Classical Chinese translation is an important means to cultivate and improve the reading ability of ancient Chinese, and to check and evaluate the level of ancient Chinese. There are two kinds of translation of classical Chinese: literal translation and free translation.
The so-called literal translation is to translate basically according to the words in the original text, and strive to make every word in the original text reflected in the translation. For example, I sincerely call myself Fu Su and Xiang Yan, the sons of my people. If I sing for the world, I should respond more.
("Historical Records? Chen She family) Translation: If we really take a vacation now? GD799？ It is said that the son Fu Su and the general Xiang Yan's team, as the advocacy of the whole country, will certainly have many people to respond. The so-called free translation refers to a general translation that does not completely follow the original words, but only follows the main idea of the original text.
For example, the above example can be translated into: If we really launch a righteous act now, pretending to the people that we are the troops of sons and nephews Fu Su and Xiang Yan, and taking the lead in the whole country, then many people will certainly respond to us and join us. Generally speaking, the translation of classical Chinese should adopt literal translation, not free translation.
Second, translation criteria: Yan Fu, a famous scholar in modern times, first put forward three translation principles and criteria, namely "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance". He said: "there are three difficulties in translating things: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance."
It's hard enough to gain his trust. If you don't believe me, even if you don't translate it, will it be okay? What?
……? Trust, reach out and seek elegance. This is also the standard of ancient Chinese translation. The so-called judgment sentence is a sentence that uses nouns, pronouns or noun phrases as predicates to judge the subject.
Its common form is as follows: 1 "... Zhe, ... Ye", ... Ye ",... Ye", ... Ye ",... Ye" and so on. Such as: "Lian Po, Zhao Zhiliang will also. "
[Exercise 1] List such judgments in the classical Chinese we have studied. Chen Shengsheng is also from Yangcheng.
(2) a ridge porch, old south pavilion also. (3) Nanyang Liu Ziji, noble's also.
Those people were shocked, and Zhou didn't shoot. (5) seven slightly four libraries, the book of the son of heaven.
6 in the palace, everything is one. ⑦ Liang, my enemy, Prince, my foundation.
I hate these three today, too. Pet-name ruby bribing qin and losing strength, the way burst its banks.
Attending, the effect of fighting also. 2. Adverbs Shi, Shi, Shi, Cheng and Wei are used to express judgment.
For example, "Today is the autumn of great submission." [Exercise 1] List such judgments in the classical Chinese we have studied.
When you ask what the world is like today, you don't know if there are any Han people. I wonder what year it is today.
(3) is now in the tomb. (4) Fu Liang is chu will Xiang Yan.
This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower. 6. Either you die or you move.
⑦ This is kindness, loyalty and purity. Today is a crucial autumn.
Pet-name ruby Now, I am a fish. Attending I am a madman in Chu, and the wind is laughing at Kong Qiu.
3. Use the negative adverb "Fei" to express negation. For example, "six countries collapse, not bad soldiers, bad wars."
[Exercise 1] List such judgments in the classical Chinese we have studied. (More than 3 sentences) ① Climbing up a mountain, the arm is not lengthened, but the person you see is far away.
(2) The city is not high, the city is not deep, and the soldiers and grass are not strong. (3) The North Sea is not too mountainous.
2. passive sentences in classical Chinese, the subject of some sentences is the receiver of the action, which is a passive sentence. Its common types are: 1. See you. See you.
For example, "I often laugh at a generous family." [Exercise 1] List such passive sentences in classical Chinese that we have studied.
(The number of sentences is more than 3) Afraid of being bullied by the king. (2) Qin Cheng was afraid that he could not get it, but saw his bullying.
(3) so confused in Zheng Xiu, rely on yi cheung. (4) Li Zifan, seventeen years old, studied at school.
2. "for" and "for ..." are passive. For example, "parents, clans, were all slaughtered."
(1) die, laugh at the world. (2) For the country, no ambassador will be taken away by Wikipedia.
(3) Serve the Group in terms of income. (4) first fear for fuck.
