1. Classical Chinese 1 How do you say "understand"? Know: know, understand.
Knowing is knowing, and not knowing is not knowing.
2. Yu: I see.
A simple metaphor is a simple metaphor. -Xunzi's name. Note: "Yu, Xiao Ye."
3. Xiao: Deeply understand the righteousness and unity of knowledge and action.
The wise master was ignorant and thought that his liegeman was splitting in two, lobbying for Li Ling.
2. How to understand that classical Chinese teaching is an important part of Chinese teaching, and classical Chinese test questions are the highlight of the college entrance examination. Students often ask, how to learn classical Chinese well so as not to lose points in the college entrance examination? I think if we can pay attention to the following points, we can learn classical Chinese well and improve the hit rate of the college entrance examination.
First of all, we must have relevant historical knowledge. As the saying goes, literature and history are not separated. Everyone lives in an era, and the politics, economy and culture of this era will certainly have an impact on him. Therefore, only by understanding the era of this person's life can we understand the connotation of his works. For example, Qu Yuan advocated reform and hoped that Chu would be strong, but the king of Chu was "confused by Zheng Xiu at home and bullied by Zhang Yi abroad", alienated Qu Yuan first, and then exiled him to the Miluo River, which made his reform ambition impossible and buried him in the river. Knowing this history, it is much easier for us to understand Li Sao.
Second, have relevant cultural common sense. China's ancient culture is profound and rich in connotation, and many contents are constantly evolving with the development of history. Such as name and title, official position and imperial examination, geographical knowledge, patriarchal manners and customs, clothing and utensils, calendar criminal law, ancient book annotation style, etc., are greatly different from ancient times to modern times. Although students don't need to master all these contents, they should also accumulate what they encounter in their studies as their own knowledge reserves, so that they can call them at any time in classical Chinese learning and exams.
Third, learn to "solve the belly of the ancients with the heart of the present." We live in today's society, and in the face of disasters, we will unite as one. In the face of ugliness, they will attack and lash; We will work together to resist external humiliation. In fact, this kind of thoughts and feelings are in the same strain. In the face of external humiliation, Wen Tianxiang wrote: "Since ancient times, no one has died, keeping the heart of Dan to shine in the history of history." Facing the sufferings of the people, Du Fu wrote: "The wine in Zhumen stinks and the bones on the road freeze to death." Therefore, when we study ancient Chinese, we should be good at comparing and associating the feelings of the ancients with those of today, so as to try to figure out the thoughts of the ancients and accurately understand the essence reflected by classical Chinese.
Fourth, grasp the teaching materials and lay a solid foundation for classical Chinese. When learning classical Chinese, we must master the knowledge points that appear in textbooks: ① Phonetic sounds, including polyphonic characters and different reading characters. ② Meaning, including ancient and modern different meanings, polysemy and flexible use of parts of speech. ③ Sentence patterns in classical Chinese, including special sentence patterns and complex sentences in classical Chinese.
Fifth, to learn a classical Chinese, we should do the following: first, grasp the article as a whole and understand its main contents; Secondly, put the understanding of paragraphs into the overall grasp of the text; Third, in the specific language environment, we can further understand the words in the context; Finally, on the basis of the first three conditions, further understand the deep meaning of the article. In short, if you can do the above in your usual study, you will
3. How to understand the reading and learning of classical Chinese can be started from the following aspects:
First, pronunciation reading.
To learn classical Chinese, we must first read aloud or even recite it, so we should read the correct pronunciation when reading aloud and reciting. Generally speaking, most pronunciations should be based on the pronunciation of Putonghua in modern dictionaries. However, we should pay attention to the following points:
1, recognize the font and pronounce it correctly.
There are some words in classical Chinese that are not commonly used now, which require us to carefully identify the font and find out the pronunciation. Don't regard the pronunciation of similar words as pronunciation, such as "Huan" reading "Hu" in See Bian Que; N "instead of" constant "parallel" instead of "Zhao" in Peach Blossom Spring, and "Dan" in "Duwang" in Wolf is pronounced as "D"; N "instead of reading" pillow ".
2, polyphonic words should identify the part of speech, meaning
There are many disyllabic words in modern Chinese, and we often encounter some disyllabic words when reading classical Chinese, which requires us to distinguish the part of speech and the meaning of this word and determine the pronunciation. For example, in The Analects of Confucius, we should read "Yu; The word "Shuo" in the sentence "He Jun Xia" in Peach Blossom Garden should be pronounced "Shu; "。
Second, the correct sentence, pause
The ancients wrote articles without punctuation marks, so they had to break sentences by themselves when reading. Now that we are reading ancient Chinese, the editor has punctuated the sentences for us, but when reading some long sentences, there are often some small pauses to express a concept or meaning in one sentence. Whether this pause is correct or not is directly related to the correct understanding of sentence meaning.
The way to distinguish pauses is to read through the whole text and understand each sentence by understanding the meaning of words and analyzing the structural relationship between words in classical Chinese. For example, in Wolf, there is a sentence "One of the dogs is sitting in front", which means "One of them (the wolf) is sitting in front of the butcher like a dog", so when reading it, you should pause for "One of the dogs is sitting in front".
Third, pay attention to the changes of ancient and modern meanings.
There are several changes in the meaning of a word: expansion, contraction and transfer. The expansion of word meaning means that the present meaning contains more contents than the ancient meaning. For example, the "river" in "North of Heyang" in Yu Gong Yi Shan refers to the Yellow River before the Han Dynasty. Generally, rivers are represented by water, so this "Heyang" means "north bank of the Yellow River", and now "river" refers to it in general. For example, in the sentence "Lead a wife into this desperate situation" in Peach Blossom Garden, the meaning of "wife" includes "wife's son", but now it refers to "husband's spouse", excluding children. The transfer of word meaning means that the content of present meaning has changed from ancient meaning, such as "tears" in ancient Chinese and "snot" in present meaning.
Fourth, polysemy.
Polysemy is widespread in classical Chinese. When reading, we should treat it differently according to different situations, and pay special attention to determining the specific meaning according to the context. For example, "go" means "far away", "stay" and "disappear", but in the sentence "I don't know how many miles it is from West Shu" (for learning), "go" can only be understood as "the distance between the two places"
Fifth, pay attention to interchangeable words.
The appearance of interchangeable words in classical Chinese is that when the ancients should have used this word in writing articles, they borrowed words with the same sound or similar meaning, thus forming interchangeable words. Strictly speaking, it should be called "other words", but it is not wrong for the ancients to use it for a long time and get social recognition. For example, there is a saying in "A Mountain of Yugong": "You can't stand it." Therefore, "Hui" is a common word, and you can say "Hui" when you are smart. Similar generic names include Tang, Qi, Qi, Yue and Zhi in the first grade classical Chinese.