Basic Introduction Chinese Name: Three Metric Types: The central administrative system began with: the abbreviation of the Western Zhou Dynasty: "Three Publics" and "Three Divisions"? The origin, budding period, Western Zhou Dynasty, Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period, Mature Period, Decline Period, references, and the origin of the system, namely, Prime Minister, Qiu Wei, and imperial envoys, were established in the Qin Dynasty and gradually customized in the Western Han Dynasty. The evolution of the three metric systems in the Western Han Dynasty can be divided into three stages. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, heroes were regarded as three fairs, and the position of prime minister was respected. In the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, Qiu was renamed Fu, which spanned Chinese and foreign dynasties. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Sima was in charge of political affairs, and Yushilu was on an equal footing with the Prime Minister, and the three metric systems were becoming more and more complete. The word "three publics" appeared in Shang Dynasty. According to Records of Historical Records Yin Benji, Xibochang, Jiuhou and Ehou are the "three fairs". [1](P 106) At that time, Sangong was only a temporary office appointed by the king, and there was no clear division of labor. As the right-hand man of the Shang king, they helped the Shang king to deal with the sharp social contradictions at that time and suppressed the people's resistance. * * * together constituted the power center of Shang Dynasty, and their duties were equivalent to Yin in the early Shang Dynasty or later generations. Officials under it are called "Liao Bai Yin Shu" or "Andrew Bai Bi". Of course, the "hundred guards" or "hundred monarchs" here are empty, saying that there are many officials. They are responsible for government affairs, military affairs, state affairs, etc. And accepted the leadership of the three fairs, initially forming the embryonic form of the central government in later dynasties. In the embryonic period of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the first of the 100 officials who assisted the King of Zhou was Sangong. In Historical Records of Zhou Guan, it is said that "a surname, a teacher, and a taibao are established. We are just three public officials, talking about the classics and discussing yin and yang. It is not necessary to be an official, but a person. " [2](P267) According to "Da Dai Shu", "Zhao Gong is a Taibao, the Duke of Zhou is a Taifu, and the Taigong is a Taishi". [3] (p11) The Guan Bai Gong Qing Biao in the Han Dynasty also said: In the Zhou Dynasty, "a surname, a teacher and a Taibao official, the towering son of Gai, are all presidents, so they don't take one position as the official name ... Remember that the three officials have their own words. It can be inferred that the Western Zhou Dynasty was the formation period of the three metric systems, and it did not form a fixed position at first. When there is a suitable candidate, let him serve as the advisor of the son of heaven and assist him in making decisions on state affairs. Later, he gradually became a full-time worker, replacing the emperor to handle some government affairs, and together with Zhou Wang, he formed a central power center. Its scope of authority has developed from having no clear boundaries to having special responsibilities, which helps Zhou Wang to better control his subjects. However, it has the characteristics of administration, military and supervision. The executive organs of power under the "three publics" are divided into "inner court" and "outer court". The outer court handles daily affairs, and the inner court is responsible for Zhou Wang's daily life. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the characteristics of central administrative systems in various countries have changed. In order to reform internal affairs and compete for hegemony, countries have a prime minister and a head of state military and political affairs under the monarch, with different names, generally called Xiang or ruling. They assisted monarchs, cashiers and kings in military affairs. He is the chief executive in peacetime and the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces in wartime, forming a power center. In essence, he played the role of "three publics" at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, with the characteristics of distinguishing between military and political affairs and employing people to supervise. Under it, ministers and doctors in charge of specific government affairs form executive bodies. During the Warring States period, the central governments of various countries have been in a state of division. The person in charge of the administrative agency is an item, and Chu is called Lingyin. He always leads officials and is responsible to the monarch. Militarily, the general is responsible. The combination of * * * and * * constitutes the power center of each country. This is what is said in "The Original Official of Wei Liaozi". " Officials are civil and military, but Wang Erji is also. [5](P59) This makes the power of officials have checks and balances, which facilitates the monarch to control state affairs and effectively prevents the danger of being excluded and replaced, but its employment and supervision are still mixed. Officials are responsible for implementing government decrees. The generals and ministers of the Warring States played the role of the three fairs at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, which can be regarded as different names of the three fairs. According to historical records, at the end of the Warring States period, it was said: "Zhao died, Qin Wang died, and three. ".