2 Overview Melia azedarach is the name of traditional Chinese medicine, which comes from materia medica [1]. Formerly known as toosendan seed [2]. Melia azedarach is a dried and mature fruit of Toosendan Fructus. et Zucc。 [2] of Meliaceae. Spherical, 2 ~ 3.2 cm in diameter. The surface is golden yellow to brownish yellow, slightly shiny, with a small amount of depression or shrinkage and dark brown spots. There are vestiges of style at the top, depressions and fruit stalks at the bottom. The exocarp is leathery, and there is often a gap between it and the pulp. The pulp is soft and yellowish, and sticky when it meets water. The nucleus is spherical or ovoid, hard, with 6-8 longitudinal edges at both ends, and is divided into 6-8 chambers, each of which contains 1 dark brown oblong seed. Qi is specific, sour and bitter. Melia azedarach is a thick piece or irregular fragment with brown surface, foam, hot gas and bitter taste [2]. Melia azedarach is a thick piece or irregular fragment with dark yellow surface and slightly salty taste [2].
Melia azedarach is bitter and cold [2][ 1]. Small poison [1]. Liver, small intestine and bladder meridian [2]. Melia azedarach has the functions of soothing liver, clearing away heat, promoting qi circulation, relieving pain, expelling worms and killing insects. It can be used for treating liver stagnation and excessive fire, chest pain, abdominal pain, hernia pain, and abdominal pain caused by insects. Melia azedarach has low toxicity and is good at killing insects, treating tinea and relieving pain [2]. Used for abdominal pain and tinea capitis [2]. Burnt Azadirachta indica can relieve bitter cold, reduce toxicity, reduce the disadvantages of slippery bowel, and overcome pain by soothing the liver and regulating qi [2]. Used for hypochondriac pain and epigastric pain [2]. Melia azedarach can induce the decrease of drugs, and its effect is specialized in lower jiao, which is better than treating hernia and relieving pain [2]. Commonly used for hernia pain and testicular pain [2].
People's Republic of China (PRC) Pharmacopoeia (version 20 10) contains the standard of neem fruit.
3 Latin scientific name Melia Toosendan (La) (Chinese medicine terminology (2004))
4 English name Sichuan neem fruit (Terminology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2004))
5 neem alias, Jin Lingzi [1]
Renzao, Cambodia, Jin Lingzi, bitter Cambodia, practice [3].
6 The prescription of Melia azedarach was named Melia azedarach, Jin Lingzi and Fried Melia azedarach [2].
The source of Melia azedarach is the dried and mature fruit of Melia azedarach. et Zucc。 Melia azedarach [2].
8 Melia azedarach is mainly produced in Sichuan, Hubei, Guizhou and Henan [1].
9. Harvest and primary processing of neem fruit. Harvest in winter, remove impurities and dry in the sun [2].
Pharmacognostic characteristics of Melia azedarach Melia azedarach is spherical with a diameter of 2 ~ 3.2 cm. The surface is golden yellow to brownish yellow, slightly shiny, with a small amount of depression or shrinkage and dark brown spots. There are vestiges of style at the top, depressions and fruit stalks at the bottom. The exocarp is leathery, and there is often a gap between it and the pulp. The pulp is soft and yellowish, and sticky when it meets water. The nucleus is spherical or ovoid, hard, with 6-8 longitudinal edges at both ends, and is divided into 6-8 chambers, each of which contains 1 dark brown oblong seed. Qi is specific, sour and bitter. (People's Republic of China (PRC) Pharmacopoeia (20 10 Edition))
1 1 Processing of Melia azedarach In the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Liu and Song Dynasties, there was a process of "soaking it in wine to make it wet, steaming it until the skin became soft, peeling off the skin, taking the meat and removing the core" ("On Lei Gong's Baking") [2].
In the Tang Dynasty, there was a method of "frying to remove the core" (The Secret Recipe of Immortal Healing Injury).
By the Song Dynasty, its processing methods had made great progress, including the method of cannon (prescription), the method of wine soaking (Liang Fang), the method of cooking children's excrement after soaking, the method of stewing noodles (on the general prescription of children's hygiene), the method of frying fennel, the method of frying Chen Pi (teacher's prescription) and the method of vinegar cooking (female hundred questions) [
In the Yuan Dynasty, in addition to frying, there were other cooking methods, such as salt frying, crisp cooking (formula of Ruizhutang experience), wine boiling (health treasures) and oyster frying (Danxi heart method).
