A Study on Women's Issues in Yuan Dynasty —— A Case Study of Man Cheng Hua's Epitaph

& gt Keywords Petrochemical; Yuan dynasty; Female; Epitaph > China Library ClassificationNo.: K23>1In the early spring of 998, the fossilized tomb of the son of Cai Guogong Zhang Rou and the concubine of Zhang Honglve, who participated in politics and deliberation in Yuan Dynasty, was excavated in the national key cultural relics protection unit "Zhang Rou and its affiliated tombs" in Gangtou, Mancheng County. This discovery provides valuable information for studying the history of Yuan Dynasty. The collection of stone carvings in the past dynasties in Mancheng records the situation of Chinese tombs. & gt At present, there is still a lack of research on women in the Yuan Dynasty in academic circles, and most of the research on women in the Yuan Dynasty comes from Yuan Zaju, and the research on epitaphs is less involved. Therefore, taking the epitaph as the breakthrough point and the Chinese epitaph as the case study focus, this paper analyzes and discusses the related issues of women in the Yuan Dynasty from the perspectives of gender, sociology and history. If there are any mistakes, please ask experts and scholars to correct them. & gt I. Epitaph of Hua and Its Textual Research > (I) Overview of Mancheng's Tomb of Hua > The tomb of Zhang Honglve and his concubine are located at the foot of Xiyueming Mountain in Gangtou, 8 kilometers north of Mancheng County, with their father's tomb attached. Rou Tomb is in the north, Honglue Tomb is in the west and Honglue Tomb is in the north. & gt Hua Tomb is a bluestone tomb, which consists of a cover and an inscription. Sealing cover: 0.67m long, 0.43m wide and 0.06m high. Zhiming: It is 0.67m long, 0.43m wide and 0.06m high. On the cover of the seal, three lines and twelve characters are engraved with seal script: "Epitaph of Lady Hua in Qinghe County in Yuan Dynasty". Twenty-three lines, each with fifteen words, were carved in official script. The content of the article is Hua's life and experience. The engraving time was October 28th of the first year of Yuan Dynasty (134 1 year). Existing in Mancheng County Cultural Management Office, well preserved. & gt(2) Chinese Epitaph and Annotation; Hua's epitaph says: Mrs. Fan Yang, a native of China, belongs to Zhang at the age of 20. Virtue, harmony, respect, courtesy for a long time, Yifu will do good in every word and deed. Yue: "I can't please Da with empty words." Take the right path, you will knock on your forehead when you eat and wear clothes. Yue: "God bless me, I know the sky." Living in the house all day, not exceeding the boudoir, extravagance and extravagance, these are disgusting. At the beginning, my son died young, followed by the birth of Kim. When Cai was sixteen, he was already a grandfather. Madam's teachings, though expensive as cheap, are rich as poor. I don't want to be arrogant and take away my studies, so I came to Beijing to live. In the first year of Taiding, his wife was eighty years old and was born on June 6th. She was named Taifuren of Qinghe County. There are congratulations on the third anniversary, and a hundred people praise it. Three years, eighty-two, a little. Shunshun two years, 87 years old, old, became a sage. In the first year of Zhiyuan, he was 91 years old and gave two silks. In the first year of Zheng Zheng, he was 97 years old. He was born tomorrow and died in Bodie. Five Blessingg can have salty sacrifices, salty tears and salty sighs in other counties. Gu Jin was buried in Yi Xi Cave, Zhong Yi Cemetery, Gangtou, Mancheng on128. There are two pillars and one pillar on the edge of the tree. The book says: "Yuan Jingmen presented the petrochemical tomb of the 97-year-old wife of Taifu Life Insurance in Qinghe County to Bo Sheng." & gt□ Inscription of Blood and Tears: > My days are many, and so are my days. Who has his mother, nearly a hundred sacrifices, my God, Hosco Mountain, not a hundred, although my mother and son, my mother's birthday in the past, people did not like me, now there is no mother, everyone has a branch, the inscription is sad, the pain began in Japan. & gt Publisher is lofty > Interpretation: Mrs. Fan Yang Renhua married Zhang Honglve at the age of 23. She is gentle and gentle, gentle and cautious, and has long been polite to superiors and subordinates. Her words and deeds are convincing and she advocates good deeds. She said, "I can't tell lies to please others." Walk dignified and steady, and you must knock on your forehead when you dress and eat. He said, "God bless me, I can understand." Clean up the office all day, don't step out of the boudoir and refuse all impetuous, luxurious and wasteful things. At first, my son died young, and then Kim was born. When Jin was sixteen, and died one after another. His wife taught him to be loyal and upright. Even if his position is high, he should be as low as his position, even if his family is rich because his family is poor. Not to make him proud and waste his knowledge, so he came to Bo from Beijing. In the first year of Taiding, his wife was eighty years old. June 6th birthday, named Mrs Qinghe County. Everyone came to celebrate, and nearly a hundred people were full of praise. Three years, 82 years old, was given silks. Shunshun two years, 87 years old, with high expectations. In the first year of Zhiyuan, he was 91 years old and gave two silks. In the first year of Zheng Zheng, the day after her 97th birthday, she died in Bodie. People all over the county worship her, crying and sighing, saying that she has everything in Five Blessingg. 