At present, most national topics focus on characters, mainly narrative words. 2. The second step is to browse the final summary of the full text.
Because this problem generally requires the wrong choice, and it is a small problem. After reading this way, you will have a good idea of the content of the full text.
Step three, read the original text again, and then do the questions one by one. Because the more thoroughly you understand the full text, the higher the accuracy and the faster the speed of doing the problem.
(Of course, this should be combined with your own habit of doing exercises. ) Second, master the basic knowledge of notional words in classical Chinese 1, and pay attention to the changes of word meanings in ancient and modern times. 2. Don't mistake two monosyllabic words in classical Chinese for a disyllabic word in modern Chinese.
Classical Chinese is mainly monosyllabic words. For example, if a wise monarch controls people's property, he will be able to support his parents and bow down to his wife.
"Wife" is originally two words. "Wife" refers to the wife and "son" refers to the children. Modern Chinese is a disyllabic word, which refers to a man's spouse.
3. When you encounter polysemous words, you should carefully infer their correct meanings in specific sentences. It is common for people in ancient China to tell lies. If a new word you meet can't be explained by its original meaning, extended meaning and figurative meaning, you should consider whether it is a fake word.
Third, special sentence patterns. 1, sentence.
Use "zhe" or "zhe" to express judgment. This is a typical form of judgment in classical Chinese.
For example, those who seize the king and the world are rewarded repeatedly. Another example: Liu Bei, the world is fierce.
Qin, the land of tigers and wolves. 2. passive sentences.
Use "Yu", "Suffering", "Suffering", "Seeing", "Seeing", "Being" and "Being" to express passivity. For example, Zhao Wang, you are very lucky.
I can't name the whole land of Wu. Hundreds of thousands of people are subject to people's trust and suspicion, and their loyalty and righteousness are slandered. I am afraid to see myself humiliated by the king, lose Zhao, and be laughed at by the whole world, and die and destroy the country.
If you don't, if you belong to all, you will be captured. 3. Elliptic sentences.
King Xiang said, "Warriors! Give it a drink. " Then fight it.
Xiang Bo is the partner of Yechi. He has met Sean privately, so he has something to say to him. The vertical axis is not enough.
4. Inverted sentences. The arrangement order of some sentence elements in classical Chinese is different from that in modern Chinese, which is customarily called "inverted sentences".
When translating inverted sentences from classical Chinese into modern Chinese, we should "pretend" according to the arrangement law of sentence elements in modern Chinese. (1), predicate preposition (verb inversion) and so on, it's embarrassing, for bullying! (2) Preposition object ① In negative sentences, pronouns can take prepositions as objects.
For example, the ancients did not bully. (2) In interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns can be prepositioned as objects.
For example, Wang Xiang said, "Where is Pei Hongan? (3) Use "zhi" or "yes" to put the object in front of the verb predicate to strengthen the tone. For example, I don't know the sentence, and I am confused. Go to my thirty miles, just to listen.
(4), attributive postposition. Verb phrases, as the attributive of nouns, are often placed after nouns.
Generally, the word "zhe" is added after the attribute, and some people add the word "zhi" between the noun and the post-attribute. Attribute is placed after the head word, and the word "zhe" is used to form the format of "head word+attribute+zhe".
The word "zhe" in this format is equivalent to the structural auxiliary word "de". 1, and then lead the children to bear the burden of three husbands.
2, the plan is undecided, and asking for help can make people report to Qin, but not get it. Fourth, the flexible use of parts of speech.
It refers to the phenomenon that some notional words (and some function words) temporarily change the grammatical function of the original word and use it as another word under certain conditions. Identifying the flexible use of parts of speech is mainly based on the above and below from the grammatical point of view.
(1), nouns as adverbials. In modern Chinese, ordinary nouns cannot directly modify predicate verbs as adverbials, but it is quite common for ordinary nouns to directly act as adverbials in ancient Chinese.
For example, the world gathers responses, the odds of winning five grains, and the scene follows. You call me, and I have to take care of it.
(2) Causative usage. The so-called causative usage means that the predicate verb has the meaning of "how to make the object"
It uses verb-object structure to express the content of imperative sentences. Such as: the grace of the husband, life and death and bones.
Wang Zhi was the first to break the Qin Dynasty into Xianyang. (3) Verbs are adjectives and nouns with objects, which are used as verbs, meaning "think" and "think", meaning "what does (subject) think (object) is" or "what does (subject) take (object) as".
The dirt is Wan Huhou. People in the city are very strange. They are a bit like their father.