(5) After the Chu Dynasty was conquered, it was destroyed by Qin for several decades. 3. Inverted sentences in ancient Chinese are relative to the sentence order in modern Chinese. Based on this, we divide inversion sentences in classical Chinese into prepositional object, attributive postposition, adverbial postposition and verb inversion.
1. Preposition object The so-called prepositional object is a component that is usually used as an object and placed in front of the predicate verb to express emphasis. For example, the word "zhi" in the "disagreement" is the prepositional object.
Preposition objects are usually divided into four situations. (1) In interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are objects and prepositional objects.
What is the king doing here? (2) In negative sentences, pronouns are objects and prepositions are objects. For example, "the ancients did not bully."
(3) Advance the object with the help of "Zhi" and "Shi". For example, "I don't know the sentence, but I don't understand it."
"It is urgent to study hard and it is rare to see it." (4) Preposition objects in prepositional phrases.
For example, "Why else would the book be here?" 2. Attributive Postposition Usually attributive should be placed in front of the head word, but there are many sentences in classical Chinese that put attributive after the head word. For example, "Earthworms have no advantages as minions, but their bones and muscles are strong. They eat the earth and drink yellow water, and they are also diligent. "
Among them, "benefit" and "strength" are post-attributes. The attributive postposition in classical Chinese has the following situations.
(1) Postposition the attribute with "zhi". Such as: "How many people are there in the world?" (2) Use the postposition of "zhe".
For example, "a horse can travel thousands of miles, and a stone can eat it all." 3. Adverbials are postpositioned in ancient Chinese. Preposition structures are adverbials and are often placed after sentences as complements.
For example, "the poor speak better than the rich" and "the rich" are prepositional phrases, which are placed at the end of sentences as complements. 4. Subject-predicate inversion is rare, often to express a strong sigh.
For example, "Sorry, you don't like it." "Beautiful, I am a young man from China."
[Exercise] Judge the sentence patterns in the following sentences. (1) It is impossible to protect the people and be king.
(2) There is no difference in love between the king and the people. (3) What is virtue, then you can be king? (4) How do you know I can do it? (5) What a pity! Too vulgar! If you want to go to Suzhou and Bai Letian, you will be a fool.
Mortals who can't teach their children don't want to be trapped in their own sins. 4. Elliptic sentences in classical Chinese are common, and mastering them is helpful to the end.
2. How to better translate classical Chinese: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance?
"Faith" means that the translation should accurately express the meaning of the original text, without distortion, omission, addition or deletion.
"Da" means that the translation is clear and fluent, which conforms to the requirements and habits of modern Chinese expression and is speechless.
"Elegance" means that the translated sentence is standardized, appropriate, vivid and beautiful.
Translation principles: word for word, literal translation is the main, and free translation is the auxiliary.
Literal translation means that the translation should keep the corresponding relationship with the original, the important words should be executed accordingly, the characteristics of wording and sentence making of the original should be maintained as much as possible, and the language style should be consistent with the original.
Free translation is to express the meaning of the original text, translate the words of the original text flexibly and deal with the sentence structure of the original text flexibly on the premise of being loyal to the original intention.
The relationship between the two is that only when literal translation cannot express the original intention can free translation be supplemented in the relevant part.
Translation methods: leave, modify, delete, supplement, move, etc.
(1) The reservation method keeps some words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, such as country name, year number, emperor name, official name, place name, person name, thing name, book title, unit of measurement, etc.
Example: Record a certain day in July of the first year of He Zhi, Wang Mouji of Linchuan. ("You Bao Chan")
One day in July of the first year of He Zhi, Wang Anshi was in Linchuan (below).
(2) substitution method The meaning of some words has developed, the usage has changed, and the grammar is no longer used. In translation, these ancient words should be replaced by modern words.
Exodus: The first emperor did not treat his ministers unkindly, but wronged himself with accusations. (Model) (Color change)
My late emperor didn't feel wronged and belittled (come to see me) because of my low status and shallow knowledge.
Exodus: Therefore, those who send officers to guard the customs should be prepared for his theft. (The Hongmen Banquet) (meaning change)
The reason why (I) sent troops to guard Hangu Pass is to guard against the entry of other thieves and unexpected changes.