In the Ming Dynasty, the processing methods such as salt fennel frying, Lygodium japonicum silkworm frying, crisp frying and bran frying (Puji recipe) were added [2].
In the Qing Dynasty, in addition to steaming wine, simmering noodles, frying bran and other methods, processing methods such as fire roasting (surgical be adept at), fire storage (surgical treatment) and salt water soaking (medical records) were added [2]. The purpose of the processing is also described, such as "clearing fire for raw use, curing hernia and simmering, and steaming to pain wine" (Depei Materia Medica) [2].
At present, the main processing methods are fried yellow, fried coke, salt baking and so on [2].
1 1. 1 processing method of melia azedarach1.1melia azedarach take the original medicinal materials and remove impurities [2]. Mash it with time [2].
1 1.65438+
1 1. 1.3 neem salt tree. Take clean neem slices or fragments, mix well with salt water, and it is slightly stuffy. After the salt water is exhausted, put it into a frying container, heat it with slow fire, fry it until it is dark yellow, take it out, cool it, and screen out the fragments [2].
Every 100kg of neem, 2 kg of salt was used [2].
1 1.2 The finished product is spherical. The surface is golden yellow or brownish yellow, slightly shiny, with dark brown spots, style residue at the top and depression at the bottom [2]. The exocarp is leathery, the flesh is soft and yellowish, and it is sticky when it meets water [2]. This kind of stone is spherical or oval and hard. Qi is single-minded and tastes sour and bitter [2].
Melia azedarach is a thick piece or irregular fragment with brown surface, foam, hot gas and bitter taste [2].
Melia azedarach is a thick piece or irregular fragment with dark yellow surface and slightly salty taste [2].
1 1.3 The processing effect of Melia azedarach is less toxic, and it is good at killing insects and treating tinea, and it can also relieve pain [2]. Used for abdominal pain and tinea capitis [2]. For example, Anchong Powder ("Tactics of Correcting Syndrome in Pediatric Medicine") is used to treat children's accumulated worms; To treat tinea capitis, this product is baked into powder, mixed with lard or sesame oil to make ointment, and applied to the affected area [2].
After frying Melia azedarach, it can relieve the bitter cold, reduce the toxicity, reduce the disadvantages of intestinal slippery, and overcome the functions of soothing the liver, regulating qi and relieving pain [2]. Used for hypochondriac pain and epigastric pain [2]. For example, it can be used to treat hypochondriac pain caused by liver depression, hypochondriac pain, liver and kidney yin deficiency, liver-qi inversion, etc. [2].
Melia azedarach can induce the decrease of drugs, and its effect is specialized in lower jiao, which is better than treating hernia and relieving pain [2]. Commonly used for hernia pain and testicular pain [2].
1 1.4 storage method: put it in a dry container, seal it with salt, and put it in a ventilated and dry place [2]. Mothproof and mildewproof [2].
12 azedarach is bitter in taste and cold in nature [2][ 1]. Small poison [1].
Liver, small intestine and bladder meridian [2].
Liver, small intestine and bladder meridian (China Pharmacopoeia (20 10 edition)).
Into the liver, stomach and small intestine [1].
13 the efficacy and indications of melia azedarach have the functions of soothing the liver, promoting the circulation of qi, relieving pain and expelling insects [2].
Melia azedarach has the functions of soothing liver, clearing heat, promoting qi circulation, relieving pain and killing insects. It can be used for treating liver stagnation and excessive fire, chest pain, abdominal pain, hernia pain, and abdominal pain caused by insects. (People's Republic of China (PRC) Pharmacopoeia (20 10 Edition))
Melia azedarach has the function of regulating qi, relieving pain and killing insects [1].
1. Treat stomachache, hypochondriac pain, hernia pain, dysmenorrhea, insect abdominal pain and mastitis. Decocting: 4.5 ~ 9g [1].
2. Treat tinea capitis. Baked yellow powder, cooked lard or vaseline are mixed into 50% ointment and coated with [1].
Melia azedarach has low toxicity and is good at killing insects, treating tinea and relieving pain [2]. Used for abdominal pain and tinea capitis [2]. For example, Anchong Powder ("Tactics of Correcting Syndrome in Pediatric Medicine") is used to treat children's accumulated worms; To treat tinea capitis, this product is baked into powder, mixed with lard or sesame oil to make ointment, and applied to the affected area [2].
