There are several theories about the origin of newspapers\x0d\\x0d\ (1) Zhou Dynasty said\x0d\\x0d\ As we mentioned earlier, in the Zhou Dynasty in the pre-Qin era, there were historians and collectors who recorded events. Therefore, some people speculate that historical books such as "Spring and Autumn" and "Book of Songs" were probably newspapers at that time, and they were in the nature of propaganda and communiqués. Those who hold this view are mainly foreign scholars, such as American journalism scholar Bai Ruihua, who has taught in the Journalism Department of Yenching University for many years. However, most of this statement is just a bold assumption of scholars and does not have sufficient historical basis. There is no record of the "newspaper" of the Zhou Dynasty in any pre-Qin classics. Therefore, this statement cannot be established. \x0d\ (2) Han Dynasty theory\x0d\\x0d\ Those who hold this view are represented by the famous news historian Ge Gongzhen in my country. In his "History of Chinese Newspapers", there is a section devoted to the newspapers of the Han Dynasty. The title of the section is "Does the Han Dynasty have a residence for newspapers?" He believes that the Han Dynasty had a vast territory, prosperous industry and commerce, and developed culture, and each vassal king With a close relationship with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there must be an ardent need for political information from the capital, and Di Bao naturally came into being. It should be admitted that these facts show that the Han Dynasty did have certain objective conditions for copying and distributing newspapers, and it did have the institution "Di". However, there is no similar record about "the Di newspaper came into being". In the existing documents of the Han Dynasty, the words "Di Bao" cannot be seen. Therefore, the theory that there were newspapers in the Han Dynasty cannot be established. \x0d\\x0d\There is also the Eastern Jin Dynasty, so we will not introduce them one by one here. From these statements, we can see that the origin of newspapers needs to be confirmed with visible objects or definite records. I remember when I was in college, a teacher once said this to us, he It is said that learning requires such a method of "bold speculation and careful argumentation". This is also very suitable for our research on the history of journalism. We need to boldly speculate on the things behind some materials based on the existing materials, but when we look back, we still have It is necessary to find a large amount of historical data to prove the idea, and ideas alone are not enough. \x0d\\x0d\According to the existing materials, a more reliable statement is that Chinese newspapers began in the Tang Dynasty. \x0d\\x0d\3. Report to the Imperial Court in the Tang Dynasty\x0d\\x0d\In the Tang Dynasty, we know that this was an unprecedentedly prosperous and powerful dynasty during the feudal society of our country. It adopted a different administrative system from the previous dynasty - the vassal system. We have learned in middle school history that the situation of separatist vassal towns is an important phenomenon in the history of our country. As the power of the vassal towns grew, the "Jiedushi" who represented the affairs of each vassal town set up their own offices in Kyoto, called "Di". Later, it was renamed "Shangdu Zhijinzouyuan", or "Jinzouyuan" for short. ". The person in charge here is also called "Di Li" or "Jin Zou Guan". Their job is to submit memorials and issue documents to the local governors they represent, handle various matters that require reporting, contact and negotiation with central government departments, and also understand, collect and inform various political news for the local area. Among them, we have noticed that the reports circulated by the imperial officials or the imperial officials for the local governor to understand, collect and inform various political news are different from the previous documents of the nature of edicts. The edicts are mandatory administrative documents. Official documents, but these reports obviously do not have such a function. They only provide information, so it is a channel specially used to deliver news. Institutions such as "Di" or "Jinzouyuan" became the information centers set up in the capital for the leaders of feudal towns to understand the situation of the imperial court and the country. It's just that these reports did not have a fixed name at the time. Some were called "reporting to the court", some were called "reporting" or "reporting", and some were called "reporting in the residence" and so on. Therefore, it can be said that if the "Jinzouyuan Report" did exist in the Tang Dynasty, then it would be the earliest newspaper in our country. \x0d\\x0d\Now, what we need to prove is that there was indeed a "report to the memorial hall" in the Tang Dynasty. There are two ways: one is to find the exact record of the existence of this form of newspaper in ancient books, or to find the physical object of the "Jinzouyuan Report" to prove it. As it happens, we have already found evidence of both. \x0d\\x0d\ (1) Let’s talk about historical records first. \x0d\\x0d\In the works of the Tang Dynasty and historical records about the