China is a multi-ethnic country, and the history of China was jointly created by the Han nationality and ethnic minorities. Therefore, we can't deny the contribution of any nation. Then, let's take a look at which nationalities established the main Central Plains dynasty in China history.
I. From Summer to Qin Dynasty
Xia dynasty. The founder of Xia Dynasty was Dayu. According to many historical records, Dayu was from A Qiang. As the saying goes, "Dayu came from Xiqiang". : "Yu Xing was born in Xiqiang". "Guns marry your Shenyang family, born in Gaomi and living in Xiqiang". 755-7900 Yi Yun: The rest is in the top Xi. But this is not surprising, because the Huaxia nationality is split from the Qiang nationality. Qiang people are nomadic in Qinghai, Gansu and Loess Plateau, and their totem is sheep. Later, one of them entered the Weihe River basin, invented dry farming and became the predecessor of the Chinese nation.
The founder of Shang Dynasty belongs to Dongyi people, and the ancient North China Plain, Shandong Peninsula and Liaohe River Basin all belong to Dongyi people's activities, and their totem is birds. The legendary ancestors of Dongyi people are Tai Hao and Shao Hao, who created Dawenkou culture and Longshan culture. Merchants probably migrated from West Liaohe River, where Hongshan Culture has a certain relationship with Yin Ruins culture. However, Erligang culture and Zhengzhou mall culture before Yin Ruins culture belong to early Shang culture, and Erlitou culture may belong to pre-Shang culture.
Xia-Shang situation
The founders of the Zhou Dynasty were China people, that is, descendants of China people. During the Zhou Dynasty, Zhou people had completely separated from the nomadic state and became a farming nation. They claimed to be Xia people, and the Shang Dynasty called them "Zhou", which means farmers. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Zhou is the shape of a field. In the northwest of Zhou Dynasty, there were a large number of primitive Qiang people, who were related to Zhou people by blood, but their culture was unfamiliar, so they were called "Xirong" and "Northern Emperor". Zhou people also called the eastern nationalities Dongyi and the southern nationalities Nanman, which formed the dispute between China and Yi.
Western Zhou territory
Qin dynasty. The founder of the Qin Dynasty was Dongyi people in China. The ancestors of the Qin Dynasty came from a branch of Dongyi people, north of Huaihe River, whose surname was Yan, and belonged to the same clan as Xu Guoren. During the reign of King Wu, they belonged to the State Group of Shang Dynasty and were enemies of Zhou people. Fei Lian, the ancestor of Qin people, was a general. Later, he won the surname and took part in the Wu Geng Uprising. During the Eastern Expedition of the Zhou Dynasty, Guo Xu, who won the surname, moved south, and some of them moved to Guanzhong, helping the Western Zhou Dynasty to be inferior to Rong Di. Later, people who moved to Guanzhong became princes in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and established the State of Qin. Qin has always been a priest During the Spring and Autumn Period, all ethnic groups in the East slandered Qin people as Rong Di, which was wrong. Later, Qin accepted a lot of Chinese culture and gradually integrated into the Chinese nation.
Qin dynasty
Second, from the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty.
The founder of the Han Dynasty was the Han nationality. The Han nationality is a new nationality formed in the Han Dynasty, with the Huaxia nationality as the core, which is formed by the fusion of the northern emperor, Xirong, Dongyi, Nanman, Baiyue, Bashu and other nationalities. During the Spring and Autumn Period, these ethnic groups merged continuously. In the Han Dynasty, they were all called Han people. Because of the popularity of the Han dynasty, the names of Han people have been circulated for nearly two thousand years. After that, the successors of the Han Dynasty: The Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasty were all dynasties established by the Han nationality.
Han dynasty territory
Sixteen countries, five lakes. During the Western Jin Dynasty, a large number of northern nomads migrated to the Central Plains, which was called "Five Lakes" in history. Later, they launched Yongjia Uprising, rebelled against the brutal rule of the Western Jin Dynasty, and established many small countries, collectively known as "Sixteen Countries". This era is called "Five Wild Flowers". Among the sixteen countries, the former Qin dynasty once unified the north, but it soon failed. Among the five lakes, Xianbei people can truly unify the north. Xianbei nationality is a branch of Donghu people, from the northeast. The Han Dynasty defeated the Northern Xiongnu and occupied the desert. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it began to move south. Daiguo, Xiqin, Nanliang, Yan Qian, Houyan, Xiyan and Southern Yan in the sixteen countries were all founded by Xianbei people. Another Xianbei people entered Qinghai and established Tuguhun Kingdom.
Northern Dynasties: Xianbei people. In 36 years, Tuoba, a Xianbei ethnic group, rebuilt the country, and soon it was renamed Wei, which was called "Northern Wei" in history. The Northern Wei Dynasty quickly unified the North and became the Northern Dynasty, opposing the establishment of the Han nationality. During the period of Feng Taihou and Emperor Xiaowen, a comprehensive sinicization reform was carried out, which made the north settle down and the economy recovered. In 50 years, the Northern Wei Dynasty was divided, the western part was controlled by the family, and the eastern part was controlled by the Gao family, eventually forming the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty. Later, Emperor Yuwen Yong of Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi and unified the North.
