Through observing and experiencing various things and phenomena in nature, the Uyghur people realize that the four basic substances in nature-fire, gas, water and earth-influence and restrict the birth, growth, glory and decline of all things.
Fire (sun) is high in position, lightest, thin and colorless, and can generate heat. Characterized by ascending to heaven, adjusting the cold and heat of heaven and earth day and night all year round can give heat to everything, make everything decompose and mature, melt or change hard substances, adjust the cold of soil and water, and make everything colorful. The attribute is hot and dry.
Qi (air, wind) is located between fire and water, which is heavier than fire and lighter than water, so under the fire, spring trees are on the water. Characterized by exercise, it can adjust the strong influence of the sun on water and soil, fill the space, penetrate everywhere, promote material metabolism and play an important role in the survival of all things. The attribute is damp heat.
Water is above the soil. Lighter than soil and heavier than gas, characterized by mobility, it transports and dissolves nutrients needed in all living things, prevents everything from splitting and corroding due to the influence of the sun (heat), and discharges wastes generated by everything through various channels. The attribute is wet and cold.
The soil is underwater. As the heaviest, it is characterized by quietness, which can keep the shape of all things, provide survival scenes, preserve nutrients, and adjust excessive humidity caused by water and overheating caused by fire, thus maintaining balance; It can also decompose and process some substances. The attribute is dry and cold.
Everything in nature does not exist in isolation, but has close internal relations with other things, which are both pregnant and restrictive. Ancient Uyghur doctors thought that fire, gas, water and soil had great influence on human body, so they studied the properties of these four substances and made extensive contact. For example, various body fluids, organs, tissues, physiological and pathological phenomena are classified into four kinds of substances according to their different attributes, functions and forms, so as to explain the physiological and pathological relationship of the human body and the interaction between the human body and the outside world, and on this basis, various diseases are treated according to syndrome differentiation, so as to achieve the purpose of eliminating diseases and prolonging life. This method of summarizing things according to the four major substances actually does not pay attention to the substance itself, but summarizes its attributes according to the characteristics of different things. For example, the nature of fire is hot and dry, and its characteristic is inflammation, so anything with this characteristic is called fire. These four substances are interrelated, with half-lives and half-grams. For example, fire breaks water, water breaks fire, soil breaks gas, and gas breaks soil; Fire and gas, gas and fire, gas and water, water and gas, soil and fire, fire and soil, soil and water, water and soil, are half a life and half a gram. Mutual development and mutual restriction are two inseparable aspects. Without life, there is no growth; Without grams, normal changes and development cannot be maintained. Multiplication and aggressiveness are abnormal phenomena that explain the development and change of things. Too much or too little of any of these four substances will cause proliferation or damage. Multiplication is excessive mutual resistance, and mutual resistance is reverse mutual resistance, also called "reverse resistance". Multiplication and aggressiveness in Uygur medicine explain various pathological phenomena.
Temperament theory is a new attribute produced by the interaction of the properties of four substances, which is called temperament. All substances in nature have temperament, and their properties are determined by the abundance of one of the four substances. Temperament is divided into peaceful temperament and non-peaceful temperament. Uygur medicine pays special attention to human temperament.
Peaceful temperament is a natural state of mutual adaptation, which is unrestricted, moderate and contradictory. It can be subdivided into eight types, namely, different types of peace temperament, the same type of peace temperament, different gender types of peace temperament, the same gender type of peace temperament, different geographical types of peace temperament, the same geographical type of peace temperament, personal type of peace temperament, and situational type of peace temperament.
Non-peaceful temperament Non-peaceful temperament can be divided into simple non-peaceful temperament and complex non-peaceful temperament. Among them, pure non-peaceful temperament can be divided into four types: absolute heat, absolute humidity, absolute cold and absolute dryness. Complex non-peaceful temperament can also be divided into four types: dry heat (fire), damp heat (gas), dry cold (earth) and wet cold (water).
There are four kinds of natural temperament, not based on the influence of natural environment on people's face and skin color, but based on the natural condition of the body.