Tang Dynasty, nouns such as "news" and "editor" have appeared. , is used more frequently. This is also described in detail in some works. The most representative one is an article "Reading "Kaiyuan Miscellaneous News"" written by a man named Sun Qiao in his book "Jingwei Collection". \x0d\Sun Qiao was a disciple of Han Yu, the leader of the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties. He lived in the middle and late Tang Dynasty more than 800 years ago and served as a middle- and upper-level government official. \x0d\\x0d\Sun Qiao's "Reading "Kaiyuan Miscellaneous News"" was written in 851 AD. In this year, he won the Jinshi in the imperial examination and came from his hometown-Xianghan (today's Hubei). ) area, I came to Chang'an, the imperial capital. After seeing the "Report to the Courtyard" with my own eyes in Chang'an, I recalled an article written by a newspaper from the Kaiyuan period (713-741) that I had seen in my hometown. (See appendix)\x0d\\x0d\In this article, Sun Qiao vividly describes the relevant situation of Kaiyuan miscellaneous newspapers, which provides us with valuable information to study the production of my country's earliest newspapers.
\x0d\\x0d\In the article, two points were mentioned about the appearance of "Kaiyuan Miscellaneous News": First, "dozens of books", that is, dozens of unbound single-page written materials. Second, "organize daily affairs without establishing a beginning or end." That is to say, organize things according to the diary, with no beginning or end, and the pages are not connected to each other. \x0d\\x0d\ Regarding its content, the article gave several examples: "One day the emperor personally plowed his land and performed the Nine Pushing Ceremony", "One day hundreds of officials performed the Big Shooting Ceremony in the south of Anfulou", etc. Wait, Sun Qiao later checked it with "Kaiyuan Lu" and found that "everything can be restored", which means that everything can be confirmed. ("Kaiyuan Lu" is a chronicle about the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty. It is no longer available. However, we can still verify from other historical books that the content of "Kaiyuan Zabao" is indeed the political events that occurred during the Kaiyuan period.) \x0d\\x0d\Sun Qiao also compared the "Kaiyuan Miscellaneous News" he saw in Xianghan with the "Reporters of Imperial Affairs" he saw later in Chang'an, which shows that they are the same type of thing. Its existence provides a proof for the "reporting to the court" that gradually developed after the mid-Tang Dynasty. \x0d\\x0d\ Comparing it with today's newspapers, we can find that the "dozens of books" that Sun Qiao saw did not have official names at the time. "Kaiyuan Miscellaneous News" was just a random name given by Sun Qiao. A title added to it. It does not have a fixed issue and masthead, and it has not yet been determined whether it will be printed, but it must have been copied from multiple "newspapers for outsiders", and the content records recent news. Therefore, We can think of it as our country's early newspaper. This also proves that the practice of officially publishing, transcribing, and disseminating news appeared in our country in the Tang Dynasty. The time can be traced back to the upper limit of the historical facts cited in Sun Qiao's "Reading "Kaiyuan Miscellaneous News", which is the twelfth year of Kaiyuan. , AD 724. \x0d\\x0d\We can no longer see the original copy of "Kaiyuan Miscellaneous News". Later generations made a copy based on Sun Qiao's records. (See appendix)\x0d\\x0d\ (2) The existing newspaper of the Tang Dynasty - "Dunhuang Jinzou Yuanzhi" \x0d\ We say that although Sun Qiao's "Reading "Kaiyuan Miscellaneous News"" is historically speaking The emergence of newspapers in the Tang Dynasty provides strong evidence, but the "Kaiyuan Miscellaneous News" does not exist anymore, which has to be regretted. But in the 1980s, we discovered two original copies of the Tang Dynasty's memorial reports, once again providing physical evidence for the emergence of ancient newspapers in my country. These two newspapers are preserved in the British Library in London, England, and the National Library in Paris, France.\x0d\\x0d\These two documents are from the Emperor Xizong period of the Tang Dynasty, when the Guiyi Army Jiedushi was stationed in Shazhou. Zhang Huaishen's imperial memorial officer sent to the imperial court sent it back to Shazhou. Because Shazhou is in today's Dunhuang area, these two imperial memorials were sealed in the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang for a long time. They are Dunhuang cultural relics, so they are called "Dunhuang Imperial Palace". "Preface to the Court". (See the picture on page 54 of Fang Hanqi's General History) \x0d\\x0d\ Judging from the contents of the two, they are not contained in official documents of the imperial court, but collected and summarized by officials of the Imperial Academy. They are in the nature of news reports. Therefore, they are Like Kaiyuan Miscellaneous News, it is also a newspaper in a primitive state in the process of transforming from official documents to official official newspapers. \x0d\\x0d\4. The form of early newspapers in my country\x0d\\x0d\From the above materials, we