China's poems developed into the Tang Dynasty, and the tone and format became strict and standardized, forming a kind of metrical poems. As early as the Northern and Southern Dynasties, poetry paid attention to melody, and at the same time, under the influence of parallel prose, duality in poetry gradually became a battle. Therefore, from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the early Tang Dynasty, many works in the form of dark metrical poems appeared. By the time of Wuhou, Du Fu's works had completely conformed to the form of metrical poems. At that time, Shen Quanqi and Song Dynasty confirmed the mature form in the practice of applying metrical writing by former people and contemporary people, and completed the task of standardizing metrical poetry, which made the writers of later generations have clear rules to follow. This kind of metrical poem was called "Modern Poetry" or "Modern Poetry" in the Tang Dynasty, while the previous poems were called "Ancient Poetry" or "Ancient Poetry" and "Ancient Style". Since then, there has been a clear boundary between modern poetry and classical poetry. The poet specializes in modern poetry and classical poetry, and has both. However, from the Tang Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the official imperial examinations were mainly based on modern poetry. Near body and ancient body are relative; Today, modern poetry has become old-fashioned poetry.
The number of words and sentences in modern poetry are relatively simple. As long as you read some modern poems, you can learn without a teacher. A five-word sentence is called a five-word poem; Seven-character poems are called seven-character poems. There are three kinds of sentences: four are called quatrains; Eight sentences are called metrical poems; More than eight sentences (at least 10 sentences and at most 200 sentences) are called exclusive law, also called long law. Five-character quatrains are referred to as five quatrains for short; Seven-character quatrains are referred to as seven quatrains; Five-character poems are abbreviated as five laws; Seven-character rhyme is referred to as seven methods; Five-character arrangement refers to five elements or five lengths; Seven-character arrangement refers to seven lines or seven lengths. There are only two types and six kinds of modern poetry according to words and sentences.
Learning meter is mainly flat, rhyme and duality. For beginners, leveling is more difficult. Because some people have read quite a lot of metrical poems, they begin to draw a tiger to make trouble, and their rhymes are basically the same, but they often disagree occasionally, so learning metrical poems occasionally becomes a "roadblock". In fact, it is not difficult to master the leveling. As long as the following three conditions are met, the standard of poetry can be "up to standard":
First, learn to distinguish four tones, which is the basis of learning tone sandhi;
Second, it is not complicated to learn the arrangement rules of each sentence and poem;
Third, master more synonymous words and phrases with different sounds, master various combinations of words and phrases, and master the unique syntactic changes of poetry. This requires a certain literary accomplishment.
The first step in learning poetry is to distinguish four tones, because only by distinguishing four tones and knowing which words are flat tones and which words are flat tones can we learn the rules of flat tones.
Four tones are one of the characteristics of Chinese. Every word of it is monosyllabic, with different tones, such as high and low key, long and short tone, rising and falling tone. The levelness of poetry is to skillfully use this difference to form cadence tones and musical rhythms. In ancient times, reciting poems was not called reading, reciting, or humming. Poetry is for people to sing and is combined with music.
The four tones of modern Mandarin are flat tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone. The four tones used in poetry are ancient four tones, specifically the four tones in the Tang and Song Dynasties, which are divided into flat, rising, falling and entering tones. In the four tones of modern Mandarin, Yin Ping and Yang Ping are unified as the flat tones in the ancient four tones, and the rising tone and falling tone have changed slightly from ancient times to the present, but they are roughly the same. It's just that Rusheng disappeared in modern Putonghua, and it was integrated with flat, rising and falling tones. The so-called "divide the yin and yang equally and enter the three tones". Most of them become voiced, followed by voiced and finally voiced. However, there are still entering tones in the dialects of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Jiangxi in the south and Shanxi and Inner Mongolia in the north. The so-called flat sound includes flat sound and flat tone, and flat sound includes rising tone, falling tone and entering tone. How to distinguish four tones?
The beginning of Kangxi Dictionary contains a four-tone melody:
The sound level road is not low, and the voice is powerful.
The sound of walking is clearly sad, and the sound of entering is short and urgent.