Burnt Azadirachta indica can relieve bitter cold, reduce toxicity, reduce the disadvantages of slippery bowel, and overcome pain by soothing the liver and regulating qi [2]. Used for hypochondriac pain and epigastric pain [2]. For example, it can be used to treat hypochondriac pain caused by liver depression, hypochondriac pain, liver and kidney yin deficiency, liver-qi inversion, etc. [2].
Melia azedarach can induce the decrease of drugs, and its effect is specialized in lower jiao, which is better than treating hernia and relieving pain [2]. Commonly used for hernia pain and testicular pain [2].
The chemical constituents of 14 neem contain toosendanin [1]. It also contains many bitter triterpenoids such as azadirachtin [1].
15 pharmacological effects of Azadirachta azedarach contains toosendanin, which has snail repellent effect [1]. The main pharmacological effects are antigenicity, antibacterial, antifungal and blocking the transmission between neuromuscular joints [3].
Azadirachtin has the function of expelling constrictions. At high concentration, it can paralyze the pig's fistula, especially the ganglion of the head. At low concentration, it has obvious exciting effect, which makes the worm unable to adhere to the intestinal wall and be excreted [4]. * * * Use with caution for patients with stomach and gastric ulcer [4]. Large doses can damage the liver [4]. This product has a certain accumulation, so don't use it continuously [4]. The cause of death of acute poisoning seems to be acute circulatory failure [4].
The aqueous extract of neem bark can inhibit some skin fungi [4].
16 adverse reaction mechanism of melia azedarach poisoning 16. 1 Adults eating 6-8 fruits can cause poisoning, * * * gastrointestinal mucosa, heart, liver and kidney have different degrees of damage, cerebral cortex paralysis, vagus nerve first excited and then paralyzed, and severe cases can cause respiratory center paralysis, visceral bleeding, toxic hepatitis and so on. [3]
16.2 The clinical manifestations are vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea, followed by jaundice, hepatomegaly, liver function damage, gastrointestinal bleeding, melena, blurred vision, diplopia, mandibular dyskinesia, decreased sense of touch, general weakness, spasm, palpitation, decreased blood pressure, rapid and weak pulse, pale face, low back pain, dysuria and hematuria, and in severe cases, respiratory and circulatory failure. [3]
16.3 the key points of treating melia azedarach poisoning are [3]:
1. those who have no spasm can be induced to vomit, gastric lavage and catharsis, oral administration of egg white, batter, medicinal charcoal, intravenous rehydration, intravenous drip of 10% glucose and vitamin C 2.5 ~ 5g g.
2. Symptomatic treatment: correct shock and heart failure; If spasm occurs, atropine sulfate is injected subcutaneously or belladonna extract tablets are taken orally; People with dyspnea are given respiratory stimulants or oxygen inhalation; Liver protection and symptomatic treatment.
17 The pharmacopoeia standard of Melia azedarach 17. 1 is called Melia azedarach.
Chuanlianzi
Fructus toosendan
17.2 Source This product is the dried and mature fruit of Toosendan Fructus. Meliaceae. In winter, when the fruit is ripe, it is harvested, impurities are removed and dried.
17.3 characteristics this product is spherical with a diameter of 2 ~ 3.2 cm. The surface is golden yellow to brownish yellow, slightly shiny, with a small amount of depression or shrinkage and dark brown spots. There are vestiges of style at the top, depressions and fruit stalks at the bottom. The exocarp is leathery, and there is often a gap between it and the pulp. The pulp is soft and yellowish, and sticky when it meets water. The nucleus is spherical or ovoid, hard, with 6-8 longitudinal edges at both ends, and is divided into 6-8 chambers, each of which contains 1 dark brown oblong seed. Qi is specific, sour and bitter.
17.4 Identification (1) This product is yellowish brown. Pericarp fibers are in bundles, with blunt ends, 9 ~ 36 microns in diameter and extremely thick walls. The surrounding parenchyma cells contain calcium oxalate to form crystalline fibers. The stone cells in the pericarp are round, irregular strips or long polygons, and some of them have tumor-like protrusions or blunt short branches, with a diameter of 14 ~ 54 microns and a length of about150 μ m. The seed coat cells are bright yellow or orange yellow, and there is a row of square cells under the epidermis, with a diameter of about 44μm, extremely thick walls and a longitudinal microwave-like texture, and there is a pigment layer under them. The surface of epidermal cells is polygonal with dense granular texture. The cells in the pigment layer of seed coat are full of reddish-brown substances. The seed coat contains crystalline cells with a diameter of 65438 0.3 ~ 27 microns, and the wall thickness varies. Thick cells form stone cells, which are filled with yellow, yellow-brown or reddish-brown substances and contain fine calcium oxalate cubes with a diameter of about 5 microns ... The diameter of calcium oxalate clusters is 0 ~ 27 μ m.
