hieroglyph
"hieroglyphics, drawn with the body. The day and the month are also. "
Word formation: describe the outline of an object and highlight its characteristics.
Object: something that can be described by entities, mainly nouns.
Personality characteristics: unique.
("Shuowen": "Big, big, big, so like a man."
(2) command things
"Commanders, visible, but not. Up and down is also. "
Word formation: Pictographic background, on which reference symbols are added to indicate "things". (Text, Book, Tail, Zhu, Blade, Inch, Up and Down)
Object: a part of something; An abstract concept.
Character characteristics: a hieroglyph plus a reference symbol.
The difference between pictographic characters and signified objects: both of them belong to "monomer" in structure. Ideographic characters mostly represent concrete concepts, and what they refer to mostly represents abstract concepts (but tall and big pictographic characters).
3) Know
"Knowing, friendship is better than class, it depends on the frame. It's disgusting to get up!
5. New means knowing the word. And the descendants of "Sharp", "Su" and "A Ben likes beer"
However, the understanding of ancient Chinese characters should conform to the meaning of glyphs.
Word formation: to synthesize a new meaning with two (or more) pictographs. Can be divided into two categories:
1. Conformal synthesis (meaning that it can be synthesized from images of various components). Such as: shooting, walking, involving, praying, standing, harmony, rest, joy and benefit)
2. Synonymous synthesis (meaning can be synthesized by the meaning of each component. Such as: smelly, dull. Oblique, sharp, class, @)
Object: behavior (mainly verbs); Abstract concept.
Character characteristics: combination.
The difference between a knowing word and an pictographic word or a referential word: pictographic words and referential words are named by their own shapes and statics, while a knowing word is expressed by its combination and dynamics. Therefore, reflected in grammar, pictographic characters and demonstrative words are mostly nouns, while cognitive words are mostly verbs.
(4) Sound and form
"Sound, in the name of things, for example. Rivers and mountains. "
Word-formation: a semantic symbol (semantic symbol, shape symbol) indicates the meaning category, and a phonetic symbol indicates pronunciation.
Table object: unlimited
Character characteristics: combination.
Problems in learning pictophonetic characters;
1. The semantic symbols of pictophonetic characters can only indicate the range of a certain meaning, but not the specific meaning of pictophonetic characters.
2. The phonetic symbols of pictophonetic characters often have ideographic functions besides phonetic symbols.
Some people call this phenomenon the combination of sound and shape. For example, "police, quit." From words, from respect, and from respect. For example, the words "shin, diameter, neck, meridian and cymbal" all get slender meaning from their phonetic symbol "Y".
The reason why phonetic symbols express meaning: As a word, phonetic symbols are meaningful. As far as word formation is concerned, some words adopt the meaning of that phonetic symbol when they are created. A large part of differentiated words are created in this way. Such as, because-Yin; `-trapped; Actually-conditions; Or-domain name, country. In word recognition, when the meaning of phonetic symbols is related to the meaning of words, it seems that phonetic symbols express meaning.
In terms of philology, as long as it has phonetic function, it belongs to pictophonetic characters.
3. There are many complicated manifestations of pictophonetic characters: (1) The position of pictophonetic characters has no certain rules; (2) Sometimes the form of hieroglyphs or phonetic symbols is omitted. (3) pictograms or phonetic symbols are badly altered and illegible in the process of official change.
(5) transfer.
"Turn note, build a class and agree to teach. The test has always been. "
Judgment principle: the same kind of things and things use the same radical; The same radical word can explain each other; There is also a phonetic relationship.
Table object: similar things.
Various explanations for shunt:
1. Mutual training in exegetics. Dai Zhen and Duan Yucai said this.
2. Words are derived, and words breed milk. Zhang said this.
(6) under the guise of
"Under the guise of this, there is no word, according to its sound. Order and length are also. "
Use the word made for the word A to the word B with the same pronunciation. The word b has no original word of its own. From the perspective of philology. It is also a word-making method, but it is a word-making method that does not create new forms.