can summarize some characteristics of early newspapers in my country:\x0d\\x0d\Content: issued by Jinzouyuan These reports mainly cover the following aspects: the emperor's activities, the emperor's edicts, the appointment and dismissal of officials, the memorials of ministers, and other political activities of the court. \x0d\\x0d\Distribution: These reports are circulated from the capital to the local areas from time to time, and their main readers are the governors of the feudal towns in various places. \x0d\\x0d\Format: These reports have no header and no fixed name. Some are called "Jinzouyuanzhuang", some are called "Dilizhuang", and some are called "reporting" or "zhuang". "Report" and so on. No columns, just recorded in chronological order. \x0d\\x0d\News source: A lot of the information it provides is collected by the officials themselves, and some is filtered out from the dynamic news they obtained from the court. \x0d\\x0d\All these characteristics, if we use the previously given definition of "newspaper" to measure it, we can see that early newspapers in our country do not meet all the characteristics of newspapers. It can only be said that it is A newspaper in a primitive state, but it was this newspaper in a primitive state that gradually became the dominant news dissemination channel in my country's feudal society in its subsequent development. \x0d\\x0d\ Next, let’s take a look at the development of newspapers in ancient my country. \x0d\\x0d\3. The development of newspapers in ancient my country\x0d\\x0d\The development of newspapers in ancient my country has roughly gone through three main stages of development: development in the Song Dynasty, independence in the Ming Dynasty, and completeness in the Qing Dynasty. Let's take a look at its development trajectory in turn. \x0d\\x0d\1. Developed newspapers in the Song Dynasty\x0d\\x0d\my country's early newspapers developed further in the Song Dynasty. The official newspaper published under the unified management of the central department of the feudal government began to appear: Di Bao. The organization responsible for publishing Dibao is Jinzouyuan. \x0d\\x0d\(1) Di Bao\x0d\\x0d\Di Bao is just the most commonly used name for feudal official newspapers starting from the Song Dynasty. The newspapers of the Song Dynasty, like those of the Tang Dynasty, had no fixed names, and Di Bao was one of them.
\x0d\\x0d\At the beginning of the establishment of the Song Dynasty, the Jinzou Yuan of the Tang Dynasty was reorganized. We know that the Jinzou Yuan of the Tang Dynasty was established by the leaders of various local vassal towns. They were in charge of their own affairs. The officials of each Jinzou Yuan Responsible for excerpting only the information required by their respective superiors. This situation changed qualitatively in the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty established a capital Jinzouyuan on top of these scattered Jinzouyuan to implement unified management of the activities of each Jinzouyuan. Among them, the Jinzou officials or officials responsible for information collection and dissemination were unified by the feudal central government. lead. \x0d\\x0d\In this way, the collection, editing, sorting, review and other news information transmission work of manuscripts that was originally carried out by the Jinzou Academy in each local state was gradually taken over by the central department, and only in the issuance of The report link is still the responsibility of the Jinzou Academy and Jinzou officials in various places. Therefore, compared with the Jinzouyuanzhuang of the Tang Dynasty, the Dibao of the Song Dynasty had more newspaper characteristics and the color of a feudal official newspaper. \x0d\\x0d\First of all, it is no longer like the Jinzou Yuan in the Tang Dynasty, which was just a news letter in which the Jinzou officials stationed in the capital reported news to their superiors, but rather a kind of news letter under the unified management of the central feudal department. , according to a certain system, it is a central first-level official report that is sent to various states and counties in multiple copies to convey court information to the local areas. \x0d\\x0d\Second, its readers are no longer limited to a few feudal governors like Jinzouyuan in the Tang Dynasty, but have gradually expanded to central and local officials at all levels and scholar-bureaucrats and intellectuals. \x0d\\x0d\Third, it has been completely separated from official documents and has become an official news dissemination tool. The amount of information has gradually increased, and the timeliness of news has also been enhanced. \x0d\\x0d\Fourth, it is issued regularly and continuously. The issuance cycle varies from period to period, ranging from daily, every five days to monthly. \x0d\\x0d\However, although the Dibao shows more progress than the Jinzouyuan Report, the Dibao and the Jinzouyuan Report are essentially the same thing, and their properties are completely The same, that is, they are all feudal official newspapers. Everyone should pay attention to this. \x0d\\x0d\The contents of the Song Dynasty's imperial newspapers mainly include the following aspects:\x0d\\x0d\The emperor's edicts, the emperor's daily