The pronunciation of a flat tone is not high or low, and the ending is slightly long, just like a mallet beating a drum, and its sound is "East";
The sound is loud and clear, and there is no end. Reading the rising tone is like hitting the periphery of the drum surface with a mallet, and its sound is "dong";
When the sound is removed, the sound is sad and the ending is short. Reading in a falling tone is like hitting the drum with a mallet, and the sound is "solidified";
When entering the tone, the pronunciation is short and there is no ending. When you read in an urgent tone, it's like hitting your face with one hand and pounding with the other. Its sound is "DuDu".
It is said that Liang Wudi likes literary words very much, but he doesn't know the four tones. He once asked scholar Zhou She, "What are the four tones?" Zhou She replied: "The sage of the emperor is also." The word "Tian Zi sage" is pronounced according to the ancient four tones, which are Ping, Shang, Qu and Jin in turn. Liang Wudi immediately understood. We might as well learn to distinguish four tones by memorizing them: horse, horse, horse, curse, uncle, uncle, lame, uncle and so on. Pupils read with the teacher first, and then recite by themselves. It won't be long before they learn to distinguish between flat tones, rising tones, rising tones and falling tones in Mandarin. These four tones are also called one, two, three and four in turn. They learned that by consulting Xinhua dictionary, they can accurately read each word according to the four-tone symbol marked on the phonetic Latin word. We can learn the ancient four tones by reading and memorizing them.
Ancient four-tone word group
Up, up, up, up, up, up, up, up, up, up, up.
When the bell rises in winter and winter, Zhu Jiang talks about the feeling of crimson, which means that the ambition is slight.
Fish talk about overcoming the bitterness of the moon, bitter fruit pear, Jia Lili Jie Jie, Geiger should be changed.
Real earthquakes, quality of texts, kisses and problems, Kunshu, Beach, Tan Tan, Jian Peijun Ji.
Rustling, shallow arrow, cutting corners, proofreading ruler, writing high.
Ma Ma scolded Yang Yang, and was worried that this medicine was saved by steaming.
In particular, he was arrested for invading Qin Qin, crying for salt and bright leaves, and reducing his armor.
These 30 word groups are composed of 106 rhyme in Ping Shui Yun (also called Pei Wen Yun). The rhyme is as follows:
Shangpingsheng
One east, two winters, three rivers, four branches and five micro branches.
Six fish, seven dangers, eight qi, nine good and ten ashes
Eleven true, twelve, thirteen yuan, fourteen cold, fifteen deleted.
Xia pingsheng
One song, two songs, three discs, four distinguished people and five songs.
Six hemp, seven yang, eight Geng, nine green and ten steamed
Eleven, you, twelve, invasion, thirteen, fourteen, salt and fifteen.
Shangsheng
One director, two swelling, three lectures, four papers and five tails
Six words and seven words and eight things and nine crabs and ten bribes
Eleven, twelve relatives, thirteen Ruan, fourteen drought, fifteen Meng.
Sixteen grinding, seventeen shinohara, eighteen cleverness, nineteen courtship and twenty spells.
Twenty-one horses, twenty-two breeds, twenty-three stalks, twenty-four dragons and twenty-five possessions.
26 Sleeping, 27 Feeling, 28 Frugality, 29 Embarrassment
To detect
One is free, two are from Song San, and four are five.
Six emperors, seven encounters, eight auspicious nine Thai ten hexagrams
1 1 team, 12 earthquake, 13 questions, 14 wishes and 15 John.
Sixteen suggestions, seventeen cymbals, eighteen whistles, nineteen effects, and the twentieth.
2 1, 22, 23, 24, 25 paths
Twenty-six, twenty-seven and twenty-eight surveys, twenty-nine and thirty depressions.
Rusheng
One room, two bedrooms, three senses, four natures and five objects.
Drugs on June 7th, 8th, 8th, 9th and 10
Eleven strangers, twelve tin, thirteen posts, fourteen arrests and fifteen combinations.