(3) The usage of some function words in classical Chinese has no corresponding word substitution in modern Chinese. If hard translation is awkward or cumbersome, it can be deleted during translation. These words include: voiced words, auxiliary words forming syllables, signs of structural inversion sentences, words paused in sentences, function words in individual conjunctions and compound words with partial meanings, etc.
Exodus: The teacher's instruction has been handed down for a long time. ("Shi Shuo")
The habit of learning from teachers has been out of date for a long time.
(4) If there are omissions or different words in the original sentence, some elements can be added or supplemented according to modern Chinese grammar to make the translation clear and fluent. Including:
① Translate monosyllabic notional words into disyllabic notional words.
Exodus: What if you were more servile and endowed? (junior high school extracurricular "Snake Catcher")
What about replacing officers and restoring taxes?
There is a flaw in the wall. Please instruct the king. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)
There are spots on the wall. Please let me show them to your majesty.
② quantifiers are added after numerals.
Example: Xuan Fan was caught in four fires, but it didn't catch fire, and he almost had a protector. ("Selected Records of Ji Xiang")
Ji Xiangxuan was always burned four times, perhaps because of the protection of the gods, it was not burned.
③ Subject, predicate, object and preposition that should be supplemented in ellipsis sentences.
For example, as the saying goes, "Who is happier when one is with others?" Say, "Don't be with others." ("Bao Zhuang meets Mencius")
(Mencius) asked: "Who is happier, enjoying music alone or with others?" (Qi Xuanwang) Answer: "Unlike others (enjoying music together)."
Exodus: Does the public regard General Lian as the King of Qin or the King of Qin?
Who do you think is better, the general or the king of Qin?
(4) supplement the omitted content, such as related words.
Exodus: However, if you have enough strength, you can laugh at it, but you have regrets. ("You Bao Chan")
However, it is ridiculous for others to reach (but not reach) physical strength, and it is also their own regret.
⑤ Flexible use of parts of speech
Example 1 A wolf left and a dog sat in front. (Name statement)
A wolf went straight away, and one of them sat in front of the butcher like a dog.
Example 2: A gentleman knows himself when he dies, and the sword comes out of Yanjing. (for moving)
The gentleman died knowing that he left Yanjing with a sword in his hand.
Thanks to Mr. San, life and death are also related to bones. (The Legend of Zhongshan Wolf) (Motivation)
Teacher Wang's great kindness is to bring back the dead and let the bones grow out!
(5) Shift method Due to the evolution of ancient and modern grammar, some sentences are expressed in different ways, and the translation should be adjusted in time according to the grammatical habits of modern Chinese. Include verb inversion, prepositional object, attributive postposition and prepositional phrase postposition.
Classical Chinese translation formula:
Read the full text and understand the meaning; Buckle the words and translate them.
Every word is implemented, and accuracy comes first; Monosyllabic words, disyllabic substitution.
The official land of the Year of National Mourning has not yet been translated; If there is any omission, add words.
Adjust the word order and delete nonsense; Rhetoric allusions, supplemented by free translation.
Inferring the meaning of words, and linking them before and after; Words and sentences are connected.
Bring back the original text and check it carefully; Tongda is perfect, and the translation is over.
How to speak classical Chinese more effectively The key to learning classical Chinese well is to cultivate a sense of language. Its method has "three essentials": first, it is necessary to read and recite the text; Second, use your own heart to understand; Third, it is mainly to accumulate vocabulary and vocabulary, which are closely related and indispensable.
Summary of the phenomenon of classical Chinese: (1) interchangeable words; (2) Polysemy; (3) Flexible use of parts of speech (noun to verb); (4) Special sentence: 1. Inverted sentences; 2. passive sentences; 3. Elliptic sentences
Translation principle: (1) Faithfulness (accurate translation, no misunderstanding, no omission and no addition).