life, the appointment and dismissal of officials, the memorials of ministers, battle reports, punishments, etc. \x0d\\x0d\In order to consolidate imperial power and maintain the order of feudal rule, the Song Dynasty began to pay attention to the management of the distribution of Di newspapers. Among them, the order strictly stipulates that some content that is not conducive to the rule is not allowed to be published, such as disasters, military information, court affairs (that is, some things that the emperor believes are likely to cause opposition and criticism), and unpublished official regulations. , these contents are generally not allowed to be reported. To this end, the Song Dynasty also implemented the "definite version" system. The "definite version" refers to the officially approved sample of the Di newspaper. The officials must submit reports based on this sample and must not exceed this scope. \x0d\\x0d\(2) Tabloid\x0d\In addition, the reason why the Song Dynasty is called the developed period of newspapers in ancient my country is not only because of the qualitative development of Di newspapers, but also because another type of newspaper appeared in the Song Dynasty Form of ancient newspaper - tabloid. Speaking of tabloids, we will definitely think of the word "grapevine", which is an unofficial term as opposed to our normal sources of information. Sometimes, gossip comes earlier than formal news. Sometimes, gossip spreads through formal channels but is news that we are eager to know. \x0d\\x0d\"Tabloid" also records unofficial news. It is the first private newspaper to appear in the history of news in our country. Because this kind of newspaper provides readers with many documents and news that are not included in official newspapers and that are prohibited from publication by the government, it meets their needs for news about personnel changes and political activities in the imperial court, and has become an important supplement to Di Bao. Moreover, it can be said that the tabloid is a more advanced newspaper than the Dibao. Why do you say that? We still look at the characteristics of the newspaper itself. \x0d\\x0d\First of all, the content of tabloids is relatively rich and highly readable. Let's go back and take a look at the Di Bao we mentioned earlier. Its content is very limited, and it is nothing more than normal court affairs such as the emperor's activities, the emperor's edicts, the appointment and dismissal of officials, and the memorials of ministers. The content of tabloids is much wider than that of Di newspapers. There are things that were not reported in Di newspapers provided by Jinzhuo officials. There are also things that were leaked from the imperial court and overheard on the street by newspaper detectives. They have a lot of content and come from a wide range of sources. , people are much more enthusiastic about reading tabloids than reading newspapers. \x0d\\x0d\Secondly, tabloids spread quickly and are timely. Since tabloids do not need censorship, they often spread earlier and faster than newspapers. \x0d\\x0d\In addition, the readership of tabloids is also wider. Not only officials, scholar-bureaucrats and intellectuals, but also people who care about the political affairs of the court, there are also many enthusiastic readers of tabloids. \x0d\\x0d\The publication of tabloids broke the dominance of feudal official newspapers and broke the official monopoly and blockade of news dissemination activities. It had a positive social role and strong vitality, which lasted until the end of the Qing Dynasty. But at the same time, it also violated the taboo of feudal rulers discussing government affairs and leaked news. Therefore, the tabloid has been illegal since its birth and has always been banned by feudal rulers. \x0d\\x0d\2. The emergence of private newspapers and the independence of the newspaper industry in the Ming Dynasty\x0d\\x0d\There are not many records about the journalism industry in the Yuan Dynasty. Therefore, this period is not important in the history of journalism. influence.
Therefore, we will not introduce too much here. In the Ming Dynasty, there was another huge breakthrough in the publishing and copying of ancient newspapers in my country. One of the very important phenomena was the emergence of private newspapers and the independence of the newspaper industry. \x0d\\x0d\The journalism industry in the Ming Dynasty was different from that of previous dynasties. It did not have a memorial hall, but the central department uniformly arranged the publication and copying of feudal official newspapers. The official newspaper from the capital is still customarily called the Dibao. \x0d\\x0d\The publishing and copying activities of Di Bao in the Ming Dynasty mainly went through three links: General Affairs Department, Six Sections, and Titang. The General Affairs Department collects all kinds of memorials and information reported by local governments. In other words, for the emperor to see the memorials of ministers, they must go through the General Affairs Department. Therefore, people in both the government and the public attach great importance to this department, thinking that it is the "mouthpiece of the imperial court." "; The Six Sections collected and