1On October 28th, the only son, Zhang Jin, was buried with her coffin in another cave on the west side of Zhong Yi Cemetery in Gangtou, Mancheng. Set up two stone pillars and a tombstone beside them. The tablet reads: "Yuan Jingmen presented the fossilized tomb of Zhang Zuxian, the 97-year-old mother of Taifu Life Insurance in Qinghe County, to Bo Sheng." & gt□ Engraving with Blood and Tears: I have largely realized God's expectation for me. Who has a mother who can live to be nearly a hundred years old? How dare my expectations of heaven be as high as this mountain? Even if we are mother and son, we dare not ask her to live over 100 years old, because no one has a mother with such a long life before. Unlike me, others have lost their mothers since then, and others have relied on them. Say these things, tell me the sorrow of being with heaven and earth. & gt The person who printed the inscription is Gao Yuan. & gt II. Study on the Epitaph of China and Related Issues > Judging from the location of the tomb of China and its epitaph, as Zhang Honglve's concubine, her status is quite high. "In the first year of Taiding, my wife was eighty years old. She was born on June 6th and was named Taifuren of Qinghe County. There are congratulations on the third anniversary, and a hundred people praise it. Three years, eighty-two, a little. Shunshun two years, 87 years old, old, became a sage. In the first year of Zhiyuan, at the age of 91, I gave two silks. " This is reflected not only in being named "Mrs. Qinghe County", but also in being praised. She not only received many awards from the imperial court, but also enjoyed high prestige in counties. When she died at the age of 97, "Xianxian County is salty, weeping and sighing, and Five Blessingg can get it." In this regard, this paper attempts to analyze the reasons why Hua gained such prestige in the social environment of the Yuan Dynasty, which can be roughly attributed to the following four factors: > (1) his wife died young, and his son and concubine > Hua was named "Mrs. Qinghe County" when he was 80 years old. The "maid" system is an honor and reputation system in feudal society, which publicly confirms the status of women to distinguish their family status, rank and rank. There are two forms of women in life, women in inner life and women in outer life. "The emperor's concubine and the prince's concubine are inner concubines, and the princess and princess are outer concubines." & gt A woman living in a foreign country is a gift for the princess and the aristocratic women below her. By the Tang Dynasty, the system of giving gifts to foreign wives was completely established. Mothers and wives of kings, concubines, heirs, county kings, civil and military officials, and lord protector and his mother's wife are the wives of the country; More than three products, the wife of the mother, the wife of the county; Four products, mother and wife, county; Five products, the mother's wife, the county; Separate officials and work together. "Meritorious officer four products, mother and wife for the township king. So is its home city. Depending on the quality of the master; It's not because the host doesn't add the name of the city. Madam Yunmopin, Jun Jun Yunmopin, Jun Jun and Xiang Jun allow this. " The appellations of women living in foreign countries are: Lady Princess, Lady Princess, Shu Ren, Shuoren, Yiren, Gongren, Pleasant, Anren and Confucian. In the Jin Dynasty, "the prince and the queen sealed the word king, from the first-class room; The county king's mother-in-law sealed the county king's wife; Mrs. Hou, Mrs. lord protector, and Mrs. Princess; Four products, official mother and wife, sealing the county; Five products mother and son seal the monarch; Sixth, mother and wife respect each other as guests; Seven products are pleasant. " The gift system for foreign women in the Jin Dynasty generally followed the Tang system. The only difference is that they give gifts to living women within one to five officials, while in the Jin Dynasty, six products and seven products were regarded as respectful and pleasant gifts. The system of giving foreign wives in Yuan Dynasty is the inheritance and development of Jin Dynasty system in Tang and Song Dynasties. According to the law of the Yuan Dynasty, if an illegitimate child reaches a certain level as an official, his mother can get a gift. Mother and wife give gifts according to the rank of husband and son, that is, "a woman has no title, but a husband's title, sitting on her teeth." "A mother's son is precious, and a wife is proud of her husband." Her husband, Zhang Honglve, attacked Cai Guogong, who participated in politics in Henan Province, and had a high position in the DPRK. Having a son, Jin, although illegitimate (the second son of Hongliu), has made achievements in the DPRK, which is undoubtedly the basis for his status promotion and title acquisition. In the third year of the emperor, "I will discuss the plan again in order to avoid redundancy" ... Philosophers should seal their parents, but not their mothers. "If mother dies, she will be sealed." The biological mother is not sealed, and the wife is not sealed first ... "If a woman is sealed by her husband and son, she is not allowed to remarry. If she doesn't comply, she will be rescued and divorced. " As can be seen from this record, the birth mother's donation and right rank after the first mother and before the wife of the illegitimate child. In other words, a mother can only be rewarded if her mother dies. When the biological mother is alive and absent, the biological mother gets the reward