Characteristics of hot and dry temperament. Yellow eyes, bitter mouth and dry tongue, body heat, liking cold places, cold food, strong pulse and red and yellow urine. In addition, there are corresponding characteristics in the psychological state, such as impatience, irritability, quick action, sensitivity and busyness, strong feelings, low restraint and little sleep. Susceptible to nervous system diseases, liver diseases and digestive system diseases. Hot and dry drugs and food have adverse effects.
Characteristics of damp-heat temperament. Hot and humid temperament is the best temperament. This kind of people have more developed muscles and fat, higher calories, rosy complexion, shiny skin, sensitive and powerful movements, sweet mouth, more yawning, more sleep, and easy numbness of hands and feet. Psychologically, it is characterized by cheerful personality, strong thinking ability, sensitivity to the outside world and strong restraint. Susceptible to skin diseases, cardiovascular diseases and kidney diseases. It has a bad effect on this kind of medicine and food with damp heat in human body.
Characteristics of wet and cold temperament. White complexion, much subcutaneous fat, transparent, soft and cool skin. Psychological characteristics are: heavy temperament, slow response to the outside world, slow excitement, slow recovery after excitement, and worse physical strength and intelligence than people with damp-heat quality. Susceptible to arthritis, paralysis, etc. , but easy to treat. Wet and cold drugs and food have bad effects.
The characteristics of dry and cold temperament. Body muscles are tight, but the body is thinner, cooler, less fat, a little dark face and less sleep. Psychological manifestations are melancholy temperament, emotional fragility, dreaminess, timidity, unrealistic thinking, reduced ability of correct thinking, mental pain, unwillingness to communicate, and susceptibility to mental and nervous system diseases.
According to the theory of four body fluids, all kinds of fluids produced by various nutrients in the body in the liver are called body fluids, which are divided into four types: bile, blood, mucus and black bile. They run through life and naturally form in the body, which plays a great role in health and disease. They are constantly consumed and produced in the body, maintaining a certain balance. The balance between four body fluids is relative, and the opposition (contradiction) between attributes is absolute. Four kinds of body fluids are divided into normal body fluids and abnormal body fluids.
Normal body fluid refers to the body fluid that maintains the original natural state, provides vitality for normal life activities of human body and is suitable for human temperament. It is divided into four types:
Bile quality. A strong liquid, yellow in color, extremely bitter in taste, dry and hot. It is produced in the liver, flows into the gallbladder and thickens. Drip into intestine through biliary tract, decompose fat, help digestion, stimulate intestinal peristalsis, promote fecal excretion, and have antiviral and detoxification effects. Similar to "fire", it is considered as a symbol of "fire" in the body. Those with excessive bile fluid have hot and dry temperament, flexible mental state, irritability, light and thin body, yellow eyes and tongue, little sleep, thready pulse and yellow urine. This kind of person is also called choleric.
Blood quality. As the best kind of body fluid, it is also the basic material for human survival. Red in color, slightly sweet and wet in taste. Derived from bone marrow and located in the liver. Similar to "Qi", it is considered as a symbol of "Qi" in the body. Blood circulates throughout the body through blood vessels, sending nutrients and clean air (oxygen) inhaled from the lungs to all parts of the body to meet the needs of human life activities, and discharging waste and unclean air (carbon dioxide) produced by life activities through the lungs, kidneys, sweat pores and so on. People with high blood quality are hot and humid, rosy-faced, cheerful, strong, fat and thin, have a good sleep and are in good health at ordinary times. Deep pulse and red urine. This kind of person is also called blood.
Mucous substance. All kinds of nutrients and liquids produced in the human body are egg white body fluids stored between tiny units of various tissues. Its property is wet and cold, similar to "water", so it is considered as a symbol of "water" in the body. Ancient Uighur doctors called it: immature blood can become blood when necessary. People with excessive mucus, wet and cold, pale face, pale tongue with white fur, soft muscles, fat body, calm temperament, drowsiness, easy drooling, long pulse and long urine. This kind of person is also called mucus temperament.