(2) Take 2g of this product powder, add 80ml of water, perform ultrasonic treatment for 65438 0 hours, let it cool, centrifuge, take the supernatant, shake it, extract it with dichloromethane for 3 times, 25ml each time, combine dichloromethane solutions, evaporate to dryness, and add 2ml of methanol to the residue to make it dissolve, so as to serve as the test solution. In addition, 2g of Melia azedarach was taken as the control medicinal material, and the control medicinal material solution was prepared by the same method. Then take toosendanin reference substance and add methanol to make a solution containing 1ml as reference substance solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (Appendix ⅵ b of Pharmacopoeia Part I, 20 10), absorb 10μ l of each of the above three solutions, spot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, and use dichloromethane-methanol (16: 1) as the developing agent, unfold, take out and dry. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the positions corresponding to the chromatographic peaks of the reference medicinal materials and the reference substance.
The water content of 17.5.1shall not exceed 12.0% (Appendix ⅸ h First Method of Pharmacopoeia 20 10).
17.5.2 The total ash content shall not exceed 5.0% (Appendix ⅸ k of Pharmacopoeia 20 10).
17.6 the content of water-soluble extract shall not be less than 32.0% for the hot-dip method under the item of determination of water-soluble extract (appendix ⅹ a of Pharmacopoeia I, 20 10).
The content of 17.7 was determined by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (Pharmacopoeia 20 10, Appendix VI D, Appendix IX J).
17.7. 1 chromatographic and mass spectrometry conditions and system applicability test: octadecylsilane bonded silica gel is used as filler; The mobile phase is acetonitrile 0. 0 1% formic acid solution (3 1: 69). A single-stage quadrupole mass spectrometer was used to detect [5] ions with mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 573 in negative ion mode of electrospray ionization (ESI). According to the toosendanin peak, the theoretical plate number should be no less than 8000.
17.7.2 preparation of reference substance solution take a proper amount of toosendanin reference substance, weigh it accurately, and add methanol to make a solution containing 2μg per 1ml.
17.7.3 preparation of test solution take about 0.25g of this product powder, weigh it accurately, put it in a conical flask with a stopper, add 50ml of methanol accurately, weigh it, heat and reflux it 1 hour, let it cool, weigh it again, make up the weight loss with methanol, shake it evenly, filter it, and take a continuous filtrate to get the final product.
17.7.4 determination method accurately absorbs 2μl of control solution and 1 ~ 2 μ l of test solution, respectively, and injects them into liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for determination, which is calculated by the sum of two peak areas of toosendanin.
The content of toosendanin (C30H38O 1 1) in this product should be 0.060% ~ 0.20%.
17.8 neem decoction pieces 17.8. 1 processing 17.8. 1 neem impurity removal. Mash it with time.
17.8. 1. 1 characteristics, identification, inspection, extract and content determination are the same as those of medicinal materials.
17.8. 1.2 stir-fried neem. Take clean Melia azedarach, cut it into thick slices or crush it, and fry it according to the frying method (Appendix II D of Pharmacopoeia I, 20 10) until the surface is brown.
This product is hemispherical, thick or irregular fragments, with brown surface and occasional focal spots. The smell is sweet and sour.
The total ash content of the same medicinal material shall not exceed 4. 0%.
The content of17.8.1.2.1is the same as that of traditional Chinese medicine, and the content of toosendanin (C30H38O 1 1) should be 0.040% ~ 0.20%.
17.8. 1.2.2 identification, the extract is the same as the medicinal material.
17.8.2 Sexual taste and bitter and cold meridian tropism; A little poisonous. Liver, small intestine and bladder meridian.
17.8.3 Functions and indications: soothing the liver, clearing away heat, activating qi, relieving pain and killing insects. It can be used for treating liver stagnation and excessive fire, chest pain, abdominal pain, hernia pain, and abdominal pain caused by insects.
17.8.4 Usage and dosage 5 ~ l0g. Appropriate amount for external use, grinding and smearing.
17.8.5 Store in a ventilated and dry place to prevent insects from eating.
17.9 source: People's Republic of China (PRC) Pharmacopoeia (20 10).
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