first, and then she can seal the illegitimate child's wife. & gt In the shade of the tombstone of Zhang Honglve's tomb, there is a passage engraved with it: "Both women are in Wang Xing, and they have acted before and both died. Three sons. Dr. Zhongshun, the commander-in-chief of Weihui Road and the commander-in-chief of Europe, are all troops of this road, responsible for persuading farmers. If the public does not mourn, the son of the vassal will not lack the day of mourning, but from the beginning, only be kind to him. Second Jin, Yan, Xianbei Suwei. Two women, salty to the famous family. " It can be seen that Zhang Honglve's two wives in wang xing both died young, which is also the premise for China to become Zhang Honglve's concubine and Kim's biological mother in order to obtain titles and other high status. & gt(2) Long life and courtesy for the living > In ancient China, the level of social productivity was low, the living conditions were not guaranteed, and the average life expectancy of the population was very low, so was the Yuan Dynasty. According to the statistics in Personal Life in Yuan Dynasty, "male is 35 1 person, with a total life expectancy of 22,364 years and an average life expectancy of 63.7 years; Female 12, with a total life expectancy of 898 years and an average life expectancy of 74.8 years. "There are 65 Mongolians with a total life expectancy of 3,353 years and an average life expectancy of 5 1.6 years. Han nationality is 23 1 person, with a total life expectancy of 15832 and an average life expectancy of 68.5 years. There are 67 people from other ethnic groups, with a total life expectancy of 529 1 year and an average life expectancy of 60.8 years. " Therefore, the average life expectancy of people in the Yuan Dynasty was generally not long. In addition, * * * also inherited the previous practice of "respecting the elderly" and taking care of the elderly. According to the regulations, the elderly over 80 can "keep a servant", that is, they are exempted from the chores of a descendant and let them serve the elderly. For people over 90, "there are two waiters". When the emperor ascended the throne, he often sent silks to the elderly over 80 to show his concern. Sinopec was born tomorrow at the age of 97 and died in Bodie. Nowadays, the 97th birthday is rare, and it was not easy at that time, so the courtesy was increased and silks were given repeatedly. & gt(3) Excellent quality, good upbringing > According to the epitaph, petrochemical has some excellent qualities that the social class in Yuan Dynasty required women to have, such as firmness, meekness, prudence, staying at home, frugality, etc., which is also one of the important factors for her to gain praise and prestige. & gt 1. "Be prepared for danger in times of peace" The concept of chastity of women in the Yuan Dynasty should be said to be a direct inheritance of the ethics of the Song Dynasty. As Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties was gradually re-enabled by Mongolian rulers, traditional ethical concepts spread in the upper strata of Yuan Dynasty. In the mid-Yuan Dynasty, the Mongolian rulers established the ideological dominance of Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism, and advocated: "Those who starve to death are small things, and those who lose their integrity are big things." . & gt In the Yuan Dynasty, * * * scholar-officials strongly advocated and praised women's chastity. They emphasized that "being famous is rich without gold coins and expensive without glory". As the saying goes, "it is easy to get a name, but difficult to keep it." In fact, it is to highlight the loyalty of women. "What is not from, what is not attached. Although it has other beauty, it is not enough to be redeemed. This understanding strengthened the moral and ethical norms of feudal society, thus providing a theoretical basis for women's view of chastity. A woman's morality is based on obedience. She can obey her husband at home and her family at home. They can help them without bullying or jealousy. " In this way, the female virtue of "shun-oriented" should also be the concrete embodiment of female virtue. In the epitaph, Petrifaction is praised as "loyalty, filial piety and righteousness", and her virtue of faithfulness and obedience is a quality highly respected by Yuan society. & gt2. "Stay at home all day, never leave the boudoir" > In the Yuan Dynasty, influenced by feudal ethics, many families adopted various extremely strict measures to make friends with women. Yan (now Beijing) became an official, "the family law was purged, and both inside and outside were cut. Women can't go out of the middle door without reason. "Hanzhong (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi) Wang Deyu said," The strictness of family law is particularly important for the difference between Chinese and foreign men and women. The woman sends her son to the middle gate; The male guest hasn't arrived at the middle gate yet. If you have something to do, you should choose the very young and those who want to die. " Hua's "staying at home all day, not exceeding the boudoir", she tied herself at home independently, stayed at home and strictly observed etiquette. This "correct" behavior has been praised by the world. & gt3. Educating children, The Righteous Training > When women play the role of mothers, the most important task is to educate their children morally. It is a very conscious behavior and an important thought in women's sexual life to make men in the family grow up healthily and succeed. Yuan people thought: "Women in ancient