promulgated relevant edicts and memorials. After the Imperial Secretary read the memorials to the emperor, some of them were handed over to the Six Sections for classification and copying. The contents they copied were bound into volumes day by day and became For the convenience of work, the six sections of Dibao are located in the corridor between the right gate and the Duanmen outside the Meridian Gate of the Forbidden City. The office of Titang is called "Titang Baofang" and has no fixed location. , which are maintained by renting private houses, are generally not far from the Forbidden City. For example, a Titang newspaper office mentioned in "The Story of Awakening Marriage" is located on the southwest side of the Great Hall of the People. Titang copied these edicts and memorials from the six subjects, and after screening and copying, they were distributed to the provinces and then to the prefectures and counties. After being copied and copied, they were circulated among officials and gentry at all levels. This was the activity of copying and transmitting newspapers in the Ming Dynasty. the whole process. \x0d\\x0d\An important feature of the Ming Dynasty's Dibao is the addition of social news. For example, there is such a historical record:\x0d\\x0d\At the end of Hongzhi, a woman in Yingshan County, Suizhou had a mustache that was more than three inches long. , found in Di Bao. \x0d\\x0d\Compared with the Titang newspaper, the place where the residence newspaper was copied, the more important thing in the Ming Dynasty was the emergence of the private newspaper. With the development of social politics and economy, people's demand for news information is becoming more and more urgent. Due to the very limited scope and content of Dibao, many people are unable to get the news they want. Although the emergence of tabloids has satisfied people's demand for news to a certain extent, because tabloids are published privately, it is difficult for the government to exert effective control over them. Therefore, out of political needs, starting from the Ming Dynasty, the government allowed private citizens to set up their own newspaper offices, reprint some Di newspaper manuscripts, and sell them to the public. In this way, copying and delivering newspapers became a profitable industry. This phenomenon has been recorded in many historical materials. For example, in the late Ming Dynasty, there was a censor named Qi Jiabiao. He once recorded such an incident in his diary: \x0d\\x0d\ When his nephew came, he sent him to his residence to report his career. \x0d\\x0d\ Among them, nephew He is his relative, and his job is to deliver newspapers to his residence. This is the first person whose name can be verified in the history of Chinese journalism and is related to the publishing activities of Di Bao. \x0d\\x0d\In the Ming Dynasty, there were newspaper copy houses, newspaper offices, and newspaper deliverers. The newspaper industry as one of the independent social industries was also taking shape. This was an important phenomenon in the history of journalism in our country. \x0d\\x0d\3. The Beijing News of the Qing Dynasty - the completeness of ancient newspapers\x0d\\x0d\In the Qing Dynasty, private newspapers had developed significantly, represented by the publication of the Beijing News. \x0d\\x0d\In the Ming Dynasty, private housing newspapers relied more on Titang newspaper. Their news still came from Liuke and Titang. The content of the newspapers published was basically the same as that of Dibao. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, some people began to separate from the Titang newspaper office. They got rid of their official status and specialized in editing and distributing newspapers. Private newspapers in the Qing Dynasty became more independent, and the newspapers they published also changed significantly from the previous Di newspapers. The newspapers where the private newsrooms of the Qing Dynasty were located were collectively called Beijing Newspapers, and these newsrooms were therefore also called Beijing Newspapers. \x0d\\x0d\Everyone turned to page 25 of the textbook. This is the cover of a Beijing newspaper from the Qing Dynasty. We know that newspapers before this did not have mastheads and covers. At this time, the cover of the newspaper was made of yellow Lianshi paper, hence the name "Yellow Beijing News". The cover uses the word "Beijing News" as the masthead. Therefore, the Beijing News in the Qing Dynasty can also be written as "Beijing News". There is usually a stamp of a certain newspaper office below the masthead. For example, the one in our book is stamped "Collection Newspaper Office", indicating that this newspaper came from the Jiwen Newspaper Office at that time. At that time, there were many private newspapers with such names in Beijing, including more than ten such as Juxing, Jiwen, Tongshun, Gongxing, and Liansheng. Each issue of a newspaper generally has 4-10 pages, which are folded and bound into a volume, about the same size as a book. \x0d\\x0d\The content of the Beijing News was basically similar to that of the Di News at that time, including three parts: Palace Gate Copies, Imperial Edicts and Zhang Memorials. Palace gate transcripts are actually news coming