Reasons for the phenomenon of lending:
1. In order to limit the number of words.
2. Because the meaning of the word to be recorded is abstract, it is not easy to show it through the font, so we borrow the same word instead.
About the example of Xu Shenju:
The order of issuing a number is the order of a county magistrate; Long-term length, used as official length. In Xu Shen's view, there is no meaningful relationship between the order of issuing numbers and the order of county magistrate, and there is no meaningful relationship between long collar and long collar, which are meaningless excuses. Later generations think that the order of the county magistrate is an extension of the meaning of sending signals, and the length of the county magistrate is an extension of a long time. Therefore, it is considered inappropriate for Xu Shen to cite these two examples. Zhu of the Qing Dynasty thought that "friends, come ..." should be mentioned in his book "Literally, training and setting voices" >>
Question 2: What unique characters in the traditional "Six Books" refer to the methods of Chinese characters, that is, "pictographic characters, fingering, knowing words, pictophonetic characters, fingering, knowing words and borrowing words". Pictographic characters, fingering, knowing and pictophonetic characters refer to the structure of characters, fingering and borrowing refer to the use of characters. Pictographers, painters, follow the body. Pointer, see and know, view and see, up and down is also; Knowing each other is friendlier than others, to see what they mean, Wu Xin also; Voice, in the name of things, examples complement each other, rivers also; Those who pass notes and build classes agree to accept each other and keep taking exams; Borrowers, without words, follow the sound, and the commander-in-chief also. The concept of "Six Books" first appeared in Zhou Li? Sheriff? Bao's "Bao Zhang remonstrates the evil of the king and educates the son of the country as the Tao" is the six skills of teaching ... five words and six books. Zheng Xuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty quoted Zheng as saying: "Six books, pictographs, knowing, transferring notes, doing things, borrowing and harmonic sounds" (Note: ① doing things, that is, "pointing things"; 2 homophonic, that is, "pictophonetic characters"). Ban Gu Han Shu? Yiwenzhi defines the names of six books as pictograph, image, image, sound, transliteration and borrowing. Xu Shen's preface to Shuo Wen Jie Zi defines the names of the six books as: referring to things, pictographs, pictographs, knowing words, transliteration and borrowing words. It is generally believed that pictographs, objects, knowledge and borrowing in the six books belong to the word-making method, that is. Seal cutting and borrowing belong to the use of Chinese characters. Liu Shu reflects people's understanding of the structure and usage of Chinese characters from the end of the Warring States Period to the Han Dynasty. Basically based on Biography, it is an imperfect and incomplete law. But it can still explain most Chinese characters, especially ancient Chinese characters. Liu Shu Shuo is a great innovation in the history of China's philology. Liu Shu was introduced by the magistrate? Packaged. Later scholars named it pictographic, fingering, knowing, pictophonetic, transliteration and borrowing. Xu Shen, a scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty, defined the "six books" as: pictographs, painted as their own things, followed by the sun and the moon; Pointer, see and know, view and see, up and down is also; Knowing each other is friendlier than others, to see what they mean, Wu Xin also; Voice, in the name of things, examples complement each other, rivers also; Those who pass notes and build classes agree to accept each other and keep taking exams; The borrower, this book has no words, according to the sound, the commander also. The word Liu Shu first appeared in Zhou Li? The local official said: "It is the teaching of six arts to remonstrate the evil of the king and raise the son of the country by Tao, while annotation refers to the physical structure of characters. Inspired by Liu Xin, Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty spent decades sorting out Chinese characters and compiling a book, Shuowen Jiezi. In the preface of this book, he said: "When Li Zhou entered primary school at the age of eight, the Bausch countries first used six books. One said, "Speak, point". The sun and the moon are also true. On the third day, the form and sound are in the name of things, and the metaphors complement each other, and the rivers are also true. Four days, cicada, cicada is more friendly than class, and Wu Xin is true when he sees the fake. Five days, money transfer, money transfer people set up shifts, agreed to receive each other, and the test is always true. Six days, borrowing, borrowing people have nothing to say, relying on sound to ask for things, and the commander is really Xu Yi is still the core. [1] The definition of pictographic characters belongs to the "single word-making method". Draw a detailed outline of the shape characteristics of the object to be represented with strokes of lines or words. For example, the word "moon" is shaped like a curved moon, the word "turtle" is shaped like the side of a turtle, and the word "horse" is a horse with four legs. The word "door" is the shape of the left and right doors. The word "sun" is like a circle with a little bit in the middle, much like the shape we see when we look directly at the sun. Ideographic characters come from pictures, but the nature of pictures is weakened and the symbolism is enhanced. This is the most primitive method of word formation. It has great limitations because some things can't be drawn. It refers to the "single-word method", and the word "fierce" means adding a cross to the trap ... >>
Question 3: There are four ways to make Chinese characters. Which of the following words is made in hieroglyphics? There are four ways to make Chinese characters. Which of the following characters is made by pictographic method: Shan.
