Function: the language is concise, the sentence pattern is neat, the phonology is harmonious, and it is full of rhythm and musical beauty, which makes the two meanings complement each other and set off each other, thus enhancing the touching effect of the language.
Basic introduction Chinese name: dual mbth: pairing? Classification: Pay attention to form, content and structure: level, make full use of the differences between Chinese tone introduction, classification, form, content, structure, examples, duality and duality, and introduce duality: use two phrases or sentences with the same structure, equal number of words and symmetrical meaning to express opposite, similar or related meanings, which is called duality. Duality, commonly known as antithesis, is called duality in rhymes such as poetry, music and fu. The antithetical sentences have unique artistic features, which look neat and striking, sound sonorous and pleasing to the ear, are catchy to read, easy to remember and recite, and are deeply loved by people. Duality usually refers to a rhetorical device consisting of two opposite phrases or sentences with the same number of words, similar syntax, level and related meanings. The dual relationship is close, concise and concentrated, and has strong generalization power; Formally, the front and back parts are uniform, the syllables are harmonious and disciplined. Strict duality also stresses levelness and makes full use of Chinese tones. Classification form 1. Single sentence duality
One sentence against another is called one sentence against one. For example:
The mountains are as high as the sky.
Good is not rewarded, and evil is not degraded.
-praise the smallest good deeds and contributions and punish the smallest mistakes.
Castle peak is fortunate to bury loyal bones, while white iron casts innocent courtiers. (Moon Pink Couplet) ...
-Castle Peak feels honored that the loyal bone of the famous anti-gold star Yue Fei is buried in the grave, and the white iron is ashamed that the statues of Qin Gui and others cast with it kneel in front of the grave. 2. Even antithesis is called even antithesis. For example:
Six kings finish, and the four seas are one family. Shushan is upright, and Fang is not here. On the Ah Fang Palace
-the six countries have passed, and the four seas are unified. All the trees in Shushan were cut down and Epang Palace was built. (Six Wangbi and Four Seas Family are both subject-predicate phrases, and Shu and Afangchu are also subject-predicate phrases. Six Wangbi and Four Seas Family are opposite to Shu and Afangchu. ) 3. Multi-sentence antithesis is called multi-sentence antithesis. For example:
Climb a trick, the arm does not lengthen, but the person you see is far away; Call with the wind, the sound does not add disease, but the listener is obvious. Persuasive learning
-climb high and wave to people. The arm is not lengthened, but people in the distance can see it. Shout with the wind, the voice did not increase, but the people who heard it felt very clear. The upper and lower words in the same sentence are dual to each other.
For example, the peak turns, the breeze can cross the bright moon, and the feather fan black silk scarf. Content 1. Positive duality
The upper and lower couplets mean similar or similar and complement each other. For example:
And yet, while China holds our friendship, heaven is still our neighbor. Farewell to the viceroy and go to Shu to take up his post.
As long as friends know each other, even if they are separated, they are like close neighbors. (Up and down links mean closely related. "Hainei" refers to the whole ancient China. Neighbor, a close neighbor. )
Still gone, the moon is thousands of miles away, radiant and still. Yueyang Tower
Sometimes the smoke in the sky suddenly disappears, and the bright moonlight thousands of miles away is floating with waves and shining with golden brilliance. The reflection of the bright moon is a piece of jade, quietly immersed in the bottom of the water. A thousand miles away from the bright moon is to the "long smoke and empty air" and "heavy static shadows" is to the "floating light and leaping gold". The up-down link means related and complementary) 2. Opposition or even up-and-down link means opposition or relative, which refers to two aspects of the same thing. For example:
Perseverance, rotten wood can't be carved; Perseverance, the stone can be carved. Persuasive learning
-carve things with a knife, then put them down for a while, and even the rotten wood keeps carving; Keep carving with a knife, even hard stones can be carved through. "Perseverance" and "perseverance" are opposites. )
The vassal's land is limited, and the desire to attack Qin is insatiable. The more complicated it is, the more urgent it is. On six countries
The land of the governors of various countries is limited, and the desire of the greedy and violent Qin State cannot be satisfied. The more you give, the more it will invade you. ("The vassal's land is limited" and "insatiable desire to violently attack Qin" are objections, while "abundant service" and "urgent invasion" are objections. ) 3. Series duality means "series pairing", just like running water, so it is also called running water pair. Its opening sentence and antithesis are all said from the development process of things, so the meaning is closely coherent. For example:
Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south and then go north-to my own town! . The banks of the Yellow River were recovered by the imperial army.
-Immediately cross Wuxia from under the dam, and then head for Xiangyang and Luoyang. (via Wuxia under the dam, then Xiangyang, and then go straight to Luoyang, writing the joy of longing for Shu in one breath. )
Climb another floor and see the heron hostel thousands of miles away.
-If you want to see further with all your eyesight, you must by going up one flight of stairs. If you want to exhaust your eyesight, you must continue climbing. ) structural 1. Binary composition.
