What did farmers in ancient China use?

A.D. (976-983) Taiping Guang Ji. According to this book, when it was invented in the 7th century. The devices for taking water from rivers, lakes and ponds include orderly buckets, various dumpers (keel waterwheels, Figure 2), pipe trucks, thirsty black (siphon) and crane drinks. Manual rollover and pedal rollover (excerpted from Agricultural Administration Encyclopedia) were created by Bilan in the Eastern Han Dynasty around AD 186, and improved by Ma Jun in the Three Kingdoms period. Later, cattle tippers, water tippers and pneumatic tippers were developed. The water roller car is equipped with a waterwheel on the river bank. The lower part of the water wheel is immersed in the water flow, and the water wheel is driven to rotate by water power. Several bamboo tubes installed on the circumference of the water wheel bring water to the top in turn and flow into the water receiving tank. Liu Tang Yuxi (772-842) wrote a paper, "Pump, pump, pump, pump". The water lifting tool mentioned in this paper is this kind of water roller. In Wang Zhen's agricultural book L, there is a picture of a water roller, as well as a donkey roller and a high roller' Figure 3'. Longing for Black was also written by Bi Lan. There are pictures and illustrations of "Siphon" and "Crane Drink" in Wang Ming's micro-book (illustrations of newly-made vessels). Harvesting, threshing and cleaning equipment Cultural sites in 4900 BC Since 5500 BC, stone sickles with serrated blades have appeared. By 2800 BC, BC 1900 BC, clam knives and serrated stone sickles appeared again. There was a copper sickle in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, but it was not widely used. Iron inlay began to appear in the Warring States Period and was widely used in the Western Han Dynasty. Later, many different types of harvesting tools were developed. In the "Agricultural Book", there are money, love, Lu Lian, tuilian and Quancheng. There are also pickaxes for harvesting potatoes, crochets for harvesting cotton stalks, and wedges for cutting grass and firewood. Threshing and cleaning devices include flail, climbing stone phosphorus, fan car and so on. Flail was invented in the Spring and Autumn Period. There are useful records in the book of agriculture that hinder the threshing of Bo. Fan car, also known as windmill or staggered fan, was invented in the Western Han Dynasty. The earliest grain processing equipment for agricultural products processing equipment is the stone mill Figure 3 advanced roller (extracted from "Agricultural Administration Complete Book") and roller. Stone mills have been unearthed in the ruins of the late Paleolithic period, which shows that people used this equipment to process the collected grains long before the birth of agriculture. The stone mills and service sticks unearthed in the ruins from 4900 BC to 5500 BC are quite neat. Another kind of grain processing equipment is oak mortar. Stone teeth dating from about 5000 BC were unearthed in the site, and China has been used for agricultural production from ancient times to the middle of Qing Dynasty. In ancient books, it was called farm tools or field implements. In addition to what is recorded in ancient books, many ancient agricultural tools have been unearthed in archaeological excavations, including instruments of various periods before written records. A large number of ancient farm tools unearthed in various places show that as early as 5000 BC in the early Neolithic period, with the birth of primitive agriculture, simple and rough stone tools, mussels and pottery appeared. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period in the 5th century BC, iron farm tools were widely used. By the Song and Yuan Dynasties from 10 to 14, there were more than 300 kinds of farm tools, such as land reclamation, farming, sowing, intertillage, harvesting and threshing, processing, sericulture and boat racing, which met the requirements of different regions. Many farm tools were invented and applied earlier than other countries and regions in the world. Farming and land preparation farmers have varieties such as immobile, front, front, mirror (shovel), town, chromium, pole, plow, rake, second, powder, sugar, cover, barrier, monument and scraper. Stone shovels, bone shovels and bone meal were unearthed in the cultural sites of 3300 years before 5500 BC. In the cultural sites from 2900 to 2800 BC, there are traces of unearthed double-toothed wood. This intermittent eating behavior is gradually replaced by the continuous human plowing behavior. After Yin, it was gradually replaced by animal-drawn plows. By the Spring and Autumn Period, animal-drawn plows had been widely used. At the beginning of the Warring States period, there were iron plows and birch trees, and