Understanding: prisoners
Sound shape: square
Four ways to create Chinese characters
Sound, image, understanding and reference.
First, pictophonetic characters: there are various combinations of pictophonetic characters and phonetic characters: some are on the left and phonetic characters are on the right; Some shapes are on the right and sounds are on the left; Some shapes are above, and the sound is below; Some shapes are next to the bottom, and the sound is above; Some shapes are outside, sounds are inside, or shapes are inside and sounds are outside. For example:
(1) Left-shaped and right-voiced: The material is too copper-frozen, and the seedlings are broken when riding.
(2) Right-shaped left sound: attack the neck, cut the gourd ladle, and release the female parrot.
(3) Metaphysical voice: Guan Fangya is a night figure.
(4) Physically and vocally: put on record and pay tribute to the plaster stool.
(5) Appearance and internal sound: plaque package in the hospital valve garden.
(6) Internal voice: boring questions and smelling braids.
(7) corner modeling: cutting and planting
(8) Voice in the corner: aldehyde canal. phonogram
Two. Pictograph: Originated from pictures and characters, it is the most primitive method of word-making. The essence of the picture is weakened, while the symbolism is strengthened. Because some physical things and abstract things cannot be drawn, it has great limitations. Egyptian hieroglyphics, Sumerian languages, ancient Indian languages and Oracle Bone Inscriptions in China are all independently produced from the simplest pictures and patterns in primitive society. About 5000 years ago, the ancient Egyptians invented hieroglyphics. This writing is slow and difficult to understand. As time went on, even the Egyptians themselves finally forgot how to interpret it. Later, after French explanation, this writing was recognized. Dongba script and Shuishu script adopted by Naxi people in China are the only hieroglyphic systems still in use.
Mountains, the sun, the moon, people, eyes, mouth, nose, hands, birds, rain, fish, turtles, horses, cows, sheep, mice, tigers and elephants.
Third, knowing words: that is, using existing phrases to synthesize a new word, the two (or several) parts that make up the new word are related in meaning, and both * * * indicate the meaning represented by the word.
take for example
(1) "Yu" is composed of the existing words "horse" and "hand", which means driving a carriage.
(2) Analyze the woodcut Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Jin Dynasty. Gold is the hieroglyph of the axe. The original meaning is to break wood, that is, chop wood.
(3) Oracle Bone Inscriptions, who cuts Ge Cong, cuts a man's head with Ge Jian. The original intention is to chop and kill. According to Xiao Zhuan's explanation, Shuowen is "conformity", which is not true.
(4) Oracle Bone Inscriptions followed the example of others, grasping the people in front of him. The original intention is to catch up.
(5) Light Oracle Bone Inscriptions shines on people from the fire, indicating that there is a fire shining on people's heads. The original intention is brilliant.