For example, my shortcomings, however, I have no face when discussing current events. I often adopt the type of prejudice, and the latter is especially inappropriate.
Among them, "losing face in current affairs" and "common unfavorable types" are both components in the sentence, so they are called component duality. 2. Sentence duality.
For example: sunset and lonely Qi Fei, autumn waters and sky are one color.
Among them, "Sunset and Lonely Qi Fei" and "Autumn water and sky are one color" are independent sentences, so they are called sentence duality. For example, in China's first poetry collection, The Book of Songs, "I have been there, and the willows are yiyi; Today I think it's raining. " Ancient poems of Yuefu folk songs in Han Dynasty, such as "Cold wind destroys trees, and first frost is harsh." The ancient poems "The Distant Altair" and "The Distant Altair, the Chinese Woman by the Jiao Jiao River". In the parallel prose of Fu in Han Dynasty, there is a saying that "good will drill hair and feathers, while evil will wash dirt and seek scars". Song Yuan's Ascending the Mountain in Tang Poetry and Song Poetry and Du Fu's I have come from three thousand miles away. Sad this autumn and sad with me for a hundred years, I climb this high alone "in China's prose" The mountain is high and the moon is small, and the truth comes out ". Couplets, a unique literary form in China, are the most typical embodiment of antithesis. In ancient and modern times, six generals sent plum blossoms, fish gave birth to birds to stay in the pool, and monks knocked on the moon. In the concierge, there are Hui Chong landscape people and romantic friends and relatives. Before the laundry girl returned to the lotus leaf to collect the fishing boat, the poet of Huakaishan Temple strolled in Banyuexi and wandered around the hexagonal well beside the Hongmen banquet. Taoyuanmeng climbed the mountain to look at the water and returned it to those who cherish the short days and worry about the long nights. The ice has broken the canal and Zu Chongzhi, the Sun Walker, is brave and short of breath. I will think of you in the clouds, so I remember that I have three cups of bamboo leaves in the sunset. Passing through two peach blossoms, I came to the white God wall. There were only a few old trees. On the river between the green maple, an autumn sail faded. You will be famous for your words and deeds, and you will be shocked by people from all directions. I was expelled by a wise ruler because of my mistake. I have been ill for so long that I can't see my friend's wandering soul selling the beautiful heartbroken green peach burning things in Liu Yiyi. Zhuangzi daydreaming, a saint, bewitched Wang Chunxin with butterflies. It's raining, celebrating the death of my father. Lunan is not over yet. People in the Yangtze River are fishing for the moon, and the wilderness is burning in the wind. In the evening, they love to go to the depths of the bamboo forest, and when the bright moon is in the sky, they go to Xiaoqiaotou Mountain to wipe the blue swallows and cut the willows. It's not enough to fail. It's not enough to fly with your head up, bend over and spread horseshoes, the wind blows and the clouds move, the stars move water and push the boat to move to the shore, but it's not full. The apricot blossoms are in full bloom, the rain is sparse and the willows are shaking, the feng shui is not dry, and the fish are endless. Life is like the joy of the East Sea, and there is endless water. The light smoke is fragrant, the grass is over the place, the rain is falling, the Xinghua Village is selfish, the bones are soft, and the merits are unparalleled. Opponents will meet talented people, the Three Kingdoms are divided, and they have always been bound by his power. The octagonal fortress is built on his reputation, black hair, ignorant diligence, early regret of studying, late departure, cool breeze and bright moon, pines and strange rocks, precious flowers, early spring rising, sleeping at night, drinking at night, friends, thousands of cups, few words, no speculation, more than half a sentence, although my heart still exists. Literally, it is a rhetorical method. Two sentences with the same number of words and similar structure express related or opposite meanings. Duel: The strict duality in poetry is called duel. The antithesis mainly includes the antithesis of words and sentences. Dueling is often used in parallel prose. Dueling is also called duality, team warfare and parity. It puts words with similar or opposite concepts in corresponding positions, so that they set off each other, make sentences more attractive and increase the expressive force of words. Confrontation is like a ceremonial ceremony of the government, opposing each other. Duantithesis is closely related to the parallel connection in the Han and Wei dynasties, which can be said to be developed from parallel connection, and Duantithesis itself should also be a parallel connection. The specific contents of the antithesis of metrical poems are as follows: first, the upper and lower sentences must be opposed; Secondly, the sentence patterns of relational sentences should be the same, and the syntactic structures should be consistent, such as subject-predicate structure versus subject-predicate structure, partial structure versus partial structure, and predicate-complement structure versus predicate-complement structure. The sentence structure of some antithetical sentences is not necessarily the same, but the words are required to be relative. Thirdly, the parts of speech (parts of speech) of words are required to be consistent, such as noun to noun, verb to verb, adjective to adjective, etc. The lexical meaning of words should be the same. As nouns, words that belong to the same meaning range, such as astronomy, geography, palace, clothing, utensils, animals, plants, human body, behavior and action, can all be correct. The use of duality is wide and strict, so there are