Black bile. A black, smelly and sour liquid. Located in the spleen, it is dry and cold. It is easy to precipitate, so it has the function of maintaining the shape of various organs; It can limit excess bile and mucus and prevent other body fluids from flowing out of their respective channels; It stores various nutrients and provides black bile for dry and cold organs (such as bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments). In addition, it is the material basis of psychological process. Black bile is similar to "soil", so it is considered as a symbol of "soil" in the body. People with too much black bile are dry and cold. This kind of person's complexion, tongue coating is dark or almost blue, less sleep, irritability, fragile mood, excitability, quick thinking, delayed pulse, yellow urine or almost blue. This kind of person is also called black bile temperament.
Abnormal body fluids refer to body fluids that are beyond the normal state of body fluids produced by the liver and have changed in quantity and quality, which are not beneficial or harmful to the human body. Body fluid balance is the foundation of health, which can only be formed under normal circumstances. Four body fluids out of the natural normal state is the cause of the disease.
Abnormal body fluids can be divided into four types: abnormal gallbladder fluid, abnormal blood, abnormal mucus fluid and abnormal black gallbladder fluid.
Organ theory The organs of human body can be divided into two categories: dominant organs and dominated organs.
Dominant organs Dominant organs are not only organs that maintain vitality and spirit, but also their origin. Dominant organs enable people to survive and reproduce and play an important role in managing people's intellectual and physical activities. They also regulate, enrich and control the life activities of the whole body through the whole dominated organ, and maintain the integrity of the whole body. It includes brain, heart and liver. Heart and liver are the main dominant organs at the same time.
According to the position, function and nature of the dominated organs, the dominated organs can be divided into main dominated organs and secondary dominated organs. Dominant organ. Refers to the organ that has an important influence on other organs under the action of the dominant organ and carries out its own functional activities through other dominant organs. Including liver, heart, lung, nerve, kidney, stomach, intestine, gallbladder, spleen and so on. Secondary dominant organ. They can connect various organs of the human body, keep the human body in an organic whole, and play an indirect service role in physical exercise, such as bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis and so on.
It is of special significance to understand the unique temperament of each organ, master its incidence trend and choose appropriate diagnosis and treatment methods. The temperament characteristics of each organ are as follows: heart. The original temperament of the heart is hot and dry, but because it is between the lungs and blood keeps flowing through the heart, its temperament becomes hot and humid. Liver and muscles. The liver supplies blood from the heart, and the muscles are in direct contact with the blood, so the temperament of the liver and muscles is also damp and hot. Esophagus, duodenum and small intestine. The esophagus is located between the lungs, on the right side of the heart, and bile flows into the duodenum, so their temperament is hot and humid. Stomach. Although its original temperament is damp and hot, it is often wet and cold due to the influence of gastric juice and black chills. Large intestine and bladder. Its function is to temporarily store and excrete waste. It is far away from organs with hot temperament, so its temperament tends to be dry and cold. Spleen. Because of the preservation of black bile, it is dry and cold. Brain, spinal cord, lipid membrane and tissue fluid. Their temperament and the temperament of joint fluid are wet and cold. Bones, muscles, cartilage, ligaments, aponeurosis, hair and nails. Their disposition is dry and cold. Lung. Its original temperament is wet and cold, but because it is often active, located on both sides of the heart, it is not dry or cold, so it is humid and hot. Skin. Although his temperament is considered to be the same as his personal temperament, he tends to be peaceful because of the influence of internal and external environment. Hands. Among all organs, the temperament of the hand, especially the fingertip of the index finger, is the most peaceful, while the temperament of other fingers, palms and backs of hands is relatively peaceful. Kidney. The temperament of the kidney and its surrounding fat is wet and cold.
The theory of force in the whole process of life, the factors that promote intellectual and physical activities are called force. According to the position and function of force, it can be divided into three kinds: vitality, spirit and natural force.
The heart of vitality is the center of vitality. Vitality is produced through the activity of the heart and completes the circulation of large and small blood. Although people's ability to control emotions such as emotions is accomplished by the spirit, these psychological phenomena are actually manifested in the heart.
The center of the spirit is in the brain, which is divided into sensory power and activity power.
Sensibility. Can feel all kinds of perception (information) transmitted by internal and external organs of the human body. It can be divided into two categories: external sensation and internal sensation.
