Francesco Petrarca (1July 20, 304-1July19,0374), an Italian scholar and poet, was the first humanist in the Renaissance and was known as the "father of the Renaissance".
Petrarch spent a lot of time in his life studying classical culture and regarded it as an ideological weapon against feudalism. He called his literary and academic thoughts "human studies" or "humanistic literature" as opposed to "theology".
He called for "the revival of an ancient learning, its language, literary style and moral thought". Therefore, Petrarch is the initiator of the Renaissance and is known as the "father of humanism".
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Humanism is the core idea of the Renaissance, the anti-feudal social ideological trend of the emerging bourgeoisie and the primitive form of humanitarianism. It affirms human nature and human value, demands to enjoy the joy of the world, demands human personality liberation, freedom and equality, and respects people's perceptual experience and rational thinking. Humanism, as a historical concept, refers to the concept that is mainly used to describe the more advanced ideas in the Middle Ages from 14 to 16 century in European history and philosophy.
Generally speaking, today's historians call the cultural and social changes in this period the Renaissance, while the educational reform movement is called humanism.
On the other hand, there is no unified definition of humanism. Because many different people call themselves or are called humanists, their views on the world and people may be quite different. Some humanistic ideas are very contradictory. There are humanistic factions in liberal democracy and Protestant or Catholic schools of thought.
Even in ancient Rome, there was a humanistic trend of thought that can be called today. Humanism at that time was of course very different from that of the Renaissance or the Enlightenment.
The humanism of Johann Wolfgang Goethe and Friedrich Schiller is usually called historicism, while that of william von humboldt is completely different from that of the Enlightenment. Renaissance philosophy is regarded as the basis of thought, while Humboldt's science is regarded as the basis of thought.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Francesco Petrarca