[6](P2335)" Biography of Historical Records and Lisi "said:" The emissary said that the three rivers belong to each other, and slightly let Si occupy three places. How can a thief do this? " [7](P2554) It can be seen that at that time people regarded Xiang as the position of three publics. The change of the names and numbers of officials who constitute the power center is due to the need of the monarch to strengthen the centralization of monarchy. As long as its power center function plays its functional role, it is meaningless to change the number and name of power centers. In the mature period of 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang unified the six countries and established the first centralized feudal country in China. At the same time, in order to strengthen centralization and absolute monarchy, the emerging feudal landlord class formally established the system of "three officials and nine ministers" in the central court and formed a new central power center. The biggest feature of the metric system of Qin Sanpin is the separation of administrative, military and supervisory powers. According to Han Shu Gongqing Table, the prime minister and the government were the three officials who presided over state affairs in the Qin Dynasty, collectively called officials, and were the centers of court officials. The prime minister of Qin is "the golden seal and purple ribbon, the son of heaven is in charge, and ten thousand machines are auxiliary." [4](P725) The Prime Minister of Qin set up more left and right members to restrain each other and avoid excessive concentration of power. So at the beginning of the Qin Dynasty, its first prime ministers were Wei Xiao and Wang Wan. Since then, there have been right prime minister Feng Quji and left prime minister Li Si. Nominally, the Prime Minister is the head of civil servants and the first of the three public offices. But when Qin Shihuang became the first emperor, the emperor held heavy power. "Prime ministers are subject to success, relying on discrimination and superiority. [9](P258) When Qin Ershi was appointed, the Prime Minister was added, and Zhao Gao was appointed as the Prime Minister. Because Zhao Gao is a eunuch, the China people here refer to the palace. Qin has the post of autumn, but it is not permanent. "Han Shu's" Guan Bai Gong Qing Biao "said," Qiu, Qin Guan and Jin Yinzi Wan are in charge of military affairs. " [4](P725) It is also said in the Preface of Officials in Hanshu that "Han Qin Cheng said Thailand and Wei". [6](P 1002) However, according to Qin Zhi, Historical Records, Chronicle of Six Kingdoms and related biographies, before the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, most foreign wars over the years were led by prime ministers, generals, generals, Liang Zuozuo, Wudefu or Prince Keqing, except Qiu, who were temporary. Some important activities after the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, such as the emperor's number discussion in the twenty-sixth year of the first emperor and the Langya stone carving in the twenty-eighth year, were only prime ministers and imperial envoys, without Qiu. Probably in order to strengthen the imperial power, Qin Shihuang personally held this position and directly controlled the army. In the future, most dynasties will follow this practice. Therefore, whether there is a full-time Qiu does not hinder the function of the power center. Qin set up an imperial historian as deputy prime minister. As early as the Zhou dynasty, there was an empire, but at that time it was only a low-level historian. In the early years of Qin dynasty, due to the need of restraining mutual power and strengthening supervision, he was replaced by an imperial envoy, "a big official, a silver Qing and a deputy prime minister." [4](P725) At the suggestion of Cheng Heshi and other officials, the main duties of the Imperial Adviser are: first, to execute imperial edicts and write books, with officials and ministers in charge of books and records. The second is to supervise hundreds of officials, quote illegal cases according to regulations, and take care of major cases. Yuan said, "Qin set up an empire, which ruled the prison." [7](P246) The physician has a very close relationship with the emperor and is the eyes and ears of the emperor. Therefore, the establishment of the three metric systems in Qin dynasty marked the strengthening of imperial power. The Han dynasty inherited the Qin system. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, there was a prime minister Qiu and an ancient scholar. For the distinguished Prime Minister, it is called Guo Xiang. Lv Buwei of Qin Dynasty and Xiao He of Emperor Gaozu were both prime ministers. Under the prime minister of the Han Dynasty, there were several prime ministers' histories, all of which were secretaries, and the long history was their long history. When Liang Wudi was emperor, the Prime Minister's Office set up a department to supervise officials who violated the law and discipline. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the position of the Prime Minister was extremely respected, and all the worshippers were sealed, even the emperor had to respect him for three points. His position is above Qiu He. In the early Western Han Dynasty, Tai Wei was the highest military officer. After Liu Bang's death, Qiu's position was intermittent. Emperor Jianyuan dismissed this official in the second year. "In the fourth year of Yuan Dynasty, in founding ceremony, Fu was first established and made a general." [4](P725) General Fu became the highest military commander in the country. After Liang Wudi's death, Huo Guang presided over the state affairs with the title of General Fu in charge of military affairs, and his power gradually surpassed that of the Prime Minister. However, in most cases, the prime minister is still the head of a hundred officials. When the post of prime minister in the Han Dynasty is vacant, it is usually held by a physician. Under the physician, there is a physician named Zhong Cheng, who is in charge of court officials, books and archives collected by the state in Lantai, and local supervision of secretariat. The imperial edicts of the Western Han Dynasty were issued by the imperial censor to the prime minister, who in turn issued them to the governors, and by the imperial censor Zhongcheng to the county chief. Liu bang also awarded the title of physician to the general of the whole army. In his later years, Liang Wudi added a captain from Li Si, who was responsible for investigating the illegal acts of officials and people in counties such as Gyeonggi, Sanfu, Sanhe (Hanoi, Hedong and Henan) and Hongnong, and became an important official in the supervision system. The official office of the imperial supervision system in the