from within the imperial court and posted outside the palace gate. They mainly include major events of the imperial court, such as summoning military aircraft, ministers' thanksgiving and appreciation, imperial ceremonies and sacrificial activities, etc. The edict part mainly contains the emperor's decrees, appointments and dismissals, praises, rewards, etc. The chapter memorials are memorials from ministers, including the emperor's instructions. Since there is a lot of content, it is impossible for one day's newspaper to accommodate all of it. Therefore, the difference in selection becomes the difference between the Beijing News and the Dibao, as well as the Beijing News where each newspaper room is located. \x0d\\x0d\The distribution scope of the Beijing News is not like the official Di News, which is limited to government officials, but is distributed from all walks of life and even across the country.
According to historical records, in the late Qing Dynasty, the circulation of Beijing News reached about 10,000 copies, which was a very astonishing number at the time. We know that the issuance of the Ditang News is completed level by level from the capital, to the provincial capital, and then to the counties and villages, while the Beijing News is delivered directly to subscribers by newspaper couriers hired by each newspaper office. , Subscribers in Beijing can usually receive the previous day's newspaper at around 10 a.m. Subscribers from other places can receive it in the fastest two days, and remote provinces can also subscribe to the Beijing News, but they receive it slower. Some, take 1 month. \x0d\\x0d\From this, we can see that the Beijing News is the most mature form of newspapers in ancient my country. \x0d\\x0d\In addition, Di Bao, the official newspaper of the imperial court as opposed to private newspapers, is still the main channel for news dissemination. In the Qing Dynasty, the development of this official journalism was mainly reflected in the creation of local journalism. In other words, in addition to the capital Beijing, specialized news dissemination activities also appeared in provincial capitals and larger local state capitals during the Qing Dynasty. \x0d\\x0d\In the local news industry in the Qing Dynasty, the Titang in each province played a very important role. Titangs in the Qing Dynasty were divided into two types: Jingtang and Shengtang. Jingtang was the Titang located in Beijing. It was similar to the Titang of the Ming Dynasty that we mentioned earlier. In addition, the provincial capitals of each province also set up their own bureaus, called provincial bureaus. In addition to sending official documents to various yamen and forwarding official newspapers from Kyoto in accordance with regulations, they also set up their own newspaper offices to reprint Beijing newspapers and send them to For sale by officials and gentry in the province. These reprinted Beijing newspapers are no longer limited to official newspapers copied within bureaucracies. \x0d\\x0d\In addition to reprinting the Beijing News, the local newspaper office also published a newspaper that attracted the attention of local officials and gentry. This newspaper was called "Yuanmen Chao". Yuanmenchao is a private newspaper that mainly reports local official news. They cooperate with the locally issued Beijing News, one provides central information, and the other provides local information, becoming two important channels for local people to understand political conditions. \x0d\\x0d\The above is a general situation of the development of ancient newspapers in my country. There is a lot of content. In order to give everyone a clear impression, we will make a summary of the status of ancient newspapers in my country at the end. \x0d\\x0d\ 4. Summary \x0d\\x0d\ my country’s ancient newspapers are divided into official newspapers and private newspapers. Among them, the official newspaper refers to "Di Bao", which has many names, such as "Zhuang", "Di Li Zhuang", "Jinzouyuan Zhuang Bao", "Chaobao", "Di Chao" and so on. "Di Bao" ” is a commonly used general term. There are two types of people's newspapers, one is the illegal tabloid that originated in the Song Dynasty, and the other is the legal Beijing News that appeared in the Qing Dynasty. They broke through the official information control and expressed the opinions and needs of the people to a certain extent. Compared with Di newspapers, their form and content were more advanced and more socially progressive. \x0d\\x0d\However, in essence, whether it is the official "Di Bao" or the private tabloid and Beijing News, they can only be ancient newspapers. They all have the same characteristics of ancient newspapers. What are these characteristics? Some of the differences are drawn by comparing it with modern newspapers. \x0d\\x0d\First of all, its content is different from modern newspapers. It publishes announcement materials such as the emperor's edicts, memorials from ministers, appointments, removals, promotions, rewards and punishments of officials, and palace developments. There is no news collected or written by myself, nor any comments. \x0d\\x0d\Secondly, its form is also different from modern newspapers. It is just a pile of materials one after another, with no