(2) Expressiveness (fluent translation, in line with our language habits)
(3) Elegance (meaning that the translation strives to reflect the linguistic features of the original, and the writing is naturally beautiful and expressive)
Translation method: (1) complement (changing monosyllabic to disyllabic) (word combination); (2) Change (using modern Chinese with the same meaning to change ancient Chinese); (3) Leave a name (name, place name, dynasty, etc.). ); (4) Delete (delete function words that do not need to be translated); (5) Mood (adjusting word order or sentence order)
4. How to learn classical Chinese more effectively? Hello! ! !
To learn classical Chinese well, we should do more topics in this field or read more books on classical Chinese, and translate more articles and stories in classical Chinese to improve the level of classical Chinese. Classical Chinese teaching is an important part of Chinese teaching, and classical Chinese test questions are the highlight of college entrance examination. Students often ask, how to learn classical Chinese well so as not to lose points in the college entrance examination? I think if we can pay attention to the following points, we can learn classical Chinese well and improve the hit rate of the college entrance examination.
First of all, we must have relevant historical knowledge. As the saying goes, literature and history are not separated. Everyone lives in an era, and the politics, economy and culture of this era will certainly have an impact on him. Therefore, only by understanding the era of this person's life can we understand the connotation of his works. For example, Qu Yuan advocated reform and hoped that Chu would be strong, but the king of Chu was "confused by Zheng Xiu at home and bullied by Zhang Yi abroad", alienated Qu Yuan first, and then exiled him to the Miluo River, which made his reform ambition impossible and buried him in the river. Knowing this history, it is much easier for us to understand Li Sao.
Second, have relevant cultural common sense. China's ancient culture is profound and rich in connotation, and many contents are constantly evolving with the development of history. Such as name and title, official position and imperial examination, geographical knowledge, patriarchal manners and customs, clothing and utensils, calendar criminal law, ancient book annotation style, etc., are greatly different from ancient times to modern times. Although students don't need to master all these contents, they should also accumulate what they encounter in their studies as their own knowledge reserves, so that they can call them at any time in classical Chinese learning and exams.
Third, learn to "solve the belly of the ancients with the heart of the present." We live in today's society, and in the face of disasters, we will unite as one. In the face of ugliness, they will attack and lash; We will work together to resist external humiliation. In fact, this kind of thoughts and feelings are in the same strain. In the face of external humiliation, Wen Tianxiang wrote: "Since ancient times, no one has died, keeping the heart of Dan to shine in the history of history." Facing the sufferings of the people, Du Fu wrote: "The wine in Zhumen stinks and the bones on the road freeze to death." Therefore, when we study ancient Chinese, we should be good at comparing and associating the feelings of the ancients with those of today, so as to try to figure out the thoughts of the ancients and accurately understand the essence reflected by classical Chinese.
Fourth, grasp the teaching materials and lay a solid foundation for classical Chinese. When learning classical Chinese, we must master the knowledge points that appear in textbooks: ① Phonetic sounds, including polyphonic characters and different reading characters. ② Meaning, including ancient and modern different meanings, polysemy and flexible use of parts of speech. ③ Sentence patterns in classical Chinese, including special sentence patterns and complex sentences in classical Chinese. Fifth, to learn a classical Chinese, we should do the following: first, grasp the article as a whole and understand its main contents; Secondly, put the understanding of paragraphs into the overall grasp of the text; Third, in the specific language environment, we can further understand the words in the context; Finally, on the basis of the first three conditions, further understand the deep meaning of the article. In short, if you can do the above in your usual study, you will lay a solid foundation for the college entrance examination.
I hope I can help you! ! !