Sixteen leaves and seventeen contacts
We don't need to memorize all the above four tones and rhymes. By reading aloud and memorizing, we can master the pronunciation and tone characteristics of flat, upper, curved and entering tones, and gradually draw inferences from others. When we meet any other word, we can accurately "sit in the right place" by pressing the tone of Ping, Shang, Qu and Jin. For example, the word "reform and opening up" should be changed-it should be changed to Gege, which belongs to the upper voice; Skin-Geng terrier is more skin, which belongs to tone; Open-open and generous, this is a dull voice; Put-Fang Fangfang fu, belongs to the voice. These four words are up, middle, in and out in turn. Another example is the word "Beijing Evening News". North-sadness, back, shell and north belong to the entering tone, Beijing-Beijing, well, progress and urgency belong to the flat tone, and night-drama, night and everything belong to the upper tone, and newspaper-package, guarantee, newspaper and nothing belong to the lower tone. These four words are in turn into, flat, up, and go. After reading and reciting the four-tone word group, you can basically master its tone, then give yourself a test question like above, and then check the answer with a rhyme book. As long as there is basically no error in the flat voice, there is a little difference between up, down and in, which has little to do with it. At this level, it is considered as "passing".
The above 30 word groups, 106 rhyme, are pronounced according to southern sounds, which is relatively smooth; According to the pronunciation of ordinary pronunciation and some local sounds, the entering tone in the group words is pronounced as flat tone, rising tone and falling tone respectively. Both rising tone and falling tone belong to falling tone, so it is not a big problem to do poetry. People who read Pingsheng, if they can't recognize it clearly, will rhyme or have a discordant Pingsheng when writing poetry. Beginners who are learning metrical rules often have uneven writing because they don't know the intonation. Therefore, some people advocate that the rhyme of poetry should develop according to the development of language, and writing old-style poems can be adjusted and rhymed according to the four tones of modern Chinese. This can't be said to be unreasonable, but it has not been generally accepted by the poetry community.
One of the difficulties in distinguishing the four tones today is how to master those words that read flat in Mandarin but flat in ancient times. Here are some methods for beginners' reference:
First, I often read verse. Beginners don't need to gnaw at the numerous rhymes such as Guang Yun and Pei Yun Wen Fu. They can read short editions first, such as Poetry Rhyme 1982 and Poetry Rhyme New Edition 1992 published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House. When reading pronunciation, pick out the common words that you read flat today and make another copy to deepen your memory for future reference.
The second is to recite the works. In Putonghua, the tone is read, but in modern poetry or words, the words placed on the tone must be entering the tone. You can master many entering words by reciting poems. For example, the words "country" and "past" are pronounced in a flat tone today. Chairman Mao's "Returning Home with Mr. Liu Yazi in Thirty-one Years" and "The People's Liberation Army Occupied Nanjing" are the last words of the sentence, and they are between the lines, so they must be tones. Today, I read the words "Ju" and "Chu" in a level tone. After reading Nine Days' Thinking of Chang 'an Hometown, I feel sorry that the chrysanthemums in my hometown should bloom near the battlefield, and I don't know who will cut the thin leaves, and the spring breeze in February is like scissors. I understand that these two sentences must be entering the sound. Reading words can also identify many entering words. Generally speaking, epigrams such as Nian Nujiao, Man Jiang Hong and Qin Yi E all rhyme with Rusheng. Reciting works is the most frequent and effective way to identify entering tones.
The third is to remember by radicals and numbers. There are many words with the same radicals in the entering tone, which can be arranged and imitated by analogy. For example, if you remember that the word "responsibility" is pronounced, then it is not difficult to remember the words "danger, danger, tu, yi, Ji, Ji". For another example, the word "A" is Rusheng, and so are the words "Narrow, Gorge, Dark, Late, Summer, Respect, Que and Ru". In numbers, except for "three" and "thousand", all the others are flat tones, so now "one", "seven", "eight", "ten", "hundred" and "hundred million" in Mandarin must be entering tones.
The fourth is to remember vowels. Words with the same vowel can also be recorded. For example, many words with vowel "a" today are entering tone words, such as "Ta, answer, na, couch, miscellaneous, wax, turn, overlap, step, ride and suck up"; Today, many words with vowel "I" are entering tone words, such as "past, urgency, standing, wall, weeping, dripping, cracking, extreme, dense and iron". Today's vowels are "e, o, u", and many of them are entering tones. Words ending in "n" or "ng" will not be Rusheng words.
The first and second methods mentioned above are more reliable, but there are exceptions to the latter two methods, which can only help memory on the basis of looking up rhyme books and cannot be regarded as rules.