Its Taoist smell depends on me first, so I can learn from it. Five, classical Chinese translation (1), follow three principles: loyalty: faithful to the original meaning: in line with the elegant grammatical habits of modern Chinese: as beautiful as possible, to preserve the language style of the original (2), classical Chinese translation There are two kinds of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation.
The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as opposed as possible. It is required that the words in the original text have a foothold in the translation, and the translated words have roots in the original text.
The characteristics and styles of sentence patterns are consistent with the original text. The advantage of literal translation is the implementation of every word; The disadvantage is that sometimes the translated sentences are difficult to understand and the sentences are not fluent enough. The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible.
Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns. The advantage of free translation is that the text is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages and is fluent, fluent and easy to understand.
Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be realized word by word. Based on the characteristics of the college entrance examination and the purpose of the examination, the translation of classical Chinese should be mainly literal translation, and free translation can only be an auxiliary means.
Literal translation is used when it is inconvenient to express meaning. Such as: Wang Xiang and Xiang Bo sit in the east; Father sits south,-father, Fan Zeng also; Pei Gong sits in the north; Sean is waiting in the west.
Wang Xianghe and Xiang Bo sit facing east; Father sitting facing south, father is Fan Zeng; Pei Gong sits facing north; Sean sat facing west. (3) Master six methods of translating classical Chinese: 1. Liu: all words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as proper nouns (country name, year number, emperor name, official name, place name, person name, thing name, book title, etc.). ) can remain unchanged.
2. Expansion: Turn monosyllabic words into disyllabic words. Such as vulgarity-vulgar humiliation-humiliation, insult 3. Demolition: such as poverty, hunger, boredom ... and buy without a wife.
2. Skills and methods of doing classical Chinese Learning classical Chinese is a major difficulty for our middle school students. I want to express my personal opinion on how to learn it well.
First of all, we should understand the characteristics of classical Chinese in different periods in the history of China, which is more conducive to our analysis. For example, there are many inverted sentences and interchangeable words in pre-Qin prose. Understanding the life stories and work styles of historical celebrities is helpful for us to judge the authors and appreciate the articles. To learn history well, it is said that literature and history are not separated. In addition, learning history well is also good for literary appreciation. Read more historical works, such as The Book of Songs, hundred schools of thought's Essays, Warring States Policy, Wen Xin Diao Long, etc. , not only conducive to the study of classical Chinese, but also conducive to your literary appreciation and creation.
Another is to look at some classical Chinese courses, such as grammar, introduction to poetry appreciation and so on. But don't read books translated from ancient Chinese, which is harmful to your study of classical Chinese.
When learning classical Chinese, the main thing is to read more, so that practice makes perfect and you won't be intimidated by the questions during the exam.
Classical Chinese is the language used by the ancients and is no longer used in our real life. But it is the source of modern literature and still affects modern literature in various ways. Therefore, to really learn modern Chinese well, we must have a solid foundation in classical Chinese. The writers and scholars of the older generation, such as Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Qian Zhongshu and Liang Shiqiu, all have deep roots in ancient Chinese, and their works are full of rich classical flavor, with concise, accurate and elegant language. Mr. Lu Xun has read and studied a lot of ancient novels since he was young, which is of great significance to his later period.
Learning classical Chinese is a great difficulty for us middle school students. I want to express my personal opinion on how to learn it well.
First of all, we should understand the characteristics of classical Chinese in different periods in the history of China, which is more conducive to our analysis. For example, there are many inverted sentences and interchangeable words in pre-Qin prose. Understanding the life stories and work styles of historical celebrities is helpful for us to judge the authors and appreciate the articles. To learn history well, it is said that literature and history are not separated. In addition, learning history well is also good for literary appreciation. Read more historical works, such as The Book of Songs, hundred schools of thought's Essays, Warring States Policy, Wen Xin Diao Long, etc. , not only conducive to the study of classical Chinese, but also conducive to your literary appreciation and creation.
Another is to look at some classical Chinese courses, such as grammar, introduction to poetry appreciation and so on. But don't read books translated from ancient Chinese, which is harmful to your study of classical Chinese.
When learning classical Chinese, the main thing is to read more, so that practice makes perfect and you won't be intimidated by the questions during the exam.