at the end of the Warring States period, there were plow walls. In the 9th century A.D., Lu Guimeng of the Tang Dynasty wrote a fairly complete animal-drawn plow (see birch plow). Sowing and planting equipment includes buildings for drilling holes, indigo plants for hole sowing, acid and tablet trucks for compacting soil after sowing, seedling horses for transplanting rice seedlings, etc. Loulou, also known as Louche or Plow, is the earliest drilling rig in the world. In Wang Zhen's books (agricultural books), there is also a kind of dung squeezing, which is to mix seeds with sifted fine dung or silkworm excrement and plant them together. This is the earliest fertilizing seeder. The seeder (Figure L) can also be found in Wang Zhen's agricultural books, and the one-eyed seeder (Figure L is taken from Wang Zhen's agricultural books) shows that this kind of hole sowing tool has existed since the early14th century. The record of Yang Ma was first found in Song of Yang Ma written by Su Shi in A.D. 1094. Intertillage weeding tools include money, shovels, mirrors, mattresses, hammers and hoes; Early ploughing uses animal power to press hoes; Manual intertillage weeding tools in paddy field, such as claws and swings. Stone hoes appeared in Longshan cultural site, and iron hoes appeared in the Warring States period. The record of Lou Feng was first seen in "A Theory of Knowing Support" between Song and Yuan Dynasties. Wang Zhen's records of raking and swinging in agricultural books. China, an irrigation instrument, mastered the sinking technology as early as the Longshan culture period, and later successively created well-used water lifting tools such as orange sticks, roller barriers and bucket wheels. For the early records of orange branches, see (Zhuangzi and Tian Yun) the dialogue between Yan Yuan (5265438 BC+0- 490 BC) and Shi Jin. In A.D. 147, there was an early orange plum picture on the stone relief of Liangci Temple in Hanwu (Jiaxiang County, Shandong Province). During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the drum protector was used to lift copper ore from the shaft, and it was also used for general lifting and water lifting operations in the future. In the 6th century A.D., Jia Simu's Book of Qi Yaomin recorded that "deep wells are protected by rollers, while shallow wells are protected by orange branches". In Wang Zhen's Agricultural Book, there is also a kind of "double roller guard" which uses two containers to alternately lift water up and down. For the early records of bucket-type waterwheels, see the book in the period of Taiping and Xingguo in the Northern Song Dynasty (a large number of stone teeth and mortars were unearthed in the site 3(X)0 years before 5000 BC). Pedal man is developed from manual oak mortar. By the end of the Western Han Dynasty, there were still beast men and water men. In Jin Dynasty (222-284), Du Yu made a series of hydraulic motors, and a water wheel drove several motors. The rotary grinding of the upper and lower millstones was originally called Ai, which was invented by the Lu nationality's public transport class (Luban) in the Spring and Autumn Period. In the ruins of the late Warring States period, a stone was unearthed by polishing, which was further popularized in the Western Han Dynasty. Du Yu has done water-to-water continuous grinding (Figure 4), as well as animal power eight-plate continuous grinding, water milling and so on. Wind mill appeared at the end of Jin Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty. Grass for peeling was invented in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In Wang Zhen's agricultural books, there are also three things about an ice wheel with three functions of grinding, grinding and luxury, a "water hammer" for screening flour, and a "roller" for processing cottonseed into lint. Side knives used to process forage were found in the ruins of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Rural transportation. The invention of ancient cars and boats in China has a history of at least 4,500 years. There have been four carriages in Shang Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang, Pu Yuan and others created the "wooden ox flowing horse", which is a kind of unicycle. There are four unicycles on the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival painted by Zhang Zeduan in the Northern Song Dynasty. Wang Zhen's "Agricultural Book" lists "ship doors", among which there are animal-drawn "carts" and "getting off" suitable for low-lying areas; Wheelless "trailer" drawn by livestock and sliding on the ground; The "short-lived, light-handed" agricultural boats used in water towns are used for boating. Bamboo ropes are set between the two banks to facilitate farmers to climb boats and cross the river. (Huang Gugen)