In vitro sensory power can be divided into visual power, olfactory power, auditory power, taste power and perception power. The colors, shapes, smells, sounds, hot and cold, dry and wet, soft and hard of various external things are transmitted to the front of the brain through the sensory power of five external sensory organs (eyes, ears, tongue, nose and skin) and reflected there. Although the external sensory organs can feel the material side of things, they can't judge their contents and activities, so they can only do it by the internal sensory power.
The body has five senses, namely * * * perception, impression, judgment, induction and memory. * * * Perception ── The various attributes of things felt by the five sensory organs in vitro are all reflected in * * * perception and unified in * * * perception. What the eyes see is what the ears can't feel, while * * * perception feels the feelings reflected by different sensory organs at the same time. Impression-the collective name of thinking, imagination and memory. The contents of things sensed by various sensory organs are reflected in the * * * perception center. Although the things that produce feelings have dissipated, their images and smells can be preserved through thinking and imagination, and can be reproduced through memory. Judgment-the thinking activity of the higher nervous system in the brain is the center that dominates wisdom and reason. It can separate or combine the contents of the impression one by one, so as to make a summary or judgment. Inductive force-the center of associating the meaning and content of things, is a natural and mysterious force. It can distinguish between good and bad, good and bad, boldness and fear, joy and anger, love and hate, sadness and joy. This is a natural phenomenon. Memory-the spiritual storehouse that preserves everything reflected by human nervous system.
Activities. It can be divided into two types: excitation (heritability) and working ability. Motivation-the power to motivate people to do or not do something, to do or avoid something. For example, a person intends to do something, but if there is no motivation, there will be no yearning and pursuit. So motivation is also called ambition or yearning and pursuit. Ambition also includes resistance. For example, if a person wants to do something but is stimulated by some unfavorable stimuli, he can resist to protect himself. Working ability-the ability to complete an activity, can start the coordination of related organs, and needs the assistance of wisdom.
Natural force refers to the force produced by the brain, heart, liver and other organs through vitality and spirit in order to supplement the nutrients needed for life. It nourishes the whole body from the embryonic period and lays the foundation for the growth and maturity of the human body. When the natural force is insufficient, it will cause abnormal mental strength and vitality, destroy the function of the leading organ or the dominated organ, and even make the four body fluids lose balance, leading to systemic malnutrition. The center of natural forces is in the liver. It is divided into congenital (primary) force and acquired (secondary) force. Congenital force-refers to the force of nature of male testis and female ovary. The acquired power-the power after the embryo is born.
Qualitative theory manages the whole vitality and normal activities of the human body, and can correct abnormalities in time and prevent various diseases. It is the sum of the natural forces of the human body and can produce resistance to various diseases. For example, some people can heal themselves without treatment after illness. Various movements and changes are constantly taking place in the human body, resulting in intelligence and physical strength. When a disease occurs in the human body, the quality will immediately concentrate all kinds of strength of the human body to resist. If the power of quality exceeds the power of disease, we can eliminate disease and restore health; If the power of quality is insufficient, they will turn to the outside world for help, that is, diet and medicine. Experienced doctors are good at observing these phenomena and taking appropriate measures to help treat diseases. Quality is very sensitive to various changes in the human body. If there is any abnormal phenomenon, it can be reflected and corrected in time. Therefore, Uighur doctors pay more attention to the quality of the human body.
Metaphysical theology says that "form" refers to the relationship between human physique and gender differences and health and disease. For example, children suffer from measles, whooping cough, smallpox, scarlet fever and other infectious diseases. And fatter middle-aged and elderly people are more likely to suffer from bronchitis, paralysis, heart disease and arteriosclerosis, hypertension, cerebral hemorrhage, arthritis and other diseases; Thin people are more likely to suffer from lung diseases and stomach diseases such as tuberculosis; Women are more prone to epilepsy, hysteria and nervous system diseases. "God" refers to a kind of power produced in body fluids. This "God" exists in all dominant and dominated organs. The so-called "God" in Uighur medical books is not a philosophical "soul", but an active gas that maintains the normal functions of various organs.