and modern times are called' merit, tolerance, resignation and virtue'. Although, you don't have to write a book, because all the children can be taught by virtuous mothers. " And China's "training with righteousness", although expensive for cheap, although rich for poor. I don't want to be arrogant and take away my studies, so I came to Beijing to live. "Her moral education for her son's growth is also universally recognized. & gt4. Prominent family background and high position > Her high status and prestige are reflected in her epitaph, which is also related to the rank and status of her husband and his family. & gt The chastity system in Yuan Dynasty began with ancestors. There was once a Yuan Dynasty with a generation of customization. In Yuan Shizu, based on benevolence, "Dun Festival proclaims righteousness", "Tired of courting counties and counties, dutiful sons and virtuous daughters are planted according to the facts", thus opening the system of observing festivals in Yuan Dynasty. > The chastity system in Yuan Dynasty consists of specific principles, procedures and methods. Fine watches are a reward for women with superior skills. Those who perform well are often recommended by grass-roots organizations (such as Li Jiacun Society, President Li Chang, village elders and local Confucian scholars) to counties, and then from counties to state capitals, which are a province until the Central Ritual Department. The court appointed Lian Fang Division and Yiwei Division to be responsible for checking the contracts reached at all levels. It's true, and then I'll show you the door below. Generally speaking, according to the level of the object of the table, it is written by ci officials and then printed by the government. Uploading and issuing the watch-reading program is an obvious feature of the watch-reading system in Yuan Dynasty. & gt The class status of women in Yuan Dynasty was inconsistent, and the heroic deeds of Women's Day were also quite different. Women of different status have different stories and enjoy different advantages and disadvantages. The heroic deeds of Global Women's Day are only a list of local county officials, with low specifications, little influence and thin treatment. If it is not the turn to "set a good example", there will be "village filial piety", and the influence of this type of performance will be even narrower. A married woman who belongs to the ruling class looks at it in a very different way from ordinary women. Usually marked by provincial officials. & gt in the name of * * *, the adopted daughter of virtuous women has great influence, mostly aristocratic women in the upper class. As a political act, there will naturally be a strong tendency to choose the way and the object of viewing. & gt It is precisely because Hua's husband's family is prominent and her social status is high that she belongs to an upper-class aristocratic woman, which creates the necessary conditions for her to win honor. At the same time, in response, being commended is also a contribution of women like Hua to family honor. & gt III. Conclusion > 1998 The Chinese Tomb and its affiliated tombs excavated in Gangtou, Mancheng County provided us with new data for studying the related issues of women in Yuan Dynasty. Judging from the location of Hua Tomb and its epitaph, as Zhang Honglue's concubine, her status is quite high, and she not only enjoys a high prestige in the family, but also was named as a foreign woman by the court, and was praised many times. & gt China has a high family background and social status, mainly due to the following reasons: First, Zhang Honglve's wife died young, and Huawei had a son, Jin. Although he is an illegitimate child, he has made some achievements in the DPRK, which is undoubtedly the premise and foundation for China's status to be improved and get a higher status such as titles. Secondly, the average life expectancy of people in Yuan Dynasty was generally short. In the Yuan Dynasty, * * * inherited the previous practice of "respecting the elderly" and took care of the elderly. Watson was 97 years old, so he was treated with courtesy and repeatedly received silks and silks. In addition, according to the epitaph, Shihua has some excellent characters and etiquette norms that the social class of Yuan Dynasty requires women to have, such as "chastity, harmony and respect", "staying at home all day, not exceeding the boudoir" and good upbringing of her children, which is also one of the important factors for her to gain praise and prestige. Finally, Zhang Hongliao, Hua's husband, participated in politics in Henan Province, and Dr. Rong Lu, Ping Zhang, Shang Zhuguo and Cai Guogong of Hua Fu's family were prominent, and their social status was high, which was the necessary condition for her to gain a prominent position. & gt To sum up, from this point of view, the reason why Mancheng Fahrenheit gained high social and family status and prestige was not isolated, but the result of the interaction of many factors under the background of the times and the norms and expectations of the upper rulers of the Yuan Dynasty for women. The study of female epitaphs in the Yuan Dynasty is also a new way to grasp the survival and living conditions of women in the Yuan Dynasty. & gt reference: > [1][ Tang] Du You. Universal code [M]. Zhejiang: Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House, 1988. & gt[2][ Ming] Song Lian. Yuan history [M]. Shanghai: Zhonghua Book Company, 1976. & gt[3] Editorial Committee of the Catalogue Series of Sikuquanshu. 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