Sui dynasty, Han nationality. In 5 1 year, Emperor Wendi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty proclaimed himself emperor and established the Sui Dynasty.
Tang Dynasty, Han nationality. The identity of the founder of the Tang Dynasty is also controversial. His family may come from Xianbei nationality or Han nationality, but they are also from China. Due to the formal ethnic integration in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, ethnic barriers were gradually eliminated, which created conditions for the reunification of Sui and Tang Dynasties. During the Tang dynasty, the surrounding ethnic minorities were no longer despised, but treated equally, and even made them officials and generals. The Tang dynasty also actively absorbed the national culture of the western regions. This is an important reason for the openness, self-confidence and prosperity of the Tang Dynasty.
Tang dynasty territory
After the Huang Chao Uprising, the Tang Dynasty collapsed and the whole country fell apart. The south formed a "ten-country" regime, and the north formed five generations alternately. Three of the five dynasties were founded by the Shatuo people of the Turkic nationality. Shatuo first lived in Junggar, the western region, then moved from Tubo to Gansu, and moved to Hedong after the Tang Dynasty, giving him the surname Li. After the Huang Chao Uprising, Li Keyong, the clan leader, assisted the Tang Dynasty and became the "King of Jin", one of the biggest separatist forces in the north. Later, Li Keyong's son Li Xucun destroyed Hou Liang and established the later Tang Dynasty. The later Jin Dynasty and the later Han Dynasty were founded by Shatuo people.
Third, from the Song Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
The last of the Five Dynasties was the Zhou Dynasty established by the Han nationality. When Emperor Wu of Zhou was in power, his national strength was strong and he was ready to reunify and split, but he died before he implemented it. From then on, Zhao Kuangyin seized power and established the Song Dynasty, which was called "Northern Song Dynasty" in history. The Northern Song Dynasty unified all the Han people at that time to establish political power, but it could not beat the neighboring minority political power, such as Dali, Vietnam, Xixia, Liao and so on, and its territory was relatively small. 127, the northern song dynasty was destroyed by the state of Jin, and the remnants went south to establish the southern song dynasty. 1279 was destroyed by the yuan dynasty.
In the late Tang Dynasty and Shang Dynasty,
Jurchen nationality, formerly known as Su Shen, Fuyu and Mohan. 1 14 Yan Hong Akuta, Hongyan unified the Jurchen nationality and established the Jin State. 125, the state of Jin destroyed the state of Liao. 127, Jin destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty. From then on, Jurchen became the fourth dynasty to occupy the Central Plains after merchants, Xianbei and Shatuo Turks. However, the Jurchen who entered the Central Plains was soon localized in China. After the demise of the Mongolian Jin Dynasty, these jurchen were collectively called "Han people".
The founders of the Yuan Dynasty were Mongols. Mongolian is also a branch of Xianbei nationality. Xianbei people were divided into Qidan and Shiwei in the Tang Dynasty, among which Mongolia belonged to Shiwei, known as "Wumeng Shiwei". After the demise of Uighur, it gradually migrated to the desert. It belongs to Liao country and Jin country successively. 106, Temujin unified the Mongolian plateau and established the Mongolian khanate. Later, Mongolia's iron hooves spread all over Asia and Europe. 1260, Kublai Khan succeeded to the throne and began to promote China culture. 17 1 year, Kublai Khan officially changed his name to Yuan, calling himself "Emperor of China". Mongols became the fifth minority to occupy the Central Plains.
1368, Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew the rule of the Yuan Dynasty. Because the Ming Dynasty was founded in the war against Mongolia, it had a very strong color of "the dispute between China and foreigners", and basically adopted the measure of "controlling foreigners with foreigners", brutally oppressing the surrounding ethnic minorities, so that the territory of the Ming Dynasty basically shrank within the Great Wall. Neighbouring Mongolia, Nuzhen and Miao have been fighting the Ming Dynasty. For example, the two times of "ploughing and sweeping holes" in the Ming Dynasty against the Jurchen in Jianzhou seriously deepened national hatred. Ming Yingzong was also captured by Mongols, who once invaded Beijing.
Ming dynasty territory
The founder of the Qing Dynasty was Manchu, but its ancestors belonged to the Jurchen nationality. 16 16 years, nuerhachi basically unified Jianzhou nuzhen and Haixi nuzhen, and rebuilt the state of Jin, which was called "the later Jin" in history. 1636, Huang taiji unified the whole northeast and conquered monan Mongolia, so he proclaimed himself emperor, changed Nuzhen to Manchuria and established the Qing Dynasty. 1644, the Ming dynasty was overthrown by Li Zicheng, and Dourgen took the opportunity to enter the customs, pacify the separatist forces and unify the whole country. Later, Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong conquered Mongolia, Tibet, Qinghai and Xinjiang. Make the territory of China reach130,000 square kilometers. The Qing Dynasty changed the practice of ethnic estrangement in the Ming Dynasty, but all ethnic groups in China were regarded as China people, and foreign treaties also took "China" as the country name, which laid the territory of China. In the late Qing Dynasty, the concept of * * * harmony among the five ethnic groups of the Chinese nation appeared.