Health theory Uygur medicine pays special attention to the effects of various conditions directly related to human health and diseases, such as diet, air, hygiene, clothing, daily life, tranquility, physical activity and proper rest and rest. These are called the necessary conditions of health care in the ancient books of Uygur medicine.
Fresh air Without air, people can't live. Fresh and clean air is especially necessary for life. Therefore, we should prevent air pollution and keep the ambient air fresh at all times.
Diet is directly related to people's health and diseases. Ancient Uyghur doctors have realized the truth that "the disease enters from the mouth" and emphasized the importance of food and drinking water hygiene. People's material metabolism is continuous. If you can't ingest nutrients regularly, the nutrients consumed by human metabolism will not be supplemented. In order to deliver the prescribed amount of nutrients to all parts of the body to keep healthy, it is necessary to pay attention to the quality, quantity, cleanliness and eating time of the diet.
Exercise and quietness are one of the necessary conditions to keep healthy. People who often engage in sports activities can exercise their body organs, make their bones and muscles strong, agile and refreshed, thus avoiding diseases such as laziness, weakness, obesity, weakness of limbs and drowsiness. The functions of heart, brain and liver, blood circulation and substance metabolism in the body can be kept in good condition, with strong appetite, fast sleep, vigorous spirit and abundant physical strength. People who do not engage in sports activities are weak, lax, with poor visceral function, yellow complexion and lethargy, and are prone to paralysis, rheumatic fever, hemorrhoids, hypertension, obesity, edema and anemia.
It is also necessary to have a rest after activities, especially after strenuous physical or mental work.
Sleep and wake up. Proper sleep is beneficial to people's mental and physical activities. When people sleep, other organs should rest except the heart and lungs, so that the work of the heart and lungs will be relieved, fatigue will be eliminated, physical strength will be restored, material metabolism will be improved, and troubles and troubles will be put aside for the time being.
Ancient Uighur doctors thought it was better to sleep for six hours a day and night. Babies usually sleep 16 ~ 18 hours, young people sleep for 7 ~ 8 hours, and the elderly sleep for 7 hours. How much or less sleep depends entirely on habits. If sleep and waking hours are abnormal, it will cause various diseases or aggravate the condition.
On the one hand, it is the accumulation and excretion of external nutrients, air, water and other substances, on the other hand, it is excretion, which is very important for people's normal life and is called material exchange in Uighur medical books. Normal absorption and excretion are beneficial to health. However, absorption exceeding excretion will lead to diseases, and excretion exceeding absorption is also harmful.
Mental states, such as sadness, anger, fear, joy and love, and mental stimulation have a great relationship with human health. Long-term anxiety, anxiety, or mental shock will make the body emaciated, lose appetite, and even cause neurasthenia. Similarly, excessive happiness sometimes leads to bad situations. So try to avoid anxiety, comfort yourself, be patient and steady, and handle things with a calm mind, which is conducive to maintaining health.
Cleanliness and Hygiene In Uygur medicine, paying attention to hygiene is the primary condition of health. Emphasize personal hygiene, clothing hygiene, housing hygiene, environmental hygiene and food hygiene. Children are washed as soon as they are born, take a bath once a week, and often have their hair cut, nails cut, pubic hair removed, circumcised and nostrils washed. Are classified as hygiene rules. Even taking care of every organ is included in the health rules.
Avoid bad habits. Avoid drinking, smoking, taking drugs and taking other narcotics, sleeping pills and stimulants. Avoid fornication, false feelings and vulgar desires. These bad habits have adverse effects on people's intelligence, physical strength, morality and health. Since ancient times, Uighur doctors have taken various measures to avoid these bad habits. Excessive pursuit of sexual life is harmful, and excessive sexual intercourse makes people premature aging.
Health care for the elderly Uighur doctors believe that people's natural life expectancy is not less than 120 years old, and most people who don't live to 120 years old die of illness. It is also believed that if this disease is eliminated, everyone can live over 100 years old. People over 60 can be called old people. At this time, physical strength and intelligence began to deteriorate, so it is necessary to check the temperament, blood, digestive and respiratory systems, heart and kidney functions of the elderly frequently.