dynasty were good at seal cutting and were very particular about seals. In the study of seals, seals appeared, thus creating the most primitive seal mystery. According to Song Dynasty. Zhou Mi's "Yunyanguoyanlu" records that Jiang Kui, a famous poet in the Song Dynasty, made a riddle with his own name and engraved it on the seal. The seal reads: "Eagle Yang Yang in Zhou Dynasty, Fengyi Yu Ting." The first sentence quotes "The Book of Songs" " "Wei Shi Shangfu, Shi Wei Ying Yang", implying Jiang Shang's Jiang, the last sentence quotes "Kui's music, the phoenix comes to perform" in "Shangshu", implying "Kui". Jiang Kui's seal riddle was a pioneering work, and it played a role in the subsequent development of seal riddles.
Name riddles that use names as the material for riddles have already taken shape in the Song Dynasty. They are becoming more and more common and occupy a place in the riddle world. Song. Peng Cheng's "The Mohist Waves the Rhinoceros" records such a riddle of a person's name: "The beautiful woman pretended to be drunk and asked for help, revealing the white jade skin on her chest. She walked into the tent and couldn't find it. Let her feng shui fill the rivers and lakes." The words are implicit and gorgeous, and the affection is lingering. Every day The sentence implies a Tang Dynasty poet, they are: Jia Dao (Fake Down), Li Bai (Li Bai), Luo Yin and Pan Lang (Pin Lang).
All true arts have strong vitality. Riddles did not stop and die after the Song Dynasty, but continued to develop under different historical environments and conditions. In various riddle activities Among them, the Bachelor of Letters has always played a leading role.
Mystery collections were published in the Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties. During the Song and Yuan dynasties, Su Dongpo, Huang Shanshangu, Qin Shaoyou and Wang Anshi published the four-volume "Collection of Wenxi". "Pearls", "Including Mysteries of Heaven and Earth" compiled by Zhu Shikai from Zhejiang during the Yuan Dynasty. Due to the influence of the times and regional culture, the riddles in the Yuan Dynasty were temporarily at a low ebb and the number was small. Despite this, there were still many excellent works at the time. For example, the great poet Sadulla created a riddle of objects, which can be seen in his " "Yanmen Collection": "Open like a wheel, converge like a tree, cut paper and mix glue to protect the new bamboo, lotus covers the shadow pavilion in the sun, the sound of banana trees in the rain is solemn, sunny days are cloudy and cloudy, then sunny, clear and clear, and have a big handle In my hand, I can walk the people traveling east, west, north and south. "The answer is "umbrella". The riddle expresses the ambition, and the skill of making the riddle is extraordinary.