Western Han Dynasty was called Imperial House or Imperial Doctor Hall. When the Han Dynasty proclaimed himself emperor, the ancient scholar He Wu wrote a letter earnestly demanding "building three officials" and opposing the prime minister's monopoly on three officials. The result was approved by the emperor. "He Wu, an ancient imperial doctor, is a common occurrence, and all of them have been promoted to prime minister." [4](P3405) From then on, Yushi was renamed Da, and the position was "Golden Seal Class, Prime Minister Ruby". [4](P725) "The ancient teacher said: Han system, three public mangokus, a monthly salary of 350 to welcome the valley" [4](P72 1) Prime Minister, Fu Sihe Da became the highest-ranking officials of the three independent portals in the DPRK. Its power checks and balances each other, which is convenient for the emperor to control and the three metric systems are mature. In the second year of Emperor Yuan Shou's love, the Prime Minister changed his name to Da Situ, and his rank was all under Fu, which was equal to Fu and Da. During the decline and fall of the Han Dynasty, the status of Sanpin men was highly respected, and emperors were often subject to them. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to strengthen the imperial power, some people from humble origins were often promoted and appointed as Chinese doctors, Zhulang and other officials. They usually made suggestions around the emperor and formed the so-called "imperial palace officials". And use them to compete with "foreign officials" headed by the Prime Minister. At the same time, it is often used to draft imperial edicts, which are conveyed to the throne through the Shangshu Department affiliated to Shaofu, so as to personally examine the government and weaken the relative rights. Therefore, the confidential secretary of the ancient imperial censor was gradually transferred to the Shangshu department, and the authority of the ancient imperial censor was shrinking. Since then, the power of three public offices has been usurped. At the beginning of the founding of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu adjusted the setting and functions of the three central governments. Tai Wei, Situ and Sikong are three public offices, collectively known as the "three divisions". The division of Jiuqing: Tai Wei is in charge of Tian, Tai Chang, Wei and Guang Luxun; Si Tuleideng, Bu Shi, Dahonglu, Ting Wei; Zong Zheng, Shaofu and Dasinong are the main places. The supervisory function of the Eastern Han Dynasty was no longer under the responsibility of his subordinates. There are thousands of stones in the history of the empire. There are two people in charge of this book, who are responsible for the interpretation of legal provisions; There are 15 consultants who are responsible for investigating the illegal acts of officials and receiving instructions from officials and officials. When an official makes a pilgrimage or the state holds a grand ceremony, the imperial historian Cheng or the imperial historian supervises his dignity. The official position of censor in the Eastern Han Dynasty was often called censorate or Lantaitai, so the ancients often called the supervisor "Taiwan official". Zhong Cheng, a junior imperial adviser, was appointed as a supervisor, so that the emperor could control him. At the same time, Emperor Guangwu restored the position of Li Si Taiwei and expanded his power. The captain of the Li Si Army has great power to inspect officials in the capital and lead the country. Liehou, consorts, the following three, regardless of rank, do everything possible to correct them. Liu Xiu emphasized restraining nobles and dignitaries to improve imperial power. Guangwudi also increased the power of Shangshu and formally established Shangshutai. Shangshutai has one Shangshuling and one Shangshuling servant, ranking 2,000 stones. There are six Cao's in charge of affairs, and each Cao has a minister. Most of the emperors in the Eastern Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne in their early years, so they often presided over the political affairs with the help of the Book of History written by Tai Fu. In this way, the teacher is above the three fairs, which is called going to work. Or it is called "Four Houses" together with the three fairs. When the emperor grew up, in order to concentrate on himself, he often crossed the three fairs and gave orders through the bookstore. So the power of the three fairs was further weakened. Only by adding titles such as collar, record or participation in history can the three official positions participate in state affairs, otherwise they can only handle some daily official duties. "Biography of Wang Chong, Wang Fu and Zhong Changtong" said, "Although it is fair, it belongs to the cabinet. Since then, the three positions have only been prepared. " [8](P 1657) The transfer of power led to the three metric systems being ineffective. "Han Guan Yi" even expressly stipulates that when three officials meet an official order and shoot servants, the left and right officials must return to the car to escape. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao monopolized the power, removed the three official positions, and appointed the Prime Minister and the Imperial Doctor. When Cao Cao became prime minister, he always led hundreds of officials and presided over state affairs. Cao Zhi's affairs were separated in the Prime Minister's House, which was also the beginning of Cao Zhi's affairs from the imperial court to the foreign court. In the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, although there were three fairs, they were only honorary titles as meritorious ministers, and there was no actual position. The function of its power center is gradually replaced by the "three provinces and six departments system". In the later dynasties, except for Zheng He's dismissal in the second year (112), Taishi, Taifu and Taibao were all appointed as real prime ministers. In the early Ming Dynasty, Taishi, Taifu and Taibao were regarded as three titles, while the three titles in other dynasties were all empty titles. The honorary title of Sangong as a hero continued until the end of feudal society. References [1] (Han) Sima Qian. 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