many types, including working pair, adjacent pair, wide pair, borrowing pair, running pair and sector equivalence. In terms of content, there are names such as right, right, right and opposition. The requirement of word antithesis is that the meaning of words must belong to the same category, such as mountains and rivers to mountains and rivers, vegetation to vegetation and so on. ; Parts of speech must be basically the same, such as noun to noun, verb to verb, etc. Leveling must be relative, that is, leveling or leveling; The structure must be symmetrical, that is, simple words to simple words and compound words to compound words; In addition, we should avoid antonyms of the same word. The antithesis of sentence patterns is mainly the same sentence structure, such as subject-predicate phrase to subject-predicate phrase and verb-object phrase to verb-object phrase. Contradiction can make poetry appear neat and symmetrical in form and meaning, giving people a sense of beauty, which is a unique artistic means of Chinese. What is duality? Duality means juxtaposing similar concepts or opposing concepts, such as "resisting US aggression and aiding Korea" and "resisting US aggression and aiding Korea" to form duality. Duality can be a sentence that is self-correct, or it can be two sentences that are opposite. For example, "to resist US aggression and aid Korea" is self-contradictory, while "to resist US aggression and aid Korea and defend the country" are two opposite sentences. Generally speaking, duality refers to two opposite sentences. The last sentence is called a sentence, and the next sentence is called a sentence. The general rules of duality are noun to noun, verb to verb, adjective to adjective, adverb to adverb. Take "Resist US aggression and aid Korea and defend our country" as an example: "Resistance", "aid", "protection" and "defense" are all relative verbs, and "beauty", "Korea", "home" and "country" are all relative nouns. In fact, noun pairs can be subdivided into several categories, and similar nouns are relatively neat dual, referred to as "work pairs". Here, "beauty" and "Korea" are proper names and abbreviations, so they are industrial pairs; Both "home" and "country" are people's collectives, so they are also workers. "Defending the country and defending the country" is also right for "resisting US aggression and aiding Korea", because the sentences are self-aligned, so it is not required that the two sentences are equally neat. Duality is a rhetorical device, and its function is to form neat beauty. The characteristics of Chinese are especially suitable for disyllablization, because there are many monosyllabic words, even disyllabic words, among which morphemes are quite independent and easy to cause disyllablization. Because duality is a rhetorical device, it is necessary for both prose and poetry. For example, the Book of Changes says, "Respond with one voice and seek a spirit." ("Dry a Classical Chinese") The Book of Songs says: "I was not there yesterday, Liu Yiyi; I think about it today, it's raining. " ("Xiaoya Cai Wei") These antitheses are all to meet the needs of rhetoric. However, the antithesis in orthodox poetry has its own rules, which is not as casual as the Book of Songs. This rule is: (1) sentence is opposite to sentence; (2) Sentence words and dual words cannot be repeated [2]. Therefore, the examples mentioned above, such as the Book of Changes and the Book of Songs, can not meet the standard of antithesis of orthodox poetry. The two sentences mentioned above in Chairman Mao's "Long March" poem: "Jinsha River is warm on the cliff, and Dadu Bridge is cold on the iron", which conforms to the standard of antithesis in orthographic poetry. Couplets (couplets) are evolved from metrical poems, so they should also be suitable for the above two standards. For example, Chairman Mao cited a pair in "Transforming Our Learning": reeds on the wall are top-heavy and shallow;
Bamboo shoots in the mountains have a thick mouth and an empty stomach. Here, the upper couplet (sentence) and the lower couplet (dual) are not repeated, but their parallelism is opposite: flat and even;
Ping, ping, ping]. Rhetorically, this pair is also very neat. "Wall" is a noun with orientation, and the corresponding "mountain" is also a noun with orientation. "Root" is a noun with orientation, and the corresponding "belly" is also a noun with orientation. "Head" to "mouth" and "foot" to "skin" are nouns to nouns. "Heavy" versus "sharp" and "light" versus "thick" are adjectives versus adjectives. "Top-heavy" is just right, "sharp mouth" is just right for "thick skin". This sentence corrects itself, and when the two sentences are relative, it is more neat. [2] cannot be repeated at least in the same location. For example, "I have been there, Yangliuyiyi; It rained when I thought of it today. The second word in the sentence and the second word in the dialogue are both "I", which is a repetition of the same position. [3] If there is a circle outside the word, it means it can be flat or flat. [4] "Root" The original "root" is a coordinate structure. The writing "root" is still a parallel structure. We say that nouns are locative words because the fact that "bottom" is used here can also be used as locative words, forming a confrontation. So the difference between duality and duality can be summarized as follows: the basic feature of contrast is "opposition" and the basic feature of duality is "symmetry". Duality is mainly from the structural form, which requires the structure to be commensurate and the number of words to be equal; In a sense, contrast requires opposite or similar meanings, regardless of structural form. The "opposition" in the antithesis (such as "cynicism and finger pointing, bowing one's head as a willing ox") is a contrast in meaning, and the duality in form is a rhetorical phenomenon. Function and chanting, easy to remember; Used in poetry, with musical beauty; Concise ideographic and lyrical.