(6) Only Oracle Bone Inscriptions holds a spear and catches birds. Originally meant to hunt animals. Get the first word for future generations. Shuowen is defined as "one bird also", which is a post-uprising.
(7) Bing Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jin hold this pattern again. The original meaning is to hold.
(8) Oracle Bone Inscriptions followed others. It is like a bed, and it is the first text of "". There may be a few spots next to people, like people who are sick and sweating. The original meaning is disease. The people of Xiao Zhuan made a mistake.
(9) Living in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and being a teacher means that there is a teacher in the room (that is, God). The original meaning is ancestral temple.
(10) is a woman's slave in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which means that women have children, and its original meaning is fertility. It is the first text of the word "education".
(1 1) works by Oracle Bone Inscriptions, a male Tian. Force is like a shape. People who work hard in the fields. The original meaning is human.
(12) Oracle Bone Inscriptions woman holds a broom. Refers to women who do housework and take care of dustpans and brooms. The original meaning is female.
(13) From Oracle Bone Inscriptions's point of view, two people go with each other, and their original intention is to listen to each other.
Fourthly, deixis is an abstract word-formation method, that is, when it is not convenient or convenient to draw with concrete images, it is represented by an abstract symbol, such as "up", "down" and "fierce". The words "up" and "down" are defined by the horizontal line "1", and the upper position is represented by a point or a short line on the horizontal line, which is written as "2", that is, the word "up"; The symbol drawn under the horizontal line is "",which is the word "Xia". The word "fierce" means there is a deep pit on the ground, and pedestrians don't see it when they step into it. "ㄩ" stands for a deep pit, and the symbol "x" in the middle symbolizes the feeling of panic and danger when falling into the pit.
Finger type
1, monomer refers to things
Any unique text used to express abstract things without subsequent increase or decrease or formal changes is called unique reference, that is, the reference to things is a positive example. This unique writing usually uses line symbols to represent the image of abstract things. Examples of integral deixis: Shang, Yi, Er, ... >>
Question 4: Will 4:XP give full play to the hardware performance than 98, so as to make the game run more smoothly? As a system that has served for more than ten years, it has ushered in its own home. Now, netizens all over the world can't help but respect this system that has existed tenaciously in Microsoft for more than ten years. Only by continuous exploration, trial and innovation can the system run more humanized. This point is XP can't compare with 7 and 8. 1.
Question 5: The difference between combined characters and single characters is generally not difficult to determine. For example, "one, people, you" is a single word, and "heaven, interest and outlook" is a combined word. But between monomer and combination, it is not easy to determine. There are two main types of such characters: one is that they have lost their pictographic features and developed into more than two-part characters, such as "faithfulness, classics, Yu, Yu"; The other is the combination of Chinese characters since ancient times, but the word-formation components are not easy to decompose, or it is not convenient to say after decomposition, such as "bright, long, cloth, light" and so on. These two types of characters can be collectively called "special combination characters". There are three points to be paid attention to in distinguishing alphabetic combination words from combination words: first, from the word formation point of view, pictographic characters and signifiers are generally alphabetic combination words, while ideographic characters and pictophonetic characters are generally combination words. However, we can't stick to word formation, and the actual shape of modern Chinese characters is also an important basis for dividing individual and combination. Ideographic characters such as "Beijing, Tongue and Bird" have the characteristics of combined words and should be regarded as combined words. Second, combined Chinese characters generally have obvious separability characteristics, and there must be no intersection between components or between components and strokes. Without this feature, it is not a combination of Chinese characters. For example, "Chu, He, Chuan, Guo and Shi" are not combined words. Thirdly, there are more than two components decomposed from compound words, which are either single words, common components, convenient strokes or flexible components. Therefore, if it is not convenient to say the two components of the analysis or to say them flexibly, it is not appropriate to analyze them by combining words. For example, although "egg" can be clearly separated, it should still be regarded as a single character. You can look at Xue Jinxing's Handbook of Basic Chinese Knowledge.