5. How to better understand ancient prose 1? Master the basic knowledge structure.
Classical Chinese can be roughly divided into words and sentences. Words can be divided into content words and function words. Among them, notional words can be divided into five categories: ① monosyllabic words and disyllabic words. Classical Chinese is dominated by monosyllabic words, while modern Chinese is dominated by disyllabic words. For example, the word "wife" is a disyllabic word in modern Chinese, meaning wife, while it is two monosyllabic words in classical Chinese, meaning wife and children. ② The ancient and modern meanings are different. Including synonym enlargement, word meaning reduction, word meaning transfer, color change and name expression change. (3) The word is polysemous. For example, the original meaning of the word "yin" is to open the bow, and there are five kinds of extensions: extension and elongation; Procrastinate; Guide and lead; Take it and lead it; Stay back. Stay back. 4 leave. Including interchangeable words, borrowed words and ancient and modern words. Its basic law is "homophone substitution". ⑤ Flexible use of parts of speech. Including: nouns are used flexibly as adverbials; Nouns are used flexibly as verbs; Adjectives as nouns; Adjectives are used flexibly as verbs; Causative usage, dynamic usage, intentional usage and behavioral usage. Sentences can also be divided into five categories: judgmental sentences, passive sentences, inverted sentences, ellipsis sentences and fixed sentences. Among them, inversion can be divided into subject-predicate inversion, verb-object inversion, object postposition and adverbial postposition.
Break a sentence
The ancients wrote articles without punctuation marks, and how to break sentences directly affected the understanding of the contents of the articles. Pay attention to the following points correctly: first, accurately grasp the basic knowledge of classical Chinese, understand key words and judge the relationship between words. Secondly, we should know some common sense of ancient culture. Such as the expression of names, places and official positions, and the writing habits of euphemisms and taboos. Third, master some rules of dialogue, reporting and quoting in the text. For example, words such as "Yue", "Yun" and "Shu" are often used as signs before quoting and reporting the content. Fourth, judge according to the common words at the beginning and end of the sentence. As usual, the words used at the beginning of a sentence are Beggars' Sect, Fu, Shi, Hou, Success, Ran Ran, Ran, Gong, Thief and Widow. Usually used at the end of the sentence are modal auxiliary words such as you, evil, Hu, and existence, and disyllabic function words such as helpless, yi zai, yun er,. There are also relatively independent exclamations commonly used at the beginning of sentences, such as: fu, Hu, alas, etc. Fifth, you can also break sentences according to common idioms in sentences. For example, words indicating ordinal number and order, words indicating questions. In addition, sentences can be broken according to common sentence patterns, fixed sentence patterns or figures of speech.
3. Master the correct translation methods
People usually take "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance" as the standard to measure the quality of translation, and so does the translation of classical Chinese. A good translation can truly and perfectly reproduce an article in another language environment. If an article with profound meaning and literary talent is translated stiffly or difficult to understand, it will not fully achieve the purpose of translation, and at the same time it will distort the original text. It can be seen that translation not only reflects the comprehensive level of classical Chinese, but also reflects the translator's expressive ability and writing level. "Faithfulness to the original text, the final version of each word, with literal translation as the main and free translation as the auxiliary" is the general principle to be followed when translating classical Chinese. Specifically, we should pay attention to the following points in translation: ① supplement the omitted parts. Omitted parts in the original text, such as predicate, subject, object, etc. , should be supplemented as appropriate. ② Adjust the word order. There are many inverted sentences in classical Chinese, such as predicate preposition, preposition object and attributive postposition. These word orders are different from those of modern Chinese and should be adjusted in translation. ③ Increase or decrease appropriately. Some sentences in classical Chinese are very concise and rich in meaning, which should be appropriately expanded in translation to fully express the meaning of the original text. On the contrary, some articles deliberately use a series of sentences with the same meaning but different opinions in order to increase the momentum and strengthen the effect. At this time, translation will be integrated and condensed. In addition, we should also pay attention to the tone of sentences, the relationship between sentences and rhetorical devices. , and fully and properly expressed in translation.
Read more
As the saying goes, "Reading a book a hundred times reveals its meaning." Read more, especially repeatedly. It is a magic weapon to learn classical Chinese well. It is difficult to achieve the effect by memorizing some grammar rules without the language environment. It is best to master the usage of words and important grammatical phenomena when reading. Reading more books can consolidate and deepen the knowledge learned in class and cultivate a sense of language, so as to achieve the purpose of reading other ancient works skillfully. Repeated reading is one of the basic skills in learning classical Chinese, which can make us have a rich perceptual knowledge of classical Chinese. Moreover, ancient works attach great importance to internal rhythm and rhythm. Repeated reading can fully appreciate the musical beauty of ancient Chinese and increase interest in learning.