columns, no titles, and no distinction between different news genres such as news, newsletters, and comments. It does not have a quarto or folio format, but is copied on a single sheet of paper or bound into a booklet. \x0d\\x0d\The Di Bao in ancient China has a history of more than 1,100 years, the tabloids have a history of nearly a thousand years, and the Beijing News and Yuanmen Chao published by private newspapers also have a history of nearly 400 years. From their birth to their end, they lasted for a long time, but they did not develop quickly, and their form and content did not change much. In terms of the amount of information and the timeliness of news, they were difficult to compare with modern Western newspapers. The reason for the slow development of these newspapers was certainly affected by the feudal autocratic monarchy system and the cultural policies of various dynasties that restricted newspaper publication, but the most fundamental reason was the constraints of the feudal natural economy. The life of a few people in a small country where they hear the noises of chickens and dogs and never interact with each other until death, the natural economy where resettlement, decentralized operations, and self-sufficiency, the closed interpersonal relationships, and the social psychological state are all not conducive to the development of journalism. In such a soil, it is difficult to produce a newspaper that has high requirements on the quantity and timeliness of news, and a high degree of commercialization. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, influenced by the budding capitalist economy, there was an opportunity to produce this type of newspaper. However, it was quickly stifled by the feudal rulers at the time in the face of increasingly intensified class and national conflicts. \x0d\\x0d\ Ancient newspapers did not develop rapidly and changed little for a long time. Until the outbreak of the Opium War, China's feudal natural economy was forced to disintegrate, the feudal government's closed-door policy was forced to cancel, and there was a greater change with the commodity economy. Only after development did things change. But at this time, the old Di Bao and Beijing News were completely rigid in form and content. They could not adapt to the requirements of change and could no longer continue to develop. They had to be gradually replaced by new modern newspapers. \x0d\\x0d\ Sun Qiao's "Reading "Kaiyuan Miscellaneous News"": \x0d\\x0d\ Qiao Qiao obtained dozens of books during his time in Xianghan, which were about daily affairs without establishing the first and last.
A summary said: One day the emperor personally plowed his land and performed the Nine Pushing Ceremony. One day, hundreds of officials performed a grand shooting ceremony in the south of Anfu Tower, and one day in Anbei, they sent a memorial to the Tibetan monarchs asking their followers to grant Zen status. One day the emperor returned from Dongfeng, but the reward was different. One day, the prime minister of Xuanzhengmen was arguing with Bailiaoting for a moment. So, there are hundreds of them. Qiao didn't know what kind of book it was at that time, so he just thought that the imperial court was acting accordingly. Someone who came from Chang'an wrote a book to show this, saying: "When I live in Chang'an, the new emperor's successor country and the poor captives are self-defeating, so I see the southern suburbs rituals and An Youji's farm affairs? Kuangjiu Tui is not the emperor's rituals. Yeah? When I entered Imperial College again and saw that Cong Zong (pi, four sounds) was carrying the earth and looked majestic, I saw that the stone carving was the old site of Shetang, and the country had been able to perform the great shooting ceremony for a long time. Yeah? From the east of Guan, the water will not destroy the fields, but the drought will destroy the seedlings. The people will often have insufficient income, and some people will sell their sons to serve as servants of the wealthy families. I tried to go to Luo on my back, and when I met Xixu, I returned a thousand soldiers, and the county gave me one. The food is weak. Can the country be entrusted to the east? Can the soldiers be sent to the north? The situation is uncontrollable. Are you still worried about Xirong? Emperor Wu's imperial censor secretly discusses the affairs of the prime minister, and the ministers are still talking about it. ?" Before the words were finished, someone who knew the book came from outside and said: "These are all Kaiyuan political affairs, and they should be reported to outsiders at that time." After Qiao Qiao got the "Kaiyuan Lu", he could verify it. However, I still think that what I did in the previous court should not be regarded as a sin. When I came to Chang'an, I saw reports every day about court affairs. I said that today a certain official will be removed, and tomorrow a certain official will be appointed. Qiao wished he could have been born in peace, and when he saw the book from Kaiyuan, he rushed out of it, and because he took the book and silk, he wandered to the end. Those who make up for the missing text are thirteen, and those who correct the wrong text are eleven. It is the fifth year of junior high school.