Classical Chinese is the language used by the ancients and is no longer used in our real life. But it is the source of modern literature and still affects modern literature in various ways. Therefore, to really learn modern Chinese well, we must have a solid foundation in classical Chinese. The writers and scholars of the older generation, such as Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Qian Zhongshu and Liang Shiqiu, all have deep roots in ancient Chinese, and their works are full of rich classical flavor, with concise, accurate and elegant language. Mr. Lu Xun read and studied a large number of ancient novels since he was a child, which had a great influence on his later novel creation. Mao Dun's skill in reciting A Dream of Red Mansions has always been praised. Qian Zhongshu was first a generation of scholars, proficient in Chinese and Western studies, especially Chinese studies, and then a writer. The world only knows that there is a besieged city, but it doesn't know that there is a cone; Liang Shiqiu is proficient in classics and a subset of classics and history, which is reflected in his prose works. Not only is the language quaint and simple, but it is easy to put up, the usage of allusions is handy, and the music is wonderful. Liang's extensive reading and practical work are really amazing.
So, how can we learn classical Chinese well in senior high school? The following is a brief introduction to several learning methods:
First, master the basic language structure. Classical Chinese can be roughly divided into words and sentences. Among them, words include content words and function words; Sentences can be divided into five categories: judgmental sentences, passive sentences, inverted sentences, ellipsis sentences and fixed sentences. It is the basis of learning classical Chinese to master the language structure of classical Chinese systematically and understand its differences and connections with modern Chinese.
Second, correctly break sentences. There are no punctuation marks in ancient Chinese characters, so how to break sentences directly affects the understanding of the content of the article. The following points should be paid attention to in correctly breaking sentences: understanding keywords and judging the relationship between words; Understand a certain appreciation of ancient culture; Master the rules of dialogue, reporting and quotation in the text; According to the words at the beginning and end of the sentence and the idioms in the sentence.
Third, learn the correct translation methods. The principles of classical Chinese translation are: faithful to the original text, stereotyped words, literal translation as the mainstay, and free translation as the supplement. The following points should be paid attention to in translation: supplement the omitted parts; Adjust the word order; Increase or decrease appropriately.
Fourth, repeat reading. As the saying goes, if you read a book a hundred times, its meaning will show itself. Reading more books can cultivate a sense of language and achieve the purpose of reading other ancient works skillfully. In addition, classical Chinese pays great attention to the inner rhythm and rhythm, and repeated reading can fully appreciate the musical beauty of the works and improve the interest in learning.
3. The best way to do classical Chinese. First of all, you should have relevant historical knowledge.
As the saying goes, literature and history are not separated. Everyone lives in an era, and the politics, economy and culture of this era will certainly have an impact on him.
Therefore, only by understanding the era of this person's life can we understand the connotation of his works. For example, Qu Yuan advocated reform and hoped that Chu would be strong, but the king of Chu was "confused by Zheng Xiu at home and bullied by Zhang Yi abroad", alienated Qu Yuan first, and then exiled him to the Miluo River, which made his reform ambition impossible and buried him in the river.
Knowing this history, it is much easier for us to understand Li Sao. Second, have relevant cultural common sense.
China's ancient culture is profound and rich in connotation, and many contents are constantly evolving with the development of history. Such as name and title, official position and imperial examination, geographical knowledge, patriarchal manners and customs, clothing and utensils, calendar criminal law, ancient book annotation style, etc., are greatly different from ancient times to modern times.
Although students don't need to master all these contents, they should also accumulate what they encounter in their studies as their own knowledge reserves, so that they can call them at any time in classical Chinese learning and exams. Third, learn to "solve the belly of the ancients with the heart of the present."
We live in today's society, and in the face of disasters, we will unite as one. In the face of ugliness, they will attack and lash; We will work together to resist external humiliation. In fact, this kind of thoughts and feelings are in the same strain.
In the face of external humiliation, Wen Tianxiang wrote: "Since ancient times, no one has died, keeping the heart of Dan to shine in the history of history." Facing the sufferings of the people, Du Fu wrote: "The wine in Zhumen stinks and the bones on the road freeze to death." Therefore, when we study ancient Chinese, we should be good at comparing and associating the feelings of the ancients with those of today, so as to try to figure out the thoughts of the ancients and accurately understand the essence reflected by classical Chinese. Fourth, grasp the teaching materials and lay a solid foundation for classical Chinese.
When learning classical Chinese, we must master the knowledge points that appear in textbooks: ① Phonetic sounds, including polyphonic characters and different reading characters. ② Meaning, including ancient and modern different meanings, polysemy and flexible use of parts of speech.
③ Sentence patterns in classical Chinese, including special sentence patterns and complex sentences in classical Chinese. Fifth, to learn a classical Chinese, we should do the following: first, grasp the article as a whole and understand its main contents; Secondly, put the understanding of paragraphs into the overall grasp of the text; Third, in the specific language environment, we can further understand the words in the context; Finally, on the basis of the first three conditions, further understand the deep meaning of the article.
In short, if you can do the above in your usual